Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts 4e 0415442931

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ON EQUITY AND TRUSTS

Fourth Edition

Text, Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts has been considerably revised to broaden the focus of the text in line with most LLB core courses to encompass equity, remedies and injunctions and to take account of recent major statutory and case law developments.

The new edition features increased pedagogical support to outline key points and principles and improve navigation; ‘notes’ to encourage students to reflect on areas of complexity or controversy; and self-test questions to consolidate learning at the end of each chapter.

New to this edition:

• Detailed examination of The Civil Partnership Act 2004 and the Charities Act 2006.

• Important case law developments such as Stack v Dowden (constructive trusts and family assets), Oxley v Hiscock (quantification of family assets), Barlow Clowes v Eurotrust (review of the test for dishonesty), Abou-Ramah v Abacha (dishonest assistance and change of position defence), AG for Zambia v Meer Care & Desai (review of the test for dishonesty), Re Horley Town Football Club (gifts to unincorporated association), Re Loftus (defences of limitation, estoppel and laches), Templeton Insurance v Penningtons Solicitors (Quistclose trust and damages), Sempra Metals Ltd v HM Comm of Inland Revenue (compound interest on restitution claims) and many more.

• New chapters on the equitable remedies of specific performance, injunctions, rectification, rescission and account.

• Now incorporates extracts from the Law Commission’s Reports and consultation papers on ‘Sharing Homes’ and ‘Trustee Exemption Clauses’ as well as key academic literature and debates.

The structure and style of previous editions have been retained, with an emphasis on introduc-tory text and case extracts of sufficient length to allow students to develop analytical and critical skills in reading legal judgments. Substantial author commentary helps the text give the flow, coherence and direction of a textbook while providing the reader with a wide range of primary and secondary material from a variety of sources. A supporting companion website provides biannual updates to the cases and legislation discussed within the text; answers to the questions contained within the text; and sample essay questions.

Mr Mohamed Ramjohn LLB, LLM, CIOT, JP is a Principal Lecturer in Law at Thames Valley University and a Justice of the Peace at Brent Magistrates’ Court. He has served as external examiner for the Bar Council and Coventry University. He is the author of nine student books on The Law of Trusts and Revenue Law and has published a wide selection of articles on Equity and Evidence.

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ON EQUITY AND TRUSTS

Fourth Edition

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Fourth edition published 2008 by Routledge-Cavendish 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,

or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Ramjohn, Mohamed.

Cases and materials on equity and trusts / Mohamed Ramjohn.—4th ed. p. cm.

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Equity—England—Cases. 2. Trusts and trustees—England—Cases. 3. Equity—Wales—Cases. 4. Trusts and trustees—Wales—Cases.

I. Title. II. Title: Equity and trusts. KD1480.A7R36 2008 346.4205′9—dc22 2007047166 ISBN13: 978–0–415–44293–0 (hbk) ISBN10: 0–415–44293–1 ISBN13: 978–0–415–44294–7 (pbk) ISBN10: 0–415–44294–X

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s

collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

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Preface to fourth edition xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Table of Cases xv

Table of Statutes xxxvii

Table of Statutory Instruments xlii

Table of European Legislation xlii

1 HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF EQUITY

1

Introduction 1 Contributions of equity 1 Further reading 4

2 TRUST CONCEPT

5

Introduction 5 Definition 5 Characteristics of a trust 6 Classification of trusts 8

Reasons for the creation of express trusts 11

3 EXPRESS PRIVATE TRUSTS AND FORMALITIES

15

Introduction 15

Modes of creating an express trust 15

Formalities and s 53(1)(c) of the Law of Property Act 1925 20

The declaration of trusts and formalities 35

The three certainties test 39

4 CONSTITUTION AND EFFECT OF AN EXPRESS TRUST

57

Introduction 57

Constitution of a trust 57

Effect of a perfect trust 65

Effect of an imperfect trust 66

Imperfect trusts by deeds 69

5 EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE THAT EQUITY WILL

NOT PERFECT AN IMPERFECT GIFT

77

Introduction 77

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Donatio mortis causa (deathbed gifts) 80

Proprietary estoppel 86

6 DISCRETIONARY TRUSTS

91

Introduction 91

Discretionary trusts and mere powers 91

The given postulant test 105

Interests of objects under discretionary trusts 122

7 PROTECTIVE TRUSTS

127

Introduction 127

Discretionary trusts 127

Determinable interests 127

Protective trusts under s 33 of the Trustee Act 1925 129

Voidable trusts 133

8 RESULTING TRUSTS

137

Introduction 137

Axiomatic 137

Automatic resulting trusts 138

Dissolution of unincorporated associations 150

Presumed resulting trust 161

9 CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS: CONFLICT OF DUTY AND INTEREST

181

Introduction 181

Categories of constructive trusts 181

Conflict of duty and interest 185

Contracts for the sale of land 221

Equity will not allow a statute to be used as an engine for fraud 222

Further reading 680

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The three years that have elapsed since the publication of the last edition of this book have been a period of rapid development in the law of trusts. This has necessitated extensive revision of the text including commentary on the Civil Partnership Act 2004 and the Charities Act 2006. I have incorporated a few valuable extracts from the Law Commission’s Reports and consultation papers on ‘Sharing Homes’ and ‘Trustee Exemption Clauses’ as well as the views of many academics on various aspects of trusts law.

It is in the field of case law that there has been a steady accumulation in the volume of significant decisions in the field of trusts. Some of these include the seminal decisions in Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17 (constructive trusts and family assets), Oxley v Hiscock [2004] EWCA 546 (quantification of family assets). Other significant decisions include Lightfoot v Light-Brown [2005] All ER (D) 115 (no agreement as to a beneficial interest in family assets), Barlow Clowes v Eurotrust [2005] UKPC 37 (review of the test for dishonesty), Abou-Ramah v Abacha [2006] EWCA 1492 (dishonest assistance and change of position defence), AG for Zambia v Meer Care & Desai [2007] EWHC 952 (review of the test for dishonesty), Horley Town Football Club [2006] EWHC 2386 (gifts to unincorporated association), Cattley v Pollard [2006] EWHC 3130 (breach of fiduciary duties and the limitation period), Halton v Guernroy [2006] EWCA 801 (fiduciary duties and constructive trusts), Patel v Shah [2005] All ER (D) 214 (defence of laches), Re Loftus [2006] EWCA 1124 (defences of limitation, estoppel and laches), Templeton Insurance v Penningtons Solicitors [2006] All ER (D) 191 (Quistclose trust and damages), Baker v Clark [2006] All ER (D) 337 (trustee exemption clauses), Bonham v Blake Lapthorn Linell [2006] EWHC 2513 (the Beddoe test and recovery of litigation costs), Fea v Roberts [2005] All ER (D) 69 (defences of limitation and change of circumstances), Credit Suisse v Attar [2004] EWHC 374 (change of position defence), Charter plc v City Index Ltd [2006] EWHC 2508 (contribution under the Civil Liability Act 1978), Re Harding [2007] EWHC 3 (charitable bequest), Chirkinian v Arnfield [2006] EWHC 1917 (breach of trust), Land v Land [2006] All ER (D) 71 (manslaughter of the deceased and the Forfeiture Act 1982), Daraydan v Solland International Ltd [2004] EWHC 622 (bribes and constructive trusts), Crown Dilmun and another v Sutton [2004] EWHC 52 (breach of fiduciary duties and knowingly receiving trust property), Kilcarne Holdings Ltd v Targetfollow [2005] EWCA Civ 1355 (Pallant v Morgan constructive trust), Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft v IMB Morgan [2004] EWHC 2771 (tracing).

The principal objectives of writing the fourth edition of this book remain the same as those stated in previous editions namely, to present the relevant principles of trusts law in an intelligible and simplified form and, at the same time, to provide easy access to a collection of source materials in order to facilitate an understanding of the law and stimulate critical thought. I have followed the structure and style of previous editions with emphasis on introductory text and case extracts of sufficient length to allow students to develop important skills in reading legal judgments. I have, however, made some changes, or additions, by including new chapters on the equitable remedies of specific performance, injunctions, rectification, rescission and account.

I would like to thank the members of staff at Routledge-Cavendish who have assisted me in the preparation of this book. I am especially grateful to Kate Murphy, Fiona Kinnear and Sonny Leong, without whose support and encouragement this work would not have been possible.

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The author and publishers are most grateful and would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:

Blackwell Publishers: extracts from the Modern Law Review; Butterworths: extracts from the All England Law Reports;

HMSO for permission to reproduce Crown Copyright material. Reproduced under the terms of PSI Licence C2007000258;

The Incorporated Council for Law Reporting for England and Wales: extracts from the Law Reports and Weekly Law Reports;

Jordan: extracts from the Family Law Reports;

Oxford University Press: extracts from the Web Journal of Current Legal Issues;

Sweet & Maxwell: extracts from the Property, Planning and Compensation Reports, The Conveyancer and the Law Quarterly Review;

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A v B [1989] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 423 ...631 ARMS (Multiple Sclerosis Research) Ltd, Re [1997] 1 WLR 877, HC ...428, 429 Aas v Benham [1891] 2 Ch 244 ...191, 192 Abbatt v Treasury Solicitor [1969] 1 WLR 561, CA ...159 Abbey National PLC v Solicitors Indemnity Fund Ltd [1997] PNLR 306 ...295 Abbey National v Moss [1994] 1 FLR 307 ...263, 264 Abbot v Fraser (1874) LR 6 PC 96 ...411 Abbott Fund Trusts, Re [1900] 2 Ch 326 ...149 Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie Brothers (1854) 1 Macq 461, HL ...192 Abou-Ramah v Abacha [2006] All ER (D) 80, CA ...299, 306, 307, 602 Abrahams v Trustee in Bankruptcy of Abrahams (1999) The Times, 26 July, HC ...162 Abrahams’ Will Trust, Re [1969] 1 Ch 463 ...98, 102 Abram SS Co v Westville Shipping Co Ltd [1923] AC 773 ...669 Adams (Decd), Re [1968] Ch 80 ...406 Adams and the Kensington Vestry, Re (1884) 27 Ch D 394, CA ...45 Agip (Africa) Ltd v Jackson and Others [1991] Ch 547;

[1990] Ch 265; [1992] 4 All ER 385; [1991] 3 WLR 116, CA ...272, 284, 286, 288, 606–09, 611 Agricultural Mortgage Corporation plc v Woodward and Another (1994)

The Times, 30 May, CA ...135 Air Jamaica v Charlton [1999] 1 WLR 1399 ...178 Alcock v Sloper (1833) 2 My & K 699 ...490 Ali v Khan [2002] EWCA Civ 974, CA ...237 Allcard v Skinner (1887) 36 Ch D 145 ...674, 675 Allen (Decd), Re, Faith v Allen [1953] Ch 810, CA ...114, 116, 119, 121, 122 Allen v Distillers Ltd [1974] 2 All ER 365, HC ...526–28 Allen v Jambo Holdings [1980] 1 WLR 1252 ...637 Allhusen v Whittel (1867) LR 4 Eq 295 ...491 Alliance & Leicester Building Society v Edgestop Ltd (1991) unreported, 18 January ...543 Alsop Wilkinson v Neary and Others [1996] 1 WLR 1220 ...514 Altertext v Advanced Data Communications Ltd [1985] 1 All ER 395 ...646 Amalgamated Investment and Property Co v John Walker [1977] 1 WLR 164 ...670 American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] 2 WLR 316 ...622, 623, 625–28, 631 Ames’ Settlement, Re [1946] Ch 217, HC ...139, 177 Andrew’s Trust, Re, Carter v Andrew [1905] 2 Ch 48, HL ...149 Anker-Petersen v Anker-Petersen (1991) LS Gaz 32, HC ...523 Anstis, Re (1886) 31 Ch D 596 ...69 Anton Piller KG v Manufacturing Processes Ltd [1976] Ch 55;

[1996] 1 All ER 779 ...633, 643, 647 Armitage v Nurse and Others [1997] 2 All ER 705;

[1997] 3 WLR 1046, CA ...296, 477, 481, 483, 484, 512, 562 Armstrong v Reeves (1890) 25 LR IR 325 ...404 Ashby, Re [1892] 1 QB 872 ...132 Ashtiani v Kashi [1986] 3 WLR 647 ...639 Astor’s Settlement Trust, Re, Astor v Scholfield and Others

[1952] Ch 534, HC ...339, 341, 344, 346, 347 Astro Exito Navegacion SA v Southland Enterprise Ltd (No 2)

[1982] 3 WLR 296 ...642 Atkinson, Re [1904] 2 Ch 160 ...491 Attorney General v Alford (1855) De GM & G 843 ...550 Attorney General v Blake (Jonathan Cape Ltd, Third Party)

[2000] 3 WLR 625, HL; [1998] 1 All ER 833, CA ...200 Attorney General v Blizard (1855) 21 Beav 233 ...375 Attorney General v City of London (1790) 3 Bro CC 171 ...419, 426 Attorney General v Cocke [1988] Ch 414; [1988] 3 All ER 391 ...563, 570

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Attorney General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd [1910] AC 508; [1920] All ER Rep 80 ...202 Attorney General v Ironmongers’ Company (1834) 2 My & K 567; (1834) 2 Beav 313 ...419 Attorney General v Jacob-Smith [1895] 2 QB 341 ...66 Attorney-General v Minshull (1798) 4 Ves 11 ...394 Attorney General v National Provincial & Union Bank of England [1924] AC 262, HL ...361, 402 Attorney-General v Sharp [1931] 1 Ch 121 ...619 Attorney-General v Stepney (1804) 10 Ves 22 ...395 Attorney General v Webster (1875) LR 20 Eq 483 ...412 Attorney General for Hong Kong v Reid and Others [1994] 1 AC 324;

[1993] 3 WLR 1143, PC ...203, 205–07, 209, 223, 282 Attorney-General for the Dominion of Canada v Ritchie Contracting and Supply Co

[1919] AC 999 ...621 Attorney General of the Bahamas v Royal Trust Co [1986] 1 WLR 1001, PC ...362, 371 Attorney-General of Zambia v Meer Care & Desai [2007] EWHC 952 (Ch) ...303 Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust (1991) 102 ALR 681 ...145 Awnayday & Co v D’Alphen (1997) The Times, 24 June ...658 BTC v Gourley [1956] AC 185 ...548 Baden Delvaux and Lecuit v Société Générale pour Favouriser le Développement

de Commerce en France SA [1983] BCLC 325, HC;

[1993] 1 WLR 509n ...272, 275–78, 280, 281, 283–85, 288, 291, 292 Baden’s Deed Trusts, Re, McPhail v Doulton

[1971] AC 424, HL ...56, 91, 99, 104, 107–11, 114, 119, 121, 122, 125, 360 Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2), Re [1973] Ch 9;

[1972] 3 WLR 250 ...110–13, 119, 121, 125 Bahin v Hughes (1886) 31 Ch D 390, CA ...456, 472, 557, 558 Bailey, Re [1977] 1 WLR 278 ...266 Baillie, Re (1886) 2 TLR 660, HC ...326 Baker v JE Clark & Co and another [2006] All ER (D) 337 (CA) ...481, 482 Baldry v Feintuck [1972] 2 All ER 81 ...397 Balfour’s Settlement, Re [1938] Ch 928 ...130 Ball’s Settlement, Re [1968] 1 WLR 899 ...531 Balls v Strutt (1841) 1 Hare 146 ...467 Banco Exterior Internacional SA v Thomas [1997] 1 WLR 221 ...674 Banfield, Re [1968] 1 WLR 846 ...401 Bank of Credit and Commerce International (No 9), Re [1994] 3 All ER 764 ...634, 639 Bank of Credit and Commerce International (Overseas) Ltd and Another v Akindele

[2001] Ch 437; [2000] 4 All ER 221, CA ...279–81, 557, 600 Bank of Scotland v Bennett [1999] 1 FLR 1115 ...673 Bankers Trust Co. v Shapira [1980] 1 WLR 1274 ...600, 645 Banner Homes Group v Luff Development Ltd [2000] 2 WLR 772, CA ...195 Bannister v Bannister [1948] 2 All ER 133, CA ...222, 331 Banque Belge pour l’Etranger v Hambrouck [1921] 1 KB 321, CA ...582 Banque Financière de la Cite v Parc (Battersea) Ltd and Others

[1998] 2 WLR 475, HL ...609 Barclays Bank plc v Coleman [2000] 1 All ER 385 ...676 Barclays Bank v O’Brien [1994] AC 180 ...671–74, 676 Barclays Bank Ltd v Quistclose Investments Ltd

[1970] AC 567, HL ...10, 44, 139, 141–46, 293, 543, 600 Barclays Bank v Quincecare Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 363 ...277 Barclay-Johnson v Yuill [1980] 1 WLR 1259 ...636 Baring’s Settlement Trust, Re [1940] Ch 737 ...130 Barlow Clowes International Ltd (in liquidation) v Eurotrust International Ltd and Others

[2006] 1 All ER 333, PC ...297–301, 306, 307 Barlow Clowes International Ltd (In Liquidation) and Others v Vaughan and Others

[1992] 4 All ER 22, CA ...597, 599 Barlow’s Will Trusts, Re [1979] 1 WLR 278; [1979] 1 All ER 296, HC ...118, 121, 122 Barnes v Addy (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244, HL;

(1874) LR 9 Ch 251, CA ...270, 271, 273, 281, 282, 289, 292, 296, 297, 305, 556 Barnes v Tomlinson [2006] EWHC 3115 (Ch), [2006] All ER (D) 95 (Dec) ...303

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Barnett, Re (1908) 24 TLR 788 ...363 Bartlett v Barclays Bank Trust Co Ltd (No 2) [1980] Ch 515;

[1980] 2 All ER 92 ...470, 471, 539, 547, 548, 561 Barton v Armstrong [1975] 2 All ER 465 PC ...671 Bateman’s Will Trust, Re [1970] 1 WLR 1463, HC ...320, 321 Bayer AG v Winter [1986] 1 WLR 497 ...642 Beale’s Settlement Trust, Re [1932] 2 Ch 15 ...522 Beaumont v Boultbee (1802) 7 Ves 599 ...679 Beatty (Decd), Re, Hinves and Others v Brooke and Others

[1990] 1 WLR 1503, HC ...102 Beaumont, Re [1902] 1 Ch 889, CA ...80, 85 Beddoe, Re [1893] 1 Ch 547 ...513, 514, 516 Beddow v Beddow (1878) 9 Ch D 89 ...638 Behnke v Bede Shipping Co [1927] 1 KB 649 ...652 Bell v Lever Bros [1932] AC 161 ...670 Belmont Finance Corporation v Williams Furniture and Others (No 2)

[1980] 1 All ER 393, CA ...217, 273, 277, 281, 548 Benjamin, Re [1902] 1 Ch 723 ...488 Bennet v Bennet (1879) 10 Ch D 474, CA ...164, 165 Bernard v Josephs [1982] Ch 391; [1982] 3 All ER 162 ...234, 261, 262 Best, Re [1904] 2 Ch 354, HC ...362 Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58, HL ...72, 75, 653, 656 Betafence v Veys [2006] EWHC 999 (Ch) ...464 Birch v Treasury Solicitor [1951] 1 Ch 298, CA ...83, 85 Birkett, Re (1878) 9 Ch D 576 ...363 Birmingham v Renfrew (1937) 57 CLR 666, HL ...316, 336, 338 Biscoe v Jackson (1887) 25 Ch D 460, CA ...392, 435 Bishop, Re [1965] Ch 450, HC ...260 Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd v Homan [1995] Ch 211;

[1994] 3 WLR 1270; [1995] 1 All ER 347, CA ...593, 612 Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd v Maxwell (No 2)

[1994] 1 All ER 261 ...543 Biss, Re [1903] Ch 40, CA ...186, 187 Blackwell v Blackwell [1929] AC 318, HL ...311, 313, 314, 318–20, 327, 328, 331 Blathwayt v Baron Cawley [1976] AC 397 ...114, 116 Blausten v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1972] Ch 256 ...102 Boardman and Another v Phipps [1967] 2 AC 46;

[1966] 3 All ER 721, HL ...190, 193, 203, 210, 218, 219, 270, 305 Bogg v Raper (1998) The Times, 22 April ...480 Boscawen and Others v Bajwa and Others,

Abbey National plc v Boscawen and Others [1996] 1 WLR 328;

[1995] All ER 769, CA ...574, 608 Bowden, Re [1936] Ch 71, HC ...7, 8, 366 Bowes, Re [1896] 1 Ch 507 ...346, 355 Bowman v Secular Society Ltd [1917] AC 406, HL ...353, 413–15 Box and Others v Barclays Bank plc [1998] 1 All ER 108, HL ...199, 580, 581, 611 Boyce v Boyce (1849) 16 Sim 476 ...54 Boydell v Gillespie (1970) 216 EG 1505 ...266 Boyes, Re, Boyes v Carritt (1884) 26 Ch D 531, HC ...314, 320 Bracewell v Appleby [1975] 1 All ER 993 ...617 Bradbury (Decd), Re [1950] 2 All ER 1150 ...406, 407 Braithwaite v Attorney General [1909] 1 Ch 510 ...154 Brandon v Robinson (1811) 18 Ves 429, HL ...128 Bray v Ford [1896] AC 44, HL ...185 Bridge v Bridge (1852) 16 Beav 315 ...60 Brinks Ltd v Abu-Saleh and Others (No 3) [1995] 1 WLR 1478,

HC(1995) The Times, 23 October ...284, 307 Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1;

[1996] 4 All ER 698, CA ...186, 206, 283, 568, 600 British and Commonwealth Holdings v Quadrex Holdings [1989] 3 All ER 492 ...655

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British School of Egyptian Archaeology [1954] 1 All ER 887 ...396 British Trustees Museum v White (1826) 2 Sim & St 594 ...411 Broadbent (deceased), Re [2001] All ER (D) 219, CA ...433 Brockbank (Decd), Re Ward v Barker [1948] Ch 206; [1948] 1 All ER 287 ...43 Brooks’ Settlement Trusts, Re [1939] 1 Ch 993, HC ...62 Brown v Dale (1878) 9 Ch D 78 ...160 Brown v Higgs (1803) 8 Ves 561 ...100 Brown and Another v Bennett and Others (1998) The Times, 3 January, HC ...297 Buchanan-Wollaston’s Conveyance, Re [1939] Ch 738 ...263, 266 Bucks Constabulary Widows’ and Orphans’ Fund

Friendly Society (No 2), Re [1979] 1 WLR 936, HC ...150, 151, 156, 159, 351 Buckton, Re, Buckton v Buckton [1907] 2 Ch 406 ...515 Bull v Bull [1955] 1 QB 234, CA ...161 Bullock v Lloyds Bank Ltd [1955] 1 Ch 317 ...515 Burdick v Garrick (1870) LR 5 Ch App 233 ...550, 571 Burmah Oil Co (Burmah Trading) Ltd v Lord Advocate

[1964] 2 All ER 348; [1965] AC 75 ...202 Burney v MacDonald (1845) 15 Sim 6 ...325 Burns v Burns [1984] Ch 317; [1984] 2 WLR 582; [1984] FLR 216, CA ...237, 246, 254 Burrough v Philcox (1840) 5 My & Gr 72 ...100 Burroughs-Fowler, Re [1916] 2 Ch 251 ...129 Burton v FX Music and Taube (1999) The Times, 8 May, HC ...44 Buttle v Saunders [1950] 2 All ER 193 ...466, 467 Buxton v Public Trustee (1962) TC 235 ...397 Byng’s Will Trusts, Re [1959] 1 WLR 375 ...522 CIBC v Pitt [1994] 1 AC 200 ...671–74 Caffoor v Commissioners of Income Tax, Colombo [1961] AC 584 ...380, 381 Caffrey v Darby (1801) 6 Ves 488 ...540 Cala Cristal SA v Al-Borno (Emran) (1994) The Times, 6 May ...640 Calverley v Green (1984) 155 CLR 242 ...232 Camdex International Ltd v Bank of Zambia (No 2) [1997] 1 WLR 632 ...635 Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Inc v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1954] Ch 672 ...414 Campbell, Re [1996] 2 All ER 537 ...163 Campden Charities, Re (1881) 18 Ch D 310 ...420 Canada Trust v Stolzenberg, (1997) The Times, 10 November ...639 Cannon v Hartley [1949] Ch 213, HC ...72, 74, 75 Canson Enterprises Ltd v Boughton & Co (1991) 85 DLR 129 ...542 Car and Universal Finance Co v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525 ...669 Carl Zeiss Stiftung v Herbert Smith & Co and Another (No 2)

[1969] 2 Ch 276, CA ...181, 182, 274 Carreras Rothmans Ltd v Freeman Matthews Treasure Ltd [1985] Ch 207;

[1985] 1 All ER 155; [1984] 3 WLR 1016, HC ...142, 143, 146, 177, 600 Cattley v Pollard [2006] EWHC 3130 (Ch), HC ...562, 566 Caus, Re [1934] Ch 162, HC ...382, 400, 401 Cave v Robinson Jarvis & Rolfe [2002] 2 All ER 641 ...569 Cavendish Browne’s Settlement Trusts, Re, Horner v Rawle

[1916] WN 341; (1916) 61 SJ 27, HC ...65, 71, 72, 75 Cayne v Global Natural Resources plc [1984] 1 All ER 225 ...627 Chalmers v Pardoe [1963] 3 All ER 552; [1963] 1 WLR 677 ...650 Chan v Leung [2002] EWCA Civ 1075, CA ...253 Chapman, Re, Cocks v Chapman [1896] 2 Ch 763 ...546 Chapman v Brown (1801) 6 Ves 404 ...363 Chapman v Chapman [1954] AC 429 ...526, 528 Chardon, Re, Johnson v Davies [1928] Ch 464, HC ...344 Charrington v Simons Co Ltd [1971] 1 WLR 598 ...620 Charter plc v City Index Ltd [2006] EWHC 2508 (Ch) ...555 Chartered Bank v Daklouche [1980] 1 WLR 107 ...633, 636 Chase Manhattan Bank v Israel-British Bank (London) Ltd

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Chattock v Muller (1878) 8 Ch D 177 ...196 Cheadle, Re [1900] 2 Ch 620 ...52 Cheese v Thomas [1994] 1 All ER 35 ...675 Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society v Ricketts

[1993] 3 All ER 276 ...638 Chesters, Re (1934) unreported, 25 July ...408 Chichester Diocesan Fund and Board of Finance (Incorporated) v Simpson

[1944] AC 341; [1944] 2 All ER 60, HL ...103, 146, 362, 377, 402, 601 Chief Constable of Hampshire v A Ltd [1984] 2 WLR 954 ...643 Chief Constable of Kent v V [1982] 3 WLR 462 ...643 Childers v Childers (1857) 3 K & J 310 ...175 Chillingworth v Chambers [1896] 1 Ch 385 ...559 Chirkinian v Arnfield [2006] EWHC 1917 (Ch), HC ...464 Choithram (T) International SA and Others v Pagarani and Others

[2001] 1 WLR 1, PC ...58, 61 Cia De Seguros Imperio v Heath [2001] 1 WLR 112 ...568 Citro, Re (A Bankrupt) [1991] Ch 142, CA ...263–65 Clarke, Re, Bracey v Royal National Lifeboat Institution [1923] 2 Ch 407, HC ...364, 392 Clarke, Re, Clarke v Clarke [1901] 2 Ch 110 ...352, 354 Clarke v Clarke’s Trustees [1925] SC 693 ...484 Clavering v Ellison (1859) 7 HL Cas 707 ...117 Clayton v Ramsden [1943] AC 320, HL ...114, 117, 120 Clayton’s Case, Re, Devaynes v Noble (1816) 1 Mer 529, CA ...594–600 Cleaver, Re [1981] 1 WLR 939, HC ...335 Cleaver v Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association [1892] 1 QB 147 ...219 Clifford, Re [1912] 1 Ch 29 ...52 Clore’s Settlement, Re [1966] 2 All ER 272 ...505 Coates’ Trusts, Re (1886) 34 Ch D 370 ...452, 522 Coca Cola Co v Gilbey (1995) The Times, 28 November ...646 Cochrane’s Settlement Trusts, Re, Shaw v Cochrane and Others

[1955] 1 All ER 222, HC ...147 Cocks v Manners (1871) LR 12 Eq 574, HC ...348 Coco v AN Clark (Engineers) Ltd [1969] RPC 41 ...286 Cohen v Roche [1927] 1 KB 169 ...652 Coleman v Innes, see Harwood, Re Coleman v Innes

Coleman, Re, Henry v Strong (1888) 39 Ch D 443, CA ...123, 132 Coles v Trescothick (1804) 9 Ves 234 ...216 Colin Cooper, Re, Le Neve-Foster v National Provincial Bank

[1939] Ch 811, CA ...322, 323 Collyer v Issacs (1881) 19 Ch D 342 ...68 Columbia Picture Industries Inc v Robinson [1987] Ch 38 ...645 Comiskey and Others v Bowring-Hanbury and Another

[1905] AC 84, HL ...45, 46 Commerzbank Aktiengesellschaft v IMB Morgan plc and others

[2004] EWHC 2771 ...598, 599 Commissioners of Customs & Excise v Anchor Foods Ltd

[1999] 3 All ER 268 ...634 Companhia de Seguros Imperio v Heath Ltd [2001] 1 WLR 112, CA ...570 Compton, Re [1945] Ch 123; [1945] 1 All ER 198, CA ...378, 379, 384–86 Conservative and Unionist Central Office v Burrell [1982] 1 WLR 522, CA ...150, 347, 348, 356 Cook Industries v Galliher [1979] Ch 439 ...646 Cook’s Settlement Trust, Re [1965] Ch 902; (1969) 85 LQR 213, HC ...65 Cooke v Head [1972] 1 WLR 518, CA ...226 Co-Operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd

[1997] 3 All ER 294 ...656 Cooper v Phibbs (1867) LR 2 HL 149 ...670 Cooper’s Conveyance Trusts, Re [1956] 3 All ER 28 ...429 Cooper’s Settlement, Re [1962] Ch 826 ...496 Cottam, Re [1955] 1 WLR 1299 ...394, 406, 407 Coulls v Bagot’s Executor and Trustee Co Ltd [1967] ALR 385 ...73

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Coulthard v Disco Mix Club and Others [2000] 1 WLR 707, HC ...564, 571 Coulthurst’s Will Trust, Re [1951] Ch 661, CA ...391, 392 Cowan de Groot Properties Ltd v Eagle Trust plc [1992] 4 All ER 700 ...277, 284 Cowan v Scargill and Others [1984] 3 WLR 501 ...466, 467, 492 Cox, Re [1951] OR 205, CA (Ontario) ...385 Coxen, Re, McCallum v Coxen [1948] 1 Ch 747, HC ...114, 115, 363 Crabb v Arun DC [1976] Ch 179 ...88 Cradock v Piper (1850) 1 Mac & G 664 ...211 Cradock Bros. v Hunt [1923] 2 Ch 136 ...665 Crafton v Firth (1851) 4 De G & Sm 237 ...394 Craig, Re [2006] EWHC 2561 (Ch) ...666 Crane v Hegeman-Harris Co Inc [1939] 1 All ER 662 ...664 Cranston, Re [1898] 1 IR 457 ...403 Craven’s Estate (No 1), Re [1937] 1 Ch 423, HC ...80–82 Craven’s Estate (No 2), Re [1937] Ch 431 ...521 Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland NV v Burch [1997] 1 All ER 144 ...674 Credit Suisse (Monaco) SA v Attar and Others [2004] EWHC 374 (Comm) ...603 Cressman v Coys of Kensington (Sales) Ltd (McDonald, Pt 20 defendant)

[2004] 1 WLR 2775; [2004] EWCA Civ 47 ...557, 602 Crichton v Crichton (1895) 13 R 770 ...175 Crippen, Re [1911] P 108 ...219 Crown Dilmun Ltd v Sutton and another [2004] EWHC 52, HC ...192 Crystal Palace Trustees v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1950] 2 All ER 857 ...411 Cundy v Lindsay [1878] 3 AC 459 ...670 Cunnack v Edwards [1895] 1 Ch 489; [1896] 2 Ch 679, CA ...151–55, 157 D (A Child) v O [2004] 3 All ER 780, HC ...527 DWS (deceased), Re [2001] 1 All ER 97 ...219 D’Angibau, Re (1880) 15 Ch D 228 ...68, 71, 72, 98 Dadourian Group International Inc v Simms [2006] EWCA 399 ...640 Dale (Decd), Re, Proctor v Dale [1993] 3 WLR 652, HC ...336 Dalziel, Re [1943] Ch 277; [1943] 2 All ER 656, HC ...363, 367 Danish Bacon Co Staff Pension Fund, Re [1971] 1 WLR 248, HC ...33 Daraydan Holdings Ltd and Others v Solland Interiors Ltd and Others

[2004] EWHC 622 (HC) ...205, 207 Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 696 ...227 Davis v Richards and Wallington Industries Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 1511, HC ...157 Dawson (Decd), Re, Union Fidelity Trustee Co Ltd v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd

[1996] 2 NSWLR 211 ...542 Day v Brownrigg (1878) 10 Ch D 294, CA ...614 Dean, Re (1889) 41 Ch D 552 ...345 Dean v MacDowell (1877) 8 Ch D 345 ...191 Dean’s Will Trust, Re [1950] 1 All ER 882 ...394 Delamere’s Settlement Trust, Re [1984] 1 WLR 813, CA ...498 Delgoffe v Fader [1939] Ch 922 ...83 Delius’ Will Trust, Re [1957] 1 All ER 854 ...397 Denley’s Trust Deed, Re [1969] 1 Ch 373; [1968] 3 All ER 65, HC ...145, 339, 346, 347, 355 Dennis’ Settlement Trust, Re [1942] Ch 283 ...131 Denny v Hancock (1870) Ch App 1 ...660 Densham, Re [1975] 1 WLR 1519 ...266 Department of Social Security v Butler [1995] 1 WLR 1528 ...643 Derby Co Ltd v Weldon (No 3 and 4) (1989) 139 NLJ 11 ...639 Derby Co Ltd v Weldon [1990] Ch 48; [1989] 2 WLR 279 ...634, 639 Deutsche Morgan Grenfell Group plc v IRC [2007] 1 AC 558 ...553 Devefi Pty Ltd v Mateffy Pearl Nagy Pty Ltd [1993] RPC 493 ...43 Digital Equipment Corp v Darkcrest Ltd [1984] 3 WLR 617 ...646 Dillon, Re (1890) 44 Ch D 76 ...85 Dillwyn v Llewellyn (1862) 4 De GF & J 517 ...86 Dingle v Turner [1972] AC 601, HL ...359, 368, 380, 384, 387 Diplock, Re [1948] Ch 465; [1947] Ch 716 ...488, 551, 584, 593, 594, 596, 601, 606, 607

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Distributori Automaci Italia v Holford General Trading Ltd [1985] 1 WLR 1006 ...646 Doherty v Allman (1878) 3 App Cas 709 ...618 Dominion Students’ Hall Trust, Re [1947] 1 Ch 183, HC ...419, 423 Don King Productions Inc v Warren and Others [1998] 2 All ER 608, HC ...42 Donmar Productions Ltd v Bart (Note) [1967] 1 WLR 740 ...624 Douglas, Re (1887) 35 Ch D 472 ...394 Dover Coalfield Extension, Re [1908] 1 Ch 65, CA ...213, 214 Down v Worrall (1833) 1 My & K 561 ...364 Downshire’s Settled Estates, Re [1953] Ch 218 ...521, 525 Dowty Boulton Paul Ltd v Wolverhampton Corp

[1971] 2 All ER 277; [1971] 1 WLR 204 ...656 Drake v Whipp [1996] 1 FLR 826; [1996] 2 FCR 296, CA ...246, 252, 255, 258 Driffil, Re [1950] Ch 92 ...411 Drucker (No 1) ex p Basden, Re [1902] 2 KB 237 ...140 Drummond, Re [1914] 2 Ch 90; [1914–1915] All ER 223, HC ...352, 386 Dubai Aluminium Co Ltd v Salaam (Livingstone and ors, third parties)

[2002] UKHL 48, [2003] 1 All ER 97, [2003] 2 AC 366 ...306, 557 Dudgeon, Re (1896) 74 LT 613 ...392 Duffield v Elwes (1827) Cr & Ph 138; 1 Bli (NS) 497, CA ...84, 85 Dufour v Pereira (1769) 1 Dick 419, HL ...334, 335 Duggan v Governor of Full Sutton Prison (2004) The Times, 13 February, CA ...44 Duke of Norfolk’s Settlement Trusts, Re [1981] 3 All ER 220, CA ...210, 223 Dunbar v Plant [1998] Ch 412 ...220 Dundee General Hospitals Board of Management v Walker [1952] 1 All ER 896 ...98 Dupree’s Deed Trusts, Re [1945] Ch 16; [1944] 2 All ER 443 ...396, 408 Dyer v Dyer (1788) 2 Cox Eq 92, HC ...162, 232 EVTR, Re, Gilbert v Barber [1987] BCLC 646, CA ...143, 146, 178 Eagle Trust plc v SBC Securities Ltd [1992] 4 All ER 488; [1993] 1 WLR 484 ...284, 287 Eagleview Ltd v Worthgate Ltd [1998] EGCS 119 ...655 Earl of Aylesford v Morris (1873) LR 8 Ch App 484 ...479 Earl of Chesterfield’s Trust, Re (1883) 24 Ch D 643 ...491 Eaves v Hickson (1861) 30 Beav 136 ...488 Edwards v Glynn (1859) 2 E & E 29 ...140, 145 El Ajou v Dollar Land Holdings plc and Another

[1993] 3 All ER 717; [1994] 2 All ER 685, CA ...273, 278, 279, 600 Elderslie Steamship Co v Borthwick [1905] AC 93 ...480 Ellenborough, Re [1903] 1 Ch 697, HC ...62 Elliott v Davenport (1705) 1 P Wms 83 ...329 Emanuel v Emanuel [1982] 1 WLR 669 ...645 Emery’s Investment Trusts, Re, Emery v Emery [1959] Ch 410 ...171, 175 Endacott (Decd), Re, Corpe v Endacott [1960] Ch 232;

[1959] 3 All ER 562, CA ...341, 344, 346 English v Dedham Vale Properties [1978] 1 WLR 93, HC ...189, 190, 270 Erlanger v New Sombrero Phosphate Co [1878] 3 App Cas 1218 ...669, 677 Erskine McDonald Ltd v Eyles [1921] 1 Ch 631 ...658 Erskine’s Settlement Trust, Re [1971] 1 WLR 162 ...498 Evans (Decd), Re [1986] 1 WLR 101 ...515 Evers’ Trust, Re [1980] 1 WLR 1327, CA ...264 Eves v Eves [1975] 1 WLR 1338, CA ...241–45, 248 Ex p Dale & Co (1879) 11 Ch D 772 ...206 Ex p James (1803) 8 Ves 337 ...187, 188, 217 Ex p Lacey (1802) 6 Ves 625 ...187, 188 Eykyns’d Trusts, Re (1877) 6 Ch D 115 ...164 Falcke v Gray (1859) 4 Drew 65 ...652 Faraker, Re, Faraker v Durell [1912] 2 Ch 488, CA ...425, 434 Farley and Others v Westminster Bank Ltd and Others,

Re Ashton’s Estate, Westminster Bank Ltd v Farley [1939] 3 All ER 491, HL ...399 Farren v Abbeyfield London Polish Society Ltd [2006] All ER (D) 108, HC ...431

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Fawcett, Re [1940] Ch 402 ...490 Fea v Roberts [2005] All ER (D) 69 ...604 Feeny and Shannon v MacManus [1937] IR 23 ...160 Finger’s Will Trust, Re [1972] Ch 286 ...439–42 Fleetwood’s Case (1880) 15 Ch D 594 ...318, 320 Fletcher v Fletcher (1844) 4 Hare 67, HC ...63–65, 68 Flight v Boland (1882) 4 Russ 298 ...649 Foskett v McKeown and Others [2001] 1 AC 102; [1997] 3 All ER 392, CA ...584, 585 Foster and Others v Spencer (1995) The Times, 14 June, HC ...210 Foveaux, Re [1895] 2 Ch 501 ...404, 427 Fowkes v Pascoe (1875) LR 10 Ch App 343, CA ...166 Francesco v Barnum (1890) 45 Ch D 430 ...657 Frawley v Neill [2000] CP Reports 20, CA ...573 Frederick Rose Ltd v William Pym [1953] 2 QB 450 ...666 Freeland, Re [1952] Ch 110, CA ...78 Friend v Young [1897] 2 Ch 421 ...571 Friends’ Provident Life Office v Hillier, Parker, May & Rowden (a firm)

(Estates and General plc and ors, third parties)

[1997] QB 85; [1995] 4 All ER 260 ...555–57 Fry, Re, Chase National Executors and Trustees Corp Ltd v Fry and Others

[1946] Ch 312, HC ...19, 20 Fry v Fry (1859) 28 LJ Ch 591 ...546 Fuller v Evans and Others (1999) The Times, 10 November;

[2000] Wills & Trust Law Reports 5, HC ...501 Funnell v Stewart [1996] 1 WLR 288, HL ...401 Fyler v Fyler (1841) 3 Beav 560 ...270 GKN Bolts & Nuts Ltd (Automotive Division),

Re, Birmingham Works Sports and Social Club, Leek v Donkersley

[1982] 1 WLR 774, HC ...350, 351 Galaxia Maritime SA v Mineral Import-Export [1982] 1 WLR 539 ...641 Gall v Mitchell (1924) 35 CLR 222 ...654 Gardner (No 1), Re, Huey v Cunnington [1920] 2 Ch 523, CA ...312, 315 Gardner (No 2), Re [1923] 2 Ch 230, HC ...330 Garrard, Re [1907] 1 Ch 382, HC ...400 Gartside and Another v Inland Revenue Commissioners

[1968] AC 553; [1968] 1 All ER 121, HL ...91, 122, 124 Garvin v Domus Publishing Ltd [1989] 2 All ER 344 ...634 Gascoigne v Gascoigne [1918] 1 KB 223, CA ...170, 171, 175 Gaudiya Mission and Others v Brahmachary and Others [1997] 4 All ER 957, CA ...377, 417, 447 Gee, Re [1948] Ch 284, HC ...209, 214 General Accident Fire and Life Assurance Corporation

v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1963] 1 WLR 1207, CA ...132 General Communications Ltd v Development Finance

Corporation of New Zealand Ltd [1990] 3 nzlr 406 ...145, 146 George Wimpey v VI Construction Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 77 ...666 Gestetner Settlement, Re, Barnett and Others v Blumka and Others

[1953] Ch 672, HC ...91, 104–07, 110, 111 Gibert v Gonard (1884) 54 LJ Ch 439 ...144 Gibson v South American Stores (Gath and Ghaves) Ltd [1950] Ch 177 ...384, 386 Gidrxslme Shipping Ltd v Tantomartranportes Maritimos [1995] 1 WLR 299 ...640 Giles (CH) & Co Ltd v Morris [1972] 1 All ER 960; [1972] 1 WLR 307 ...656, 657 Gillingham Bus Disaster Fund, Re [1959] Ch 62; [1958] Ch 300, HC ...148, 153–55, 488 Gilmour v Coats and Others [1949] AC 426; [1949] 1 All ER 848, HL ...382, 383, 386, 400, 401 Gissing v Gissing [1969] 2 Ch 85;

[1970] 2 All ER 780;

[1971] AC 886, HL ...173, 198, 226, 227, 231, 238, 239, 241–44, 246, 250–52, 254, 256, 257 Glyn’s Will Trusts, Re [1950] 2 All ER 1150; (1950) 66 TLR 510 ...393, 406, 407 Golay Morris v Bridgewater and Others, Re [1965] 2 All ER 660, HC ...53 Goldcorp Exchange Ltd, Re [1995] 1 AC 74; [1994] 3 WLR 199 ...53, 144, 591, 594, 612

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Goldman Sachs International v Lyons (1995) The Times, 28 February ...638 Gonin (Decd), Re [1979] Ch 16, HC ...79 Gooch, Re (1890) 62 LT 384 ...168 Good, Re [1950] 2 All ER 653 ...411, 436 Goodchild (Decd), Re, Goodchild and Another v Goodchild [1997] 3 All ER 63, CA ...332 Goodman v Carlton [2002] All ER (D) 284, CA ...231, 237 Goodman v Gallant [1986] 2 WLR 236, CA ...230, 233 Goodman v Saltash Corporation [1882] 7 AC 633; (1882) 7 App Cas 633 ...411, 413 Goodson v Richardson (1874) LR 9 Ch App 221 ...617 Gordon v Douce [1983] 1 WLR 563, CA ...261, 262 Gorog v Kiss (1977) 78 DLR (3d) 690 ...174 Gosling, Re [1900] 48 WR 300 ...385 Goulding v James [1997] 2 All ER 239, CA ...158, 532, 533 Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1977] 3 WLR 300 ...619 Gourju’s Will Trust, Re [1943] Ch 24 ...130, 132 Grainge v Wilberforce (1889) 5 TLR 436 ...34, 35 Grant v Edwards [1986] Ch 638, CA; [1986] 2 All ER 426 ...173, 239, 241–45, 248, 250–52, 256, 258 Grant’s Will Trusts, Re [1980] 1 WLR 360, HC ...145, 352 Gray v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd [1928] AC 391 ...337 Greasley and Others v Cooke [1980] 3 All ER 710; [1980] 1 WLR 1306, CA ...87 Greaves, Re [1954] Ch 434 ...98 Green, Re [1951] Ch 148, HC ...317, 337 Green (HE) & Sons v Minister of Health (No 2) [1948] 1 KB 34 ...392 Grey (Lord) v Lady Grey (1677) 2 Swans 594 ...166 Grey v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1960] AC 1, HL ...22, 24, 34 Griffiths v Williams (1977) 248 EG 947, CA ...90 Grist v Bailey [1967] Ch 532 ...670 Grove-Grady, Re [1929] 1 Ch 557, CA ...404 Grupo Torras v Al-Sabah [1999] All ER (D) 698 ...557 Guild v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1992] 2 All ER 10, HL ...409, 418 Guinness plc v Saunders and Others [1990] 2 WLR 324, HL ...219, 223 Guinness Peat Aviation (Belgium) v Hispania Lineas Aereas SA

[1992] 1 Lloyds Rep 190 ...634 Gulbenkian’s Settlement Trusts, Re, Whishaw v Stephens

[1970] AC 508; [1968] Ch 126, HL ...91, 97, 99, 104, 106, 108–10, 112–14, 119, 121, 122 Gulf Interstate Oil v Ant Trade & Transport Ltd of Malta

(1999) Lloyds Rep 867 ...634 Gunning and Others v Buckfast Abbey Trustees and Another

[1994] The Times, 9 June ...447 Gwembe Valley Development Co Ltd v Koshy and Others [2003] EWCA 1048, CA ...567 Gwyon, Re, Public Trustee Attorney General [1930] 1 Ch 255, HC ...394 Habershon v Vardon (1851) 4 De G & Sm 467 ...414 Habib Bank Ltd v Habib Bank AG [1981] 1 WLR 1263 ...88 Hagger, Re [1930] 2 Ch 190, HC ...335 Hain’s Settlement, Re [1961] 1 WLR 440 ...107 Haines, Re (1952) The Times, 7 November ...345 Halifax Building Society v Thomas and Another

[1996] Ch 217; [1995] 4 All ER 673; [1996] 2 WLR 63, CA ...184, 201, 208, 209, 307 Hall, Re [1944] Ch 46 ...130 Hallett’s Estate, Re (1880) 13 Ch D 696, CA ...578, 581–83, 589–91, 594–96, 601, 611 Halton International Inc and another v Guernroy Ltd

[2006] EWCA Civ 801, CA ...565 Hambro and Others v The Duke of Marlborough and Others [1994] 3 WLR 341 ...525, 537 Hamilton (Decd), Re [1895] 2 Ch 370 ...47 Hammond v Mitchell [1991] 1 WLR 1127, HC ...245, 247 Hammond v Osborn [2002] EWCA Civ 885 ...674 Hancock v Watson [1902] AC 14, HL ...47 Harari’s Settlement, Re [1949] 1 All ER 430 ...492 Harding, Re [1923] 1 Ch 182 ...451

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Harding, Re [2007] EWHC 3 (Ch), HC ...412 Harding v Glyn (1739) 1 Atk 469 ...113 Hardy’s Trust, Re (1970) The Times, 23 October ...266 Harland v Trigg (1782) 1 Bas CC 142 ...48 Harman Pictures NV v Osborne [1967] 1 WLR 723 ...624 Harpur’s Will Trusts, Re [1962] Ch 78 ...346 Harries and Others v Church Commissioners for England [1992] 1 WLR 1241 ...468 Hart v Hart (1881) 18 Ch D 670 ...649, 650 Harvard Securities Ltd (In Liquidation), Re, Holland

v Newbury and Another (1997) The Times, 18 July, HC ...52, 53 Harwood, Re Coleman v Innes [1936] Ch 285 ...436, 439–42 Hastings Bass, Re [1975] Ch 25 ...464 Hay’s Settlement Trusts, Re [1982] 1 WLR 202, HC ...91, 96, 98, 125 Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham Borough Council [1992] 2 AC 1 ...549 Head v Gould [1898] 1 Ch 250 ...458, 558, 559 Heinl and Others v Jyske Bank (Gibraltar) Ltd (1999) The Times, 28 September, CA ...303 Henry Wood National Memorial Trusts, Re (1965) 109 SJ 876 ...443 Hercy v Birch (1804) 9 Ves 357 ...660 Hetherington, Re [1989] 2 All ER 129, HC ...400, 418 Hetley, Re [1902] 2 Ch 866 ...320 Heyworth’s Contingent Revisionary Interest, Re [1956] Ch 364 ...522 Hickman v Haynes (1875) LR 10 CP 598 ...662 Higginbottom, Re [1892] 3 Ch 132 ...450, 451 Hill (Decd), Re [1897] 1 QB 483 ...47 Hill v CA Parsons Ltd [1971] 3 All ER 1345 ...658 Hillier’s Trust, Re [1954] 1 WLR 700, CA, [1954] 1 WLR 9 ...154, 155 Hinves v Hinves (1844) 3 Hare 609 ...490 Hoare v Hoare (1886) 56 LT 147 ...401 Hoare v Hoare (1982) The Times, 9 November ...162 Hobley (Decd), Re (1997) The Times, 16 June, HC ...334 Hobourn Aero Components Air Raid Distress Fund, Re, Ryan v Forrest

[1946] Ch 194, CA, [1946] Ch 86, Ch D ...152, 153, 386 Hodges, Re (1878) 7 Ch D 754 ...99 Hodgson v Marks [1971] Ch 892, CA ...37, 163 Holden ex p Official Receiver, Re (1887) 20 QBD 43 ...515 Holder v Holder [1968] Ch 353, CA ...187 Holding and Management Ltd v Property Holding and Investment Trust plc

[1989] 1 WLR 1313, CA ...512, 513 Holiday Inns Inc v Broadhead (1974) 232 EG 951 ...196 Holliday (A Bankrupt), Re, ex p Trustee of the Property of the Bankrupt

v Holliday [1981] Ch 405 ...263, 266 Holmden’s Settlement Trusts, Re [1968] AC 685 ...529, 534 Holt’s Settlement, Re [1969] 1 Ch 100, HC ...26, 28, 29, 34, 35, 537 Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd [1962] 2 QB 26 ...334 Hooley ex p Trustees, Re (1915) 84 LJKB 181 ...140 Hooper, Re [1932] 1 Ch 38, HC ...345 Hopkins’ Will Trusts, Re [1965] Ch 669; [1964] 3 All ER 46, HC ...395 Hopkinson, Re [1949] 1 All ER 346 ...413 Horley Town Football Club, Re; Hunt v McLaren [2006] All ER (D) 34, HC ...350 Hornal v Neuberger Products Ltd [1956] 3 All ER 970 ...329 Horner v Rawle See Cavendish Browne’s Settlement Trusts, Re

Hovenden v Lord Annesley (1806) 2 Sch & Lef 607 ...571 Hovenden & Sons v Millhoff (1900) 83 LT 41 ...206 Howard Perry v British Railway Board [1980] 1 WLR 1375 ...653 Howe v Earl of Dartmouth (1802) 7 Ves Jun 137 ...464, 489, 490, 509 Hubbard v Pitt [1976] QB 142 ...623 Hubbard v Vosper [1972] 2 QB 84 ...622, 624 Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co (1877) 2 App Cas 439 ...32 Hulkes, Re (1886) 33 Ch D 552 ...488 Hull v Derby Sanitary Authority (1885) 16 QBD 163 ...394

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Hummeltenberg, Re, Beatty v London Spiritualistic Alliance Ltd [1923] 1 Ch 237 ...402 Hunter v Moss [1994] 1 WLR 452, CA affirming [1993] 1 WLR 934 ...51, 52 Huntingford v Hobbs [1993] 1 FLR 736 ...233–35 Hurstwood Developments Ltd v Motor and General & Andersley

Insurance Services Ltd [2001] EWCA 1785 ...555 Hussey v Palmer [1972] 1 WLR 1286, CA ...179, 183 Hutchinson and Tenant, Re (1878) 8 Ch D 540 ...45 Huxtable, Re [1902] 2 Ch 793 ...320 IBM (UK) Ltd v Prime Data International Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 248 ...646 ITC Film Distributors Ltd v Video Exchange Ltd [1982] Ch 431 ...645 Ideal Bedding Company v Holland [1907] 2 Ch 157 ...514, 515 Income Tax Special Purpose Commissioners v Pemsel,

see Inland Revenue Commissioners v Pemsel

Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales

v Attorney General [1972] Ch 73; [1971] 3 All ER 1029, CA ...375, 395, 397, 411 Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley [1972] 1 WLR 443, HC ...218 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Baddeley

[1955] AC 572; [1955] 2 WLR 552, HL ...378, 384, 408 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Bernstein [1961] Ch 399 ...504 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Blackwell Minor’s Trustees

(1925) 10 TC 235, HC ...93 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Broadway Cottages Trust

[1955] Ch 20 ...54, 107–09, 360 Inland Revenue Commissioners v City of Glasgow

Police Athletic Association [1953] 1 All ER 747, HL ...361, 376, 407 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Educational Grants Association Ltd

[1967] Ch 993; [1967] 3 WLR 41, CA ...380 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Falkirk Temperance Cafe Trust [1927] SC 261 ...375 Inland Revenue Commissioners v McMullen and Others [1981] AC 1;

[1979] 1 WLR 130; [1978] 1 WLR 664, CA ...397, 407, 409, 410 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Oldham Training and

Enterprise Council (1996) The Times, 10 October, HC ...381 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Pemsel [1891] AC 531 ...373–75, 377, 378, 387, 389–91, 396, 403 Inland Revenue Commissioners v Yorkshire Agricultural Society

[1928] 1 KB 611, CA ...411, 417 International Sales and Agencies Ltd v Marcus [1982] 3 All ER 551 ...274 Inwards v Baker [1965] 2 QB 29, CA ...88, 89 Iraqi Ministry of Defence v Arcepey Shipping Co SA

[1980] 1 All ER 480; [1980] 1 WLR 488 ...636 Ironmongers Company v Attorney General (1844) 10 Cl & F 908 ...426 Island Export Finance v Umunna [1986] BCLC 460 ...193 Island Holdings Ltd v Birchington Engineering Ltd (1981) (unreported) 7 July ...196 Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 1468, CA ...73 Jacobs, Re (1970) 114 SJ 515 ...417 Jaggard v Sawyer [1995] 1 WLR 269 ...616 James, Re [1935] 1 Ch 449 ...79 James v Williams [2000] Ch 1, CA ...567 Jarvis v Swan Tours Ltd [1973] QB 233 ...73 Jefferys v Jefferys (1841) Cr & Ph 138, HC ...67 Jennings v Rice [2002] EWCA Civ 159 ...88 Jeune v Queens Cross Properties Ltd [1973] 3 All ER 97; [1974] Ch 97 ...657, 659 Job v Job (1877) 6 Ch D 562 ...679 Johnson v Ball (1851) 5 De G & Son 85 ...320 Johnson v Agnew [1978] 2 WLR 806 ...661 Jones v Badley (1865) LR 3 Ch App 362 ...325 Jones v Challenger [1961] 1 QB 176 ...263, 266 Jones v Lock (1865) LR 1 Ch App 25, CA ...39, 40 Jones v Pacaya Rubber and Produce Co Ltd [1911] 1 KB 455 ...624

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Jones (FC) v Jones, see Trustee of the Property of FC Jones and Sons (A Firm) v Jones

Joscelyne v Nissen [1970] 1 All ER 1213, CA ...663 Joseph Rowntree Memorial Trust Housing Association Ltd

v Attorney General [1983] 1 All ER 288, HC ...392, 405 Karak Rubber Company Ltd v Burden (No 2) [1972] 1 WLR 602 ...284, 288 Kay’s Settlement, Re [1939] Ch 329; [1939] 1 All ER 245 ...71, 72, 75 Kayford Ltd, Re [1975] 1 WLR 279; [1975] 1 All ER 604, HC ...12, 41 Keech v Sandford (1726) Sel Cas Ch 437, HL ...10, 44, 185, 187, 193, 199, 203, 215, 217, 223 Keen, Re [1937] Ch 236, CA ...313, 319, 325, 331 Kennard v Cory Bros & Co Ltd [1922] 1 Ch. 265 ...622 Kennaway v Thompson [1980] 3 WLR 361 ...615 Keren Kayemeth Le Jisroel Ltd v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1932] AC 650, HL ...384, 416 Kerr v British Leyland (Staff) Trustees Ltd [1989] IRLR 522 ...98 Kershaw v Whelan (No 2) (1997) The Times, 10 February ...571 Kershaw’s Trusts, Re (1868) LR 6 Eq 322 ...505 Kilcarne Holdings Ltd v Targetfollow Ltd [2005] All ER (D) 203, CA ...197 Kleinwort Benson Ltd v Lincoln City Council [1999] 2 AC 349; [1998] 4 All ER 513 ...553 Klug v Klug [1918] 2 Ch 67 ...99 Knapton, Re [1941] 2 All ER 573 ...54 Knight v Knight (1840) 3 Beav 148 ...39 Knocker v Youle [1986] 1 WLR 934 ...530 Knott v Cottee (1852) 16 Beav 77 ...546 Knox v Gye (1872) 5 App Cas 656 ...564, 570 Knox v Mackinnon (1888) 13 App Cas 753 ...484 Koeppler’s Will Trust [1986] Ch 423 ...397, 418 Koettgen’s Will Trust, Re [1954] Ch 252; [1954] 2 WLR 166;

[1954] 1 All ER 581, HC ...380, 381 Kolb’s Will Trusts, Re, Lloyds Bank Ltd v Ullmann and Others

[1962] Ch 531; [1961] 3 All ER 811, HC ...53, 495, 496 Laing (JW) Trust, Re [1984] Ch 143 ...422, 423 Lambe v Eames (1871) 6 Ch App 597 ...45 Lambert v Thwaites (1866) LR 2 Eq 151 ...365 Land v Land [2006] All ER (D) 71, HC ...219, 220 Lashmar, Re [1891] 1 Ch 258 ...24, 34, 35 Lassence v Tierney (1849) 1 Mac & G 551 ...47, 48 Lawton, Re [1936] 3 All ER 378 ...432 Lazard Bros & Co v Fairfield Properties Co (Mayfair) Ltd (1977) The Times, 12 October ...573 Le Foe v Le Foe [2001] All ER (D) 325, HC ...246, 253 Lead Co.’s Workmen’s Fund Society, Re [1904] 2 Ch 196 ...351 Leaf v International Galleries [1950] 2 KB 86 ...677 Leahy v Attorney General for New South Wales [1959] AC 457, PC ...347, 353 Learoyd v Whiteley (1887) 12 App Cas 727, HL ...466, 473, 492 Lee v Sankey (1872) LR 15 Eq 204, HC ...269 Leeds Industrial Co-Op v Slack [1924] AC 851 ...613, 615 Leggatt v National Westminster Bank [2000] All ER (D) 1458 ...673 Lennards Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705;

[1914–15] All ER Rep 280 ...279 Lepton’s Charity, Re [1972] Ch 276 ...421–23, 427 Letterstedt v Broers (1884) 9 AC 371 ...459 Lever v Goodwin (1887) 36 Ch D 1; [1886–90] All ER Rep 427 ...202 Levien, Re [1953] 3 All ER 35 ...411 Lewis v Avery [1971] 3 All ER 90 ...677 Lewis (Decd), Re [1955] Ch 104; [1954] 3 All ER 257 ...383, 406, 407 Lewis v Heffer [1978] 1 WLR 1061 ...628 Liggett v Kensington [1993] 1 NZLR 257 ...51 Lightfoot v Lightfoot–Brown [2005] All ER (D) 115, (CA) ...249 Liley v Hey (1842) 1 Hare 580 ...109

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Linden Gardens Trust Ltd v Lenesta Sludge Disposals Ltd

[1994] 1 AC 85; [1993] 3 All ER 417 ...43 Lindsay Petroleum Co v Hurd (1874) LR 5 PC 221 ...572, 573 Lipinski’s Will Trust, Re [1976] Ch 235; [1977] 1 All ER 33, HC ...354 Lipkin Gorman (A Firm) v Karpnale Ltd [1991] 2 AC 548;

[1991] 3 WLR 10; [1992] 4 All ER 512, HL;

[1992] 4 All ER 331, QBD ...277, 281, 301, 307, 553, 576, 577, 580, 581, 602, 603, 605 Lister and Co v Stubbs (1890) 45 Ch D 1 ...203, 204, 207 Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co (1880) 5 App Cas 25 ...201, 541 Llandudno UDC v Woods [1899] 2 Ch 705 ...616 Lloyd v Pickering [2004] EWHC 1513 (Ch) ...246, 247 Lloyds Bank v Rosset [1991] 1 AC 107; [1990] 1 All ER 111, HL ...173, 243–51, 253, 254, 257 Lloyds Bank plc v Carrick [1996] Conv 295 ...90 Lloyd’s Bank plc v Duker [1987] 3 All ER 193 ...463 Locobail International Finance v Agroexport [1986] 1 WLR 657 ...628 Loftus, Re [2006] EWCA 1124 ...574 Logicrose Ltd v Southend United Football Club Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 1256 ...206 London and South Western Railway Co v Gomm (1882) 20 Ch D 562 ...30 London, Chatham and Dover Railway Co v South Eastern Railway Co [1892] 1 Ch 120 ...679 London Wine Company (Shippers) Ltd, Re [1986] PCC 121, HC ...49, 52, 53 Lowrie, Re [1981] 3 All ER 353 ...266 Lucas, Re [1922] 2 Ch 52; [1922] All ER 317 ...392, 393, 439 Lucas (Decd), Re, Sheard v Mello [1948] Ch 424 ...434 Lucking’s Will Trust, Re [1968] 1 WLR 866 ...469, 473 Lumley v Wagner (1852) 1 De GM & G 604 ...618, 657 Lysaght (Decd), Re, Hill v Royal College of Surgeons

[1966] 1 Ch 191; [1965] 2 All ER 888, HL ...431, 433, 435 Lysaght v Edwards (1876) 2 Ch D 499, CA ...221 MBPXL Corporation v Intercontinental Banking Corporation Ltd

August 28, 1975; Court of Appeal (Civil Division) Transcript No. 411 of 1975 ...633 MCC Proceeds Inc v Lehman Brothers International (Europe)

[1998] 4 All ER 675; (1998) The Times, 14 January, CA ...3, 65 Macadam, Re [1946] Ch 73, HC ...213, 214 McCardle, Re [1951] Ch 668; [1951] 1 All ER 905, CA ...20, 69 McCormick v Grogan (1869) LR 4 HL 82, HL ...282, 310, 317, 327, 328, 331 McDonald v Horn [1995] ICR 685 ...515 McDonald v Irvine (1878) 8 Ch D 101 ...490 Macduff, Re [1896] 2 Ch 451 ...361 McEvoy v Belfast Banking Co Ltd [1935] AC 24; [1934] NI 67 ...175 McFarlane v McFarlane [1972] NI 59 ...244 McGeorge, Re [1963] Ch 544 ...499 McGovern v Attorney General [1981] 3 All ER 493, HC ...374, 384, 395, 413–15 McGrath v Wallis [1995] 2 FLR 114; (1995) The Times, 13 April, CA ...169 McHardy v Warren [1994] 2 FLR 338, CA ...250–52 McPhail v Doulton See Baden’s Deed Trusts, Re, McPhail v Doulton

Maddock, Re [1902] 2 Ch 220, CA ...329 Magee v Pennine Insurance Co [1969] 2 QB 507 ...670 Mahesan v Malaysia Government Officers’ Co-operative Housing Society

[1979] AC 374; [1978] 2 All ER 405 ...206 Mair, Re [1935] Ch 562, HC ...131 Malhotra v Choudhury [1978] 3 WLR 825 ...661 Malins v Freeman (1837) 2 Keen 25 ...660 Malone v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1979] 1 All ER 256;

[1980] QB 49 ...202 Manifest Shipping Co v Uni-Polaris Shipping Co [2001] UKHL 1 ...604 Manisty’s Settlement, Re [1974] Ch 17; [1973] 3 WLR 341, HC ...96, 98, 99, 102, 110 Mara v Browne [1896] 1 Ch 199, CA ...270 Mareva Compania Naviera SA v International Bulkcarriers SA

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Mariette, Re [1915] 2 Ch 284 ...407, 408 Marquess of Abergavenny v Ram [1981] 2 All ER 643 ...505 Marquess of Londonderry’s Settlement, Re [1965] Ch 918, CA ...485, 487 Marsh v Von Sternberg [1986] 1 FLR 526 ...249 Marshall, Re [1914] 1 Ch 192 ...463 Marsland, Re [1939] Ch 820 ...333 Mascall v Mascall (1985) 49 P & CR 119 ...20 Mason v Farbrother [1983] 2 All ER 1078 ...495, 522 Massingberd’s Settlement, Re (1890) 63 LT 296 ...547 Mayo, Re [1943] Ch 302 ...266 Meara v Fox [2001] All ER (D) 68 ...189 Mecca [1897] AC 286 ...598 Meek v Kettlewell (1842) 1 Hare 464; (1843) 1 Ph 342 ...62 Mellody, Re [1918] 1 Ch 228, 82 JP 128, 87 LJ Ch 185 ...413 Mercantile Group (Europe) AG v Aiyela (1993) The Times, 4 August ...636 Mercedes Benz AG v Leiduck [1996] 1 AC 284 ...631 Merry v Pownall [1895] 1 Ch 306 ...515 Metall und Rohstoff AG v Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette Inc [1990] 1 QB 391 ...551 Metropolitan Bank v Heiron (1880) 5 Ex D 319 ...204 Mettoy Pension Trustees Ltd v Evans [1990] 1 WLR 1587, HC ...91, 97, 125 Meux, Re [1958] Ch 154 ...523 Meyers (Decd), Re, London Life Association

v St George’s Hospital [1951] Ch 534; [1951] 1 All ER 538 ...438, 440 Midland Bank v Cooke and Another [1995] 4 All ER 562;

[1995] 2 FLR 915; [1995] 4 Web JCLI, CA ...245, 246, 251, 253, 255, 256, 258 Midland Bank v Dobson (unreported) ...241 Midland Bank plc v Dobson and Dobson (1985) 139 NLJ 751, CA ...242 Mihlenstedt v Barclays Bank International Ltd

(1989) The Times, 18 August, CA (Civil Div) Transcript No 817 of 1989 ...98 Miller’s Deed Trusts, Re (1978) 75 LSG 454 ...542 Mills, Re, Mills v Lawrence [1930] 1 Ch 654, CA ...98, 101 Mills v Haywood (1877) 6 Ch D 196 ...655 Milroy v Lord (1862) 31 LJ Ch 798 ...15–19, 32, 52, 57–62, 64, 327, 449 Ministry of Health v Simpson [1951] AC 251 ...601 Mitford v Reynolds (1842) 1 Ph 185; 12 LJ Ch 40; 7 Jur 3; 41 ER 602 ...413 Moggridge v Thackwell (1807) 13 Ves 416 ...360 Molyneux v Fletcher [1898] 1 QB 648 ...507 Montagu’s Settlement Trusts, Re [1987] Ch 246, HC ...275, 277, 279, 281, 307 Moore, Re [1901] 1 Ch 936, HC ...342 Moore v McGlynn (1894) 1 IR 74 ...460 Moore v Moore (1874) LR 18 Eq 474 ...85 Moran v University College Salford (No 2) [1994] ELR 187 ...629 Morice v The Bishop of Durham (1805) 10 Ves 522; (1804) 9 Ves 399, CA ...109, 340, 341, 360 Morris v Grant (1875) 24 WR 55 ...628 Morrison, Re, Wakefield v Falmouth (1967) 111 SJ 758 ...440 Moseley v Cressey’s Co (1865) LR 1 Eq 405 ...140 Moses v MacFerlan (1760) 2 Burr 1005 ...183 Moss, Re [1949] 1 All ER 495 ...404 Moss v Cooper (1861) 1 J & H 352, HL ...314, 325 Mussett v Bingle [1876] WN 170, HC ...345 NWL Ltd v Woods [1979] 1 WLR 1294 ...627 Nail v Punter (1832) 5 Sim 555 ...559 Nanwa Gold Mines Ltd, Re, Ballantyne v Nanwa Gold Mines Ltd

[1955] 1 WLR 1080; [1955] 3 All ER 219 ...41, 140 National Anti-Vivisection Society v Duddington

(1989) The Times, 23 November ...515 National Anti-Vivisection Society v Inland Revenue Commissioners

[1948] AC 31; [1947] 2 All ER 217, HL ...384, 399, 401, 404, 413–15, 437 National Trustee Co of Australia Ltd v General Finance Co [1905] AC 373 ...561

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National Westminster Bank plc v Leggatt

[2001] 1 FLR 563; (2000) The Times, 16 November, CA ...676 National Westminster Bank plc v Morgan [1985] AC 686 ...675, 676 Nationwide Building Society v Various Solicitors (No 3)

[1999] PNLR 52; (1999) The Times, 1 March, HC ...544 Neal (Decd), Re (1966) 110 SJ 549 ...406, 407 Negocios Del Mar SA v Doric Shipping Corporation S.A. (The Assios)

[1979] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 331 ...633 Nelson v Larholt [1948] 1 KB 339 ...182 Nelson v Rye [1996] 2 All ER 186 ...563, 564, 571, 572 Nestlé v National Westminster Bank [1993] 1 WLR 1260, CA ...470, 542 Neville Estate Ltd v Madden and Others [1962] Ch 832;

[1961] 3 All ER 769, HC ...347, 349–52, 354, 355, 383, 398 Neville v Wilson [1996] 3 WLR 460, CA ...26, 29 New, Re [1901] 2 Ch 534, CA ...520 Newport Association Football Club Ltd v Football Association of Wales Ltd

[1995] 2 All ER 87 ...622 Nightingale v Goulburn (1849) 5 Hare 484 ...411 Ninemia Maritime Corporation v Trave Schiffahrts GmbH

[1984] 1 All ER 398 ...631, 634 Nippon Kaisha v Karageorgis [1975] 3 All ER 282 ...630 Niru Battery v Milestone Trading Ltd [2004] 1 All ER (Comm) 193;

[2004] QB 985; [2004] 2 Ll LR 319 ...555–57, 602 Nixon v Nixon [1969] 1 WLR 1676 ...247 Niyazi’s Will Trust, Re [1978] 3 All ER 785, HC ...393, 394 Nocton v Lord Ashburton [1914] AC 932 ...479, 542, 544 North American Land v Watkins [1904] 1 Ch 242 ...571 North Devon and West Somerset Relief Fund Trusts, Re [1953] 2 All ER 1032 ...411, 424 Northcote’s Will Trust, Re [1949] 1 All ER 442, HC ...212 Northern Developments Holdings Ltd (1978) (unreported) 6 October ...145 Northern Rock BS v Archer (1998) 78 P & CR 65 ...674 Nottage, Re [1895] 2 Ch 649 ...407 OT Computers Ltd v First National Tricity Finance Ltd and Others

[2003] EWHC 1010, HC ...54, 55 O’Rourke v Darbishire [1920] AC 581 ...486, 487 Oakes v Commissioner of Stamp Duties or New South Wales [1954] AC 57 ...501 Oatway, Re [1903] 2 Ch 356 ...589, 590 Ogle v Earl Vane (1868) LR 3 QB 272 ...662 Oldham, Re [1925] Ch 75, HC ...332 Oldham Borough Council v Attorney General [1993] 2 WLR 224, CA ...422 Onslow v Wallis (1849) 1 Mac & G 506 ...34, 35 Oppenheim v Tobacco Securities Trust Co Ltd [1951] AC 297;

[1951] 1 TLR 118; [1951] 1 All ER 31, HL; [1950] Ch 633 ...378–82, 385, 386 Oppenheim’s Will Trusts, Re [1950] Ch 633 ...131 Orakpo v Manson Investments Ltd [1978] AC 95 ...609 Osmund, Re [1944] Ch 206 ...395 Osoba, Re [1979] 1 WLR 247, CA ...150 Ottaway v Norman [1972] Ch 698, HC ...312, 315, 317, 327, 328 Oughtred v Inland Revenue Commissioners

[1960] AC 206, HL [1958] Ch 383, CA ...24, 26, 28–30, 33–35 Ovey, Re, Broadbent v Barrow (1885) 29 Ch D 560 ...438 Oxley v Hiscock [2004] EWCA Civ 546, CA ...250, 256 Packe, Re [1918] 1 Ch 437 ...432 Palaniappa Chettiar v Arunasalam Chettiar [1962] AC 294 ...175 Pallant v Morgan [1953] Ch 43; [1952] 2 All ER 951 ...194–98, 282 Palmer v Simmonds (1854) 2 Drew 221, HC ...49 Panama & South Pacific Telegraph Co v India Rubber, etc

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Papamichael v National Westminster Bank plc

[2003] EWHC 164 (Comm), [2003] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 341 ...600 Paradise Motor Co Ltd, Re [1968] 1 WLR 1125, CA ...33, 165, 168 Paragon Finance plc v Thakerar

[1999] 1 All ER 400, CA ...185, 271, 282, 283, 563, 564, 566–68, 571, 572 Park, Re [1932] 1 Ch 580 ...102, 103 Park (Decd) (No 2), Re [1972] Ch 385 ...66 Parker v Mackenna (1874) 10 Ch App 96 ...218 Parker v Taswell ((1858) 2 De G & J 559 ...650 Parnell, Re [1944] Ch 107 ...363 Parry, Re [1947] Ch 23 ...490 Partington, Re (1887) 57 LT 654 ...558 Pascoe v Turner [1979] 1 WLR 431, CA ...89, 90 Pass v Dundas (1880) 43 LT 665 ...484 Patel v Ali [1984] 1 All ER 978 ...653 Patel v Shah [2005] EWCA Civ 157 ...573, 574 Patel v WH Smith [1987] 1 WLR 853 ...627 Paul v Constance [1977] 1 All ER 195, [1977] 1 WLR 527, CA ...40 Paul v Paul (1882) 20 Ch D 742, CA ...65, 66 Paul v Speirway Ltd [1976] Ch 220 ...609 Pauling’s Settlement Trust, Re [1964] Ch 303, CA ...507, 559 Pauling’s Settlement Trust (No 2), Re [1963] Ch 576 ...516 Pearson v IRC [1981] AC 753 ...476 Peggs and Others v Lamb [1994] Ch 172, 195;

[1994] 2 All ER 15; [1994] 2 WLR 1 ...413, 426 Pennington v Waine and Others [2002] All ER (D) 24, CA ...17 Perpetual Executors and Trustees Association of Australia Ltd

v Wright (1917) 23 CLR 185 ...175 Perrins v Bellamy [1899] 1 Ch 797 ...560 Pettingall v Pettingall (1842) 11 LJ Ch 176, HC ...344, 345 Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777, HL ...164, 169, 226, 227, 231, 235, 239, 243, 244, 251 Phipps v Boardman, see Boardman and Another v Phipps

Pierson v Garnet (1787) 2 Bas CC 226 ...48 Pilkington v Inland Revenue Commissioners

[1964] AC 612; [1962] 3 All ER 622 ...504, 506, 507, 528 Pinion (Decd), Re, Westminster Bank Ltd v Pinion and Another

[1965] 1 Ch 85, CA ...397 Plumptre’s Marriage Settlement, Re, Underhill v Plumptre

[1910] 1 Ch 609 ...68, 70 Polly Peck International plc v Nadir and Others (No 2)

[1992] 4 All ER 769, CA ...277, 278, 284, 634 Porter, Re [1925] Ch 746, HC ...363, 365 Powell v Thompson [1991] 1 NZLR 597 ...289 Powell & Thomas v Evans Jones & Co [1905] 1 KB 11, CA ...206 Power, Re [1947] Ch 572 ...492, 493 Preston v Luck (1884) 27 ChD 497 ...624 Price, Re [1943] Ch 422; [1943] 2 All ER 505 ...355 Price v Strange [1977] 3 All ER 371 ...649 Pride of Derby and Derbyshire Angling Association v British Celanese

[1953] Ch 149 ...615, 618 Printers and Transferrers Amalgamated Trades Protection Society, Re

[1899] 2 Ch 84, HC ...151, 160 Pryce, Re, Nevill v Pryce [1917] 1 Ch 234, HC ...70–72, 75 Pugh’s Will Trust, Re [1967] 1 WLR 1262, HC ...322 Pulbrook v Richmond Consolidated Mining Co [1878] 9 Ch D 610, CA ...213 Pullan v Koe [1913] 1 Ch 9, HC ...67, 72, 74 Q’s Estate, Re (1999) 1 Lloyds Rep 931 ...630, 631 Quadrant Visual Communications v Hutchinson Telephone (UK)

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Queensland Mines v Hudson’ (1979) 42 MLR 711 ...223 Quistclose Investments v Rolls Razor Ltd (In Liquidation) [1970] AC 567 ...177, 179 R v Attorney General for England and Wales [2003] UKPC 22 ...671 R v Common Professional Examination Board, ex p Mealing-McCleod (2000)

The Times, 2 May ...141 R v District Auditors ex p West Yorkshire County Council (1986) 26 RVR 24, DC ...110 R v Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 ...293–95, 306 Radford v De Froberville [1978] 1 All ER 33 ...662 Rae v Meek (1889) 14 App Cas 558 ...484 Raikes v Lygon [1988] 1 All ER 884 ...525 Rainbow Estates Ltd v Tokenhold Ltd [1998] 2 All ER 860 ...659 Raine, Re [1929] 1 Ch 716 ...500 Ralli’s Will Trusts, Re [1964] Ch 288, HC ...61, 62, 78, 79 Ramsden v Dyson (1866) LR 1 HL 129 ...86–88 Rank Film Distributors Ltd v Video Information Centre [1982] AC 380 ...645 Raven, Re [1915] 1 Ch 673, HC ...115 Rayner v Stone (1762) 2 Eden 128 ...659 Reading v R [1949] 2 KB 232; [1949] 2 All ER 68, affirmed

[1951] AC 507; [1951] 1 All ER 617 ...206, 207 Recher’s Will Trust, Re [1972] Ch 526; [1971] 3 All ER 401, HC ...348, 350–52, 355, 356 Reddell v Dobree (1839) 10 Sim 244 ...82 Redgrave v Hurd [1881] 20 Ch D 1 ...669 Redland Bricks v Morris [1970] AC 652 ...620, 621 Rees, Re [1950] Ch 204, CA ...318, 321, 322 Reeve v Attorney General (1843) 3 Hare 191 ...432 Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver [1942] 1 All ER 378, HL;

[1967] 2 AC 134 ...217, 305, 679 Remnant’s Settlement Trust, Re, Hooper v Wenhasten [1970] Ch 560 ...532, 534, 537 Republic of Haiti v Duvalier (1988) The Times, 28 July ...639 Resch’s Will Trusts [1969] 1 AC 514 ...406, 407 Richards v Delbridge (1874) LR 18 Eq 11, CA ...57, 59 Richardson’s Will Trusts, Re [1958] Ch 504, HC ...131, 132 Riverlate Properties Ltd v Paul [1974] 3 All ER 656 ...665, 670 Roberts, Re [1963] 1 WLR 406; [1963] 1 All ER 674, HC ...430, 431, 434 Robertson v Morrice (1845) 4 LTOS 430 ...594 Robinson, Re, Wright v Tugwell [1923] 2 Ch 332; [1923] 39 TLR 509 ...420, 423, 432 Robinson (Decd), Re [1951] Ch 198 ...406, 407 Robinson v Ommanney (1883) 23 Ch D 285 ...333 Rochefoucauld v Boustead [1897] 1 Ch 196, CA ...56, 222, 282 Rochford v Hackman (1852) 21 LJ Ch 511, HC ...128 Rogers ex p Holland and Hannen, Re (1891) 8 Morr 243 ...140, 145 Rogers’ Question, Re [1948] 1 All ER 328 ...239 Roscoe (James) (Bolton) Ltd v Winder [1915] 1 Ch 62 ...591–93 Rose, Re, Rose v IRC [1952[ Ch 499; [1952] 1 All ER 1217, CA ...17, 52, 56, 59 Rose (Decd), Re, Midland Bank Executor and Trustee Co Ltd v Rose

[1948] 2 All ER 971 ...20, 59 Rose v Rose (1986) 7 NSWLR 679 ...144 Rowallan Group Ltd v Edgehill Portfolio No 1 Ltd

[2007] EWHC 32 (Ch) ...666 Rowan v Dann (1992) 64 P & CR 202, CA ...172 Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] UKHL 44 ...674–76 Royal Brompton NHS Trust v Hammond

(Taylor Woodrow Construction (Holdings) Ltd, Pt 20 defendant)

[2002] 1 WLR 1397; [2002] 2 All ER 801 ...555–57 Royal Brunei Airlines Sdn Bhd v Tan Ming [1995] 2 AC 378;

[1995] 3 WLR 64;

[1995] 3 All ER 97 ...271, 281–83, 288, 289, 292–96, 299, 300, 303–07, 556 Royal Choral Society v Inland Revenue Commissioners

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Royal College of Nursing v St Marylebone Corporation

[1959] 1 WLR 1077 ...376 Royal College of Surgeons of England v National Provincial Bank Ltd

[1952] 1 All ER 984 ...397 Rural Municipality of Storthooks v Mobil Oil of Canada (1975) 55 DLR (3ed) 1 ...602 Russell v Jackson (1852) 10 Hare 204, HC ...324, 325 Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 ...516 Rymer, Re [1894] 1 Ch 19 ...434, 441 Salting, Re [1932] 2 Ch 57 ...131 Salusbury v Denton (1857) 3 K & J 529, HC ...364, 365 Sandeman’s Will Trusts, Re [1937] 1 All ER 368 ...463, 464 Sanders’ Will Trusts, Re [1954] 1 Ch 265, ChD; [1954] 1 All ER 667;

[1954] 2 WLR 487 ...392–94 Satnam v Dunlop Heywood Ltd [1999] 3 All ER 652, CA ...304 Satterthwaite’s Will Trust, Re [1966] 1 WLR 277, CA ...437 Saunders v Vautier [1835–42] All ER 58; (1841) 4 Beav 115;

(1841) Cr & Ph 240 ...7, 43, 211, 449, 458, 519, 520, 601 Savage v Dunningham [1973] 3 WLR 471 ...162 Sayer’s Trust, Re, MacGregor v Sayer [1957] Ch 423 ...107 Scarisbrick, Re, Scarisbrick’s Will Trusts [1951] Ch 622, CA ...385, 387, 388 Schmidt v Rosewood Trust Ltd [2003] 3 All ER 76, PC ...487 Scholey v Central Railway Co of Venezeula [1868] LR 9 Eq 266 ...677 Scottish Burial Reform and Cremation Society Ltd

v Glasgow Corporation [1968] AC 138, HL ...374, 391, 411 Scottish Equitable plc v Derby [2001] 3 All ER 818 ...603, 606 Scowcroft, Re [1898] 2 Ch 638, HC ...411, 415 Segelman (Decd), Re [1996] 2 WLR 173, DC ...387, 388 Sekhon v Alissa [1990] Conv 213 ...179 Selangor United Rubber Estates Ltd v Cradock (No 3)

[1968] 1 WLR 1555; [1968] 2 All ER 1073, HC ...190, 284–86, 288 Sellack v Harris (1708) 5 Vin Ab 521 ...317 Selous, Re, Thomson v Selous [1901] 1 Ch 921 ...351 Sempra Metals Ltd v HM Commissioners of Inland Revenue [2007] UKHL 34, HL ...552 Sen v Headley [1991] 2 WLR 1308, CA ...84, 85, 90 Series 5 Software Ltd v Clarke [1996] 1All ER 853 ...625 Sewell’s Estate, Re (1870) 11 Eq 80 ...490 Shakespeare Memorial Trust, Re [1923] 2 Ch 389 ...397 Sharpe, Re [1980] 1 All ER 198, HC ...184 Shaw, Re, Public Trustee v Day [1957] 1 All ER 745, HC ...395, 396 Shaw v Halifax Corporation [1915] 2 KB 170 ...392 Shaw’s Will Trust, Re [1952] 1 All ER 712 ...396 Sheldon v RHM Outhwaite (Underwriting Agencies) Ltd [1995] 2 All ER 558 ...569 Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co [1895] 1 Ch 287 ...613, 615, 616, 618, 621 Shelley v Shelley (1868) LR 6 Eq 540 ...46, 47 Shephard v Cartwright [1955] AC 431, HL ...165, 166 Shepherd v Mouls (1845) 4 Hare 500 ...547 Shepherd Homes Ltd v Sandham [1971] 1 Ch 340 ...628 Shiloh Spinners Ltd v Harding [1973] 1 All ER 90, [1973] AC 691 ...657 Shipley Urban District Council v Bradford Corpn [1936] Ch 375 ...664 Shipwrecked Fishermen’s and Mariners’ Benevolent Fund, Re [1959] Ch 220 ...522

Siboen, The and The Sibotre [1976] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 293 ...671 Sick and Funeral Society of St John’s Sunday School, Golcar [1973] Ch 51, HC ...155, 159, 160, 351 Sieff v Fox [2005] 1 WLR 3811 ...464 Silverwood v Silverwood (1997) 74 P & CR 453, CA ...174 Simmons, Re [1956] Ch 125 ...524 Sinclair v Brougham [1914] AC 398 ...551, 579, 590, 596–98, 601, 607, 611 Sinclair Investment Holdings v Versailles Trade Finance Ltd

[2007] EWHC 915 ...283 Singla v Bashir [2002] All ER (D) 176, HC ...38