Supplemental Materials
Table 1: NOAA weather station data used in simulations of Yp in China
Station Station # Latitude Longitude within 100km (ha) Harvested area where located Province
Anyang 538980 36.05 114.4 277,920 Henan Baise 592110 23.9 106.6 135,451 Guangxi Changchun 541610 43.9 125.217 115,820 Jilin Changsha 576870 28.233 112.867 1,063,090 Hunan Chengdu 562940 30.667 104.017 592,236 Sichuan Chongqing 575160 29.583 106.467 527,711 Sichuan DaXian 573280 31.2 107.5 360,623 Sichuan Dali 567510 25.7 100.183 210,728 Yunnan Fuzhou 588470 26.083 119.283 272,815 Fujian Ganzhou 579930 25.867 115 378,138 Jiangxi Gaoyao 592780 23.05 112.467 656,279 Guangdong Guiping 592540 23.4 110.083 571,831 Guangxi Guiyang 578160 26.583 106.733 192,310 Guizhou Hailun 507560 47.433 126.967 90,591 Heilongjiang Hangzhou 584570 30.233 120.167 892,554 Zhejiang Huoshan 583140 31.4 116.333 1,027,840 Anhui Jiangcheng 569770 22.617 101.817 108,188 Yunnan Kunming 567780 25.017 102.683 270,698 Yunan Lingling 578660 26.233 111.617 654,181 Hunan Lusi 582650 32.067 121.6 641,761 Jiangsu MeiXian 591170 24.3 116.117 368,844 GuangDong Mengjin 570710 34.817 112.433 126,138 Henan Nanchang 586060 28.6 115.917 985,562 Jiangxi Nanjing 582380 31.933 118.9 1,492,440 Jiangsu Nanning 594310 22.633 108.217 371,786 Guanxi Ruili 568380 24.017 97.833 101,380 Yunan Shangzhi 509680 45.217 127.967 113,600 Helongjiang Shaowu 587250 27.333 117.467 364,762 Fujian Sheyang 581500 33.767 120.25 945,604 Jiangsu Wuhan 574940 30.617 114.133 941,867 Hubei Xiamen 591340 24.483 118.083 313,192 Fujian Xihua 571930 33.783 114.517 160,026 Henan Xingren 579020 25.433 105.183 113,429 Guizhou Xuzhou 580270 34.283 117.15 589,642 Jiangsu Yibin 564920 28.8 104.6 371,539 Sichuan Yichang 574610 30.7 111.3 259,677 Hubei Yingkou 544710 40.667 122.2 225,994 Liaoning Zaoyang 572790 32.15 112.667 423,701 Hubei Zhanjiang 596580 21.217 110.4 273,377 Guangdong Zhijiang 577450 27.45 109.683 237,751 Hunan
Table 2: Data on Chinese cropping systems as practiced by farmers in each of 17 provinces used in Yp simulations of China rice‡
Province
Cropping
system† Seeding rate*
Hills per m2 Seeding date Transpl. date Heading date Maturity
date Area (ha)
Variety matchΔ
Anhui Early season 37.5 25-Mar 25-Apr 20-Jun 20-Jul 80,000 IR64
Anhui Direct seeding 75 (I) 10-Apr 15-Jun 15-Jul 186,667 IR64
Anhui Middle season 22.5 10-May 10-Jun 20-Aug 25-Sep 1,466,667 2You501
Anhui Direct seeding 45 (I) 10-Jun 30-Aug 05-Oct 200,000 2You501
Anhui Late season 37.5 25-Jun 25-Jul 15-Sep 20-Oct 300,000 IR64
Fujian Early season 22.5 20-Mar 20-Apr 15-Jun 15-Jul 233,333 IR64
Fujian Middle season 18 25-Apr 25-May 25-Aug 30-Sep 533,333 IR72
Fujian Late season 19.5 15-Jun 20-Jul 20-Sep 25-Oct 233,333 IR72
Guangdong Early season 22.5 05-Mar 05-Apr 05-Jun 05-Jul 1,000,000 IR64
Guangdong Late season 22.5 18-Jul 03-Aug 30-Sep 05-Nov 1,000,000 IR72
Guangxi Early season 30 01-Mar 05-Apr 15-Jun 20-Jul 1,000,000 IR64
Guangxi Middle season 28.5 15-Apr 15-May 10-Jul 10-Aug 133,333 2You501
Guangxi Late season 27 15-Jul 05-Aug 01-Oct 31-Oct 1,000,000 IR64
Guizhou Single season 15 05-Apr 20-May 10-Aug 20-Sep 733,333 2You725
Hainan Early season 33 25-Jan 20-Feb 25-Apr 25-May 166,667 IR64
Hainan Late season 33 20-Jun 10-Jul 05-Sep 05-Oct 213,333 IR72
Heilongjiang Single season 24 10-Apr 15-May 01-Aug 25-Sep 2,600,000 Jin Dao 305
Henan Single season 20.5 01-May 10-Jun 25-Aug 05-Oct 633,333 XD90247
Hubei Early season 25 01-Apr 01-May 25-Jun 15-Jul 266,667 IR64
Hubei Direct seeding 45 (H), 90 (I) 06-Apr 28-Jun 18-Jul 266,667 IR64
Hubei Middle season 21 15-Apr 20-May 05-Aug 10-Sep 533,333 2You725
Hubei Direct seeding 45 (H), 90 (I) 30-Apr 13-Aug 15-Sep 800,000 2You725
Hubei Late season 22.5 20-Jun 20-Jul 15-Sep 20-Oct 200,000 IR64
Hunan Early season 25 20-Mar 20-Apr 10-Jun 15-Jul 1,133,333 IR64
Hunan Direct seeding 30 (H), 60 (I) 10-Apr 15-Jun 20-Jul 466,667 IR64
Hunan Middle season 22.5 20-Apr 20-May 10-Aug 10-Sep 500,000 2You725
Hunan
Single late
season 18.4 20-May 20-Jun 15-Aug 30-Sep 366,667 2You725
‡Data reported by expert agronomists in each province
†All cropping systems transplanted unless noted as direct seeding *kg/ha, H=hybrid and I=inbred
ΔVariety data were downloaded as part of the ORYZA2000 software package, personnel communication with the designers or through the ORYZA2000 website
(http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/oryzabeta/index.php/database). Reference level of atmospheric CO2 was set as 380 ppm for all varieties and varieties were
modified to approximate reported physiological growth stages as prescribed in the ORYZA2000 user manual. season
Jiangsu Single season 25.5 15-May 15-Jun 25-Aug 15-Oct 1,200,000 Wuxiangjing 9
Jiangsu Direct seeding 60 (I) 10-Jun 05-Sep 20-Oct 800,000 Wuxiangjing 9
Jiangxi Early season 30 25-Mar 25-Apr 20-Jun 20-Jul 1,333,333 IR64
Jiangxi Direct seeding 37.5 (H), 60 (I) 01-Apr 20-Jun 20-Jul 133,333 IR64
Jiangxi Middle season 27 30-Apr 20-May 30-Aug 30-Sep 333,333 2You501
Jiangxi Late season 27 20-Jun 25-Jul 25-Sep 25-Oct 1,400,000 IR64
Jilin Single season 22.5 05-Apr 20-May 01-Aug 25-Sep 733,333 Jin Dao 305
Liaoning Single season 22.5 13-Apr 20-May 08-Aug 01-Oct 666,667 Jin Dao 305
Sichuan Single season 16 05-Apr 05-May 20-Jul 01-Sep 2,666,667 2You501
Yunan
Single season
(japonica) 55.5 10-Mar 01-May 25-Jul 25-Sep 600,000 Jin Dao 305
Yunan Single season (indica) 55.5 25-Feb 05-Apr 05-Jul 01-Sep 333,333 2You501 Yunan
Upland rice (direct
seeding) 75 (I) 25-Apr 05-Aug 01-Oct 100,000 HD297
Zhejiang Early season 30 01-Apr 01-May 25-Jun 25-Jul 93,333 IR64
Zhejiang Direct seeding 75 (I) 15-Apr 25-Jun 25-Jul 40,000 IR64
Zhejiang Middle season 20 25-May 25-Jun 25-Aug 20-Sep 333,333 Wuxiangjing 9 Zhejiang Direct seeding 52.5 (I) 20-May 20-Aug 25-Sep 333,333 Wuxiangjing 9
Table 3: NOAA weather station and management data used in Yw simulations of US maize
‡Station Station # Latitude Longitude
Harvested area within
100km (ha) Planting date (GDD-C°) Soil Maturity State where located
Bowling Green Warren Co Ap 746716 36.98 -86.44 199,074 21-Apr 1,524 SiL Kentucky Cape Girardeau Rgnl 723489 37.23 -89.57 247,846 20-Apr 1,524 SiL Missouri Cedar Rapids Muni 725450 41.88 -91.71 1,129,846 4-May 1,470 SiCL Iowa Chippewa Valley Rgn 726435 44.87 -91.49 373,109 8-May 1,336 SiL Wisconsin Cleveland Hopkins Intl Ap 725240 41.41 -81.85 202,008 10-May 1,470 SiL Ohio Columbia Regional 724450 38.82 -92.22 252,967 20-Apr 1,497 SiL Missouri Dayton James M Cox 724290 39.91 -84.22 703,471 6-May 1,470 SiCL Ohio Des Moines Intl Ap 725460 41.54 -93.67 922,959 26-Apr 1,497 SiCL Iowa Evansville Regional 724320 38.04 -87.54 638,545 8-May 1,510 SiL Indiana Fargo Hector Field 727530 46.93 -96.81 218,225 7-May 1,188 SiCL North Dakota Grand Rapids Kent C 726350 42.88 -85.52 329,734 6-May 1,309 L Michigan Greater Peoria Muni 725320 40.67 -89.68 1,197,201 30-Apr 1,497 SiL Illinois Greater Rockford 725430 42.20 -89.09 986,078 4-May 1,470 SiL Illinois Green Bay A.-Straub 726450 44.51 -88.12 290,723 9-May 1,162 L Wisconsin
Grissom Arb 725335 40.65 -86.15 973,609 4-May 1,470 SiL Indiana
Kansas City Intl 724460 39.30 -94.72 339,095 25-Apr 1,510 SiL Missouri Lincoln Municipal 725510 40.83 -96.76 584,854 29-Apr 1,524 SiL Nebraska Mason City Muni 725485 43.16 -93.33 1,326,872 1-May 1,336 L Iowa Quincy Muni Baldwin Fld 724396 39.94 -91.19 695,252 20-Apr 1,497 SiL Illinois Sioux City Muni 725570 42.39 -96.38 1,037,740 2-May 1,470 SiCL Iowa St. Cloud Municipal 726550 45.55 -94.05 445,098 7-May 1,188 L Minnesota Toledo Express 725360 41.59 -83.80 521,540 4-May 1,470 SiCL Ohio
Waco Rgnl 722560 31.61 -97.23 128,868 9-Mar 1,497 C Texas
Watertown Muni 726546 44.93 -97.15 537,475 3-May 1,215 SiCL South Dakota Zanesville Muni 724286 39.94 -81.89 217,867 5-May 1,470 SiL Ohio
Table 4: NOAA weather station and management data used in Yp simulations of US maize
‡Station Station #
Harvested area within
100km (ha) Planting date (GDD-C°) Latitude Longitude Maturity
State where located
Dalhart Municipal 722636 120,981 15-Apr 1,524 36.02 -102.55 Texas Garden City Rgnl 724515 276,218 3-May 1,524 37.93 -100.73 Kansas Grand Island County 725520 1,003,830 30-Apr 1,470 40.96 -98.31 Nebraska Mccook Rgnl 725625 310,109 6-May 1,470 40.20 -100.58 Nebraska Sioux City Muni 725570 158,764 2-May 1,470 42.39 -96.38 Iowa
‡Data collected from seed dealers, USDA risk management agency, and expert agronomists
Table 5: NOAA weather station and management data used in Yw simulations of German wheat
‡Station Station # Latitude Longitude
Harvested within
100km (ha) inputSoil † Seeds m-2 Sowing Emerg. Emerg. Ear Physiol. Matur. Variety input†
Bad Hersfeld 105420 50.87 9.72 245,965 42 330 6-Oct 22-Oct 4-Jun 21-Jul Tommi Braunschweig 103480 52.30 10.45 334,363 42 320 5-Oct 21-Oct 1-Jun 19-Jul Tommi Düsseldorf 104000 51.28 6.78 136,678 42 330 15-Oct 25-Oct 30-May 18-Jul Cubus Geisenheim 105320 50.58 8.70 136,929 59 330 9-Oct 24-Oct 31-May 19-Jul Cubus
Leipzig-Schkeuditz 104690 51.42 12.23 360,670 36 350 5-Oct 19-Oct 1-Jun 21-Jul Tommi Marnitz 102640 53.32 11.93 275,515 19 300 27-Sep 9-Oct 1-Jun 21-Jul Tommi Mühldorf 108750 48.28 12.50 179,508 42 340 8-Oct 24-Oct 2-Jun 20-Jul Cubus Oehringen 107420 49.22 9.52 215,161 42 380 11-Oct 26-Oct 31-May 18-Jul Tommi Osnabrueck 103170 52.25 8.05 203,666 42 350 9-Oct 23-Oct 2-Jun 21-Jul Tommi Schleswig 100350 54.53 9.55 146,112 19 300 24-Sep 6-Oct 3-Jun 24-Jul Dekan Ueckermuende 101930 53.75 14.07 130,872 19 300 22-Sep 1-Oct 3-Jun 24-Jul Tommi
‡Data collected from expert agronomists and published literature as described in the materials and methods section.
Soil input files used in DSSAT:
*0019080019 KR0000019 SL 200 #19 soil series for Germany @SITE COUNTRY LAT LONG SCS FAMILY
19 Germany -99 -99 Haplic Luvisols / Eutric Podzoluvisols / Stagnic L @ SCOM SALB SLU1 SLDR SLRO SLNF SLPF SMHB SMPX SMKE
BN 0.13 6.0 0.60 73.0 1.00 1.00 IB001 IB001 IB001
@ SLB SLMH SLLL SDUL SSAT SRGF SSKS SBDM SLOC SLCL SLSI SLCF SLNI SLHW SLHB SCEC SADC 15 -99 0.207 0.391 0.513 1.000 2.59 1.13 3.50 18.0 30.0 2.0 0.200 4.1 -99 -99 -99 50 -99 0.175 0.313 0.449 0.522 1.32 1.35 1.00 25.0 35.0 2.0 0.000 4.2 -99 -99 -99 90 -99 0.172 0.260 0.376 0.247 0.43 1.58 0.50 30.0 20.0 2.0 0.000 4.8 -99 -99 -99 120 -99 0.163 0.249 0.376 0.122 0.43 1.58 0.00 28.0 20.0 2.0 0.000 7.9 -99 -99 -99 135 -99 0.133 0.246 0.408 0.078 1.32 1.49 0.00 22.0 35.0 2.0 0.000 8.0 -99 -99 -99 180 -99 0.133 0.216 0.372 0.043 0.43 1.59 0.00 22.0 20.0 2.0 0.000 8.1 -99 -99 -99 200 -99 0.040 0.082 0.383 0.022 21.00 1.55 0.00 3.0 5.0 3.0 0.000 7.5 -99 -99 -99 *42GE080042 KR000042 SIL 200 #42 Soil serries-germany
@SITE COUNTRY LAT LONG SCS FAMILY
generic Germany -99 -99 Haplic Luvisols / Eutric Podzoluvisols / Stagnic G @ SCOM SALB SLU1 SLDR SLRO SLNF SLPF SMHB SMPX SMKE
BN 0.13 6.0 0.60 73.0 1.00 1.00 IB001 IB001 IB001
@ SLB SLMH SLLL SDUL SSAT SRGF SSKS SBDM SLOC SLCL SLSI SLCF SLNI SLHW SLHB SCEC SADC 25 -99 0.167 0.416 0.520 1.000 0.68 1.14 2.50 15.0 75.0 1.0 0.100 6.4 -99 -99 -99 40 -99 0.165 0.383 0.494 0.522 0.68 1.23 1.50 20.0 70.0 1.0 0.000 6.6 -99 -99 -99 120 -99 0.145 0.329 0.422 0.202 0.68 1.46 0.00 24.0 70.0 1.0 0.000 7.0 -99 -99 -99 200 -99 0.145 0.329 0.422 0.041 0.68 1.46 0.00 24.0 70.0 1.0 0.000 7.1 -99 -99 -99 *59GE080059 KR000059 L 200 #59 Soil series-germany
@SITE COUNTRY LAT LONG SCS FAMILY
Generic Germany -99 -99 Spodic Cambisols from hard argillaceous and silty @ SCOM SALB SLU1 SLDR SLRO SLNF SLPF SMHB SMPX SMKE
BN 0.13 6.0 0.60 73.0 1.00 1.00 IB001 IB001 IB001
@ SLB SLMH SLLL SDUL SSAT SRGF SSKS SBDM SLOC SLCL SLSI SLCF SLNI SLHW SLHB SCEC SADC 10 -99 0.276 0.524 0.556 1.000 1.32 0.96 5.00 25.0 45.0 4.0 0.300 4.2 -99 -99 -99 60 -99 0.195 0.343 0.458 0.497 0.23 1.30 1.00 30.0 40.0 4.0 0.000 4.4 -99 -99 -99 100 -99 0.095 0.180 0.371 0.202 2.59 1.55 0.00 15.0 25.0 6.0 0.000 4.4 -99 -99 -99 200 -99 0.189 0.342 0.421 0.050 0.15 1.40 0.00 35.0 55.0 6.0 0.000 4.4 -99 -99 -99 *36GE080036 KR0000036 SIL 200 #36 soil series-germany
@SITE COUNTRY LAT LONG SCS FAMILY
generic Germany -99 -99 Haplic Chernozems from loess of the central German @ SCOM SALB SLU1 SLDR SLRO SLNF SLPF SMHB SMPX SMKE
BN 0.13 6.0 0.60 73.0 1.00 1.00 IB001 IB001 IB001
@ SLB SLMH SLLL SDUL SSAT SRGF SSKS SBDM SLOC SLCL SLSI SLCF SLNI SLHW SLHB SCEC SADC 30 -99 0.194 0.467 0.544 1.000 0.68 1.06 3.50 15.0 75.0 0.0 0.200 7.8 -99 -99 -99 60 -99 0.154 0.391 0.505 0.407 0.68 1.19 2.00 15.0 75.0 0.0 0.100 7.4 -99 -99 -99 100 -99 0.190 0.391 0.519 0.202 0.68 1.16 1.50 25.0 60.0 0.0 0.000 7.3 -99 -99 -99 200 -99 0.100 0.289 0.444 0.050 0.68 1.40 0.00 15.0 75.0 0.0 0.000 7.5 -99 -99 -99
Variety input files used in DSSAT:
@VAR# VAR-NAME... ECO# P1V P1D P5 G1 G2 G3 PHINT 990011 CUBUS DSWH02 48 60 474 19 35 3.3 95 990008 TOMMI DSWH02 63 52 523 20 36 4.8 95 990014 DEKAN DSWH02 28 110 520 23 36 2.4 95