CATIA V5

INDEX

1.Intoduction

1.2 Importance Of Solid Modeling 1.3 Applications

1.4 Layout, Design And Drafting 1.5 Industrial design

1.6 Analysis

1.7 Manufacturing Engineering

2 Sketcher workbench

2.5 Using Smart Pick 2.6 Creating Constraints 2.7 Sketching Simple Profiles

2.8 Performing Operations on Profile 2.9 Cutting the Part by the Sketch Plane 2.10 Customizing for Sketcher.

3. Part Design

3.1 Opening a New CATPart Document. 3.2 Reference Elements

3.3 Sketch-Based Features. 3.4 Dressing Up Of Solids 3.5 Transformation Features 3.6 Measuring

3.7 Surface-Based Features 3.8 Advanced Tasks

3.9 Customizing a Part Design Work Bench

4. Wireframe and Surface workbench

4.2 Creating Planes Between Other Planes 4.3 Creating Polylines

4.4 Creating Circles 4.5 Creating Splines 4.6 Creating a Helix 4.7 Creating Corners

4.8 Creating Connect Curves 4.9 Creating Spirals

4.10 Creating Projections 4.11 Creating Conic Curves 4.12 Creating Intersections 4.13 Creating Surfaces

4.14 Performing Operations on Shape Geometry 4.15 Updating Your Design

4.16 Defining an Axis System

4.17 Managing Open Bodies in the Specification Tree 4.18 Hiding/Showing Open Bodies and Their Contents

5. Generative Shape Design

5.4 Creating Combined Curves 5.5 Creating Parallel Curves 5.6 Creating Reflect Lines

5.7 Creating Adaptive Swept Surfaces

5.8 Customizing For Generative Shape Design

6. Assembly Design

6.1 Creating an Assembly Document 6.2 Inserting a Components

6.3 Defining a Multi-Instantiation 6.4 Fast Multi-Instantiation 6.5 Using Assembly Constraints 6.6 Updating an Assembly 6.7 Using a Part Design Pattern 6.8 Moving Components

6.9 Sectioning

6.10 Assembly Features 6.11 Creating Scenes

6.12 Exploding a Constrained Assembly 6.13 Detecting Interferences

6.14 Customizing Assembly Design

7. Generative Drafting workbench

7.2 Managing A Sheet 7.3 Adding a new sheet 7.4 Front View Creation 7.5 2D/3D Associativity 7.6 Creating a Projection View 7.7 Creating an Auxiliary View

7.8 Creating an Offset Section View / Cut 7.9 Creating an Aligned Section View / Cut

7.10 Creating a Detail View / Detail View Profile

7.12 Creating an Isometric View 7.13 Creating a Broken View 7.14 Creating a Breakout View 7.15 Creating Views via the Wizard 7.16 Isolating Generated Views 7.17 Not Aligning a View 7.18 Scaling a View

7.19 Adding a Generative Bill of Material 7.20 Generating Balloons on a View 7.21 Modifying a Callout Geometry 7.22 Modifying a Pattern

7.23 Dimension Generation 7.24 Creating a Datum Feature

7.25 Creating a Geometrical Tolerance 7.26 Annotations

7.27 Editing Properties

7.28 Customizing for Generative Drafting 7.29 Loading/Saving a CATDrawing

8. Interactive Drafting

8.2 Creating Views

8.3 Defining the View Plane

8.4 Creating Views Using Folding Lines 8.5 Creating a Multiple View Projection 8.6 Reframing a View

8.7 Constraints

8.8 Creating Geometrical Constraints

8.9 Creating Constraints Between 2D and Generated Elements 8.10 Creating Dimensions

8.11 Re-routing Dimensions 8.12 Dress-Up Elements

1. INTRODUCTION

Integration of function within the factory requires a product definition that is unique and consistent throughout the design and manufacturing process; it is computer graphics that makes possible a practical implementation of this dictum. We know that the geometry or the shape of any product can be fully described with the help of three spatial dimensions so computer models must also be three-dimensional.

1.1 Solid Model:

A solid Model is an electronic description of a physical object or a group of physical objects. 2D and 3D CAD drawings are also electronic descriptions but they do not contain information about the nature of space enclosed by the geometry used to describe the object. A 2D drawing presents the visual aspect of an object from a particular viewpoint in space. Whereas a 3D drawing contains a description of the object’s appearance, and is valid from any viewpoint. However, Solid modeling (SM) requires the application of concepts that are academic in 2D drafting. The most obvious difference with SM, however, is that traditional engineering drawings are two-dimensional and solid models are inherently three-dimensional. While 2D drawings can be created manually or electronically, solid models must be created in an electronic ”drawing universe”. Solid models themselves are not physically accessible. CAD workstations are used to create, edit and display 2D representations of the electronic solid model.

Solid models are located in an electronic space that is defined in terms of 3D Cartesian coordinates. This is known as the 3D workspace or the model space. Three-dimensional co-ordinates are used to specify the location of points in space, the distances between pairs of points and displacements between consecutive positions of a point. A co-ordinate system consists of an origin and a system of reference planes or axes.

Three-dimensional CAD models can take three forms:

1. Wireframe: It includes only points in space and the lines connecting them. Objects are represented by their edges.

2. Surface: Mathematically defined areas span the edges of the Wireframe.

3. Solid: The space enclosed by the surfaces is defined and forms a closed volume.

Solid models are the least abstract and most realistic of the three forms; they necessitate far more computing power for their creation and management than the other two forms. Solid Modeling (SM) attracts designers because the construction of complex models, especially those that lack symmetry, is very easy. Wireframe representations of complex objects are very difficult to “understand” visually, because computer displays and paper plots seldom give an indication of depth. Seeing all the edge at once leads to perceptual confusion because of ambiguities.

A complex object can be decomposed into surfaces, which can be broken down into points and lines. Solid and Surface models also allow the generation of images with hidden surfaces removed, which are more realistic.

Some shapes can be represented by surfaces instead of solids. Thus even designers who believe in the essential superiority of solid representations are forced to resort to surfaces for certain complex objects. Many SM systems closely integrate surface and solid capability.

The most important aspect of solids is that their integrity can be computationally determined. In other words, SM systems with the aid of the computer can tell if a given object is a legitimate solid or not.

1.2 Importance of Solid Modeling:

Solid modeling is important because it is the key to obtaining productivity promises that computers offer designers.

Designing is a very complex process. It is not simply a matter of filling in the blanks in a formula and obtaining an optimal answer; it is an iterative process that involves much trial and error, along with analysis. A lot of analysis tools are available today, which need solid models to work upon.

The next portion of the design process that is most susceptible to improvement through computers is design verification. In this phase, a proto type of a design is built and tested.

Generally, the prototype is modified and tested many times before the design process moves to production.

Computers make it possible to build software prototypes. These are models that exist only within the memory of the computer. These models can be subjected to computer-based simulations of the prototype tests, and the results can be used to build a real prototype.

The major benefits of verifying the design within the computer are speed, cost, and flexibility. It is usually much faster to build a model within a computer than in machine shop, and costs are generally lower. Moreover, computer-based simulations can often be better representations of real-world conditions than those to which physical prototypes are subjected.

More realistic representations are required by some manufacturing tasks, such as metal cutting with numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. CAM systems for designing NC toolpaths typically employ the second-level “surface” geometry in addition to wireframe, because the entire area of a part must be represented in order to tell the cutting tool where to go.

But the highest form of realism requires that the interior of the part be represented as well. For that we need level three: SM systems. Solid models can be used to faithfully represent the entire geometry of a part, not just that of exterior. SM can therefore be used to determine if parts in an assembly will interfere with one another in operation-something that wireframe and surface representations cannot do.

Hence solid modeling is one of the best tools used in the design process. Solid models are less abstract (more real) than drawings or 3D wireframes, their behavior under a variety of simulated conditions can tell us enough about how the real thing will behave to make the modeling process worthwhile.

Solid models are easier to fix and easier to change than actual prototypes, and are less expensive. Infact a digital model can be more faithful to the proposed product than a prototype, because the limitations of prototype fabricating techniques often yields compromises that are very different from what will be made in the factory. A digital model does not suffer from the same constraints.

1.3 APPLICATIONS:

Mechanical design and manufacturing have been the areas in which SM has found greatest application to date. Architecture and construction can make productive use of solids, but have largely been prohibited from doing so until recently because of the cost of sufficiently large

systems to handle architectural problems. SM systems are now being used to design power plants. The cost of design errors showing up in construction was so great that expensive systems to avoid such problems were readily justified.

1.4 LAYOUTS, DESIGN, AND DRAFTING:

Since the computer system is able to determine if a constructed object is a legitimate solid, it is natural desire to create any needed drawings from the solid model. In this way, the design integrity is maintained and the drawings will be consistent among themselves. The value of reducing consistency errors in complex designs is very great.

1.5 Industrial design

Industrial design is often considered to be almost a marketing function, rather than a part of engineering. By its nature, SM permits the relatively easy calculation of hidden-line and shaded images; the “model” knows whether a point is inside, outside, or on the surface of the object in question, which makes the generation of realistic images possible.

Aesthetics are important to the industrial designer, to be sure. But how much better for the manufacturer when the industrial designer is able to produce models that are not only aesthetically and ergonomically valid, but to provide a usable geometric base on which the detailed design can be constructed.

1.6 Analysis

The interior of a solid model is implicitly defined, so mass properties (volume, weight, surface area, centre of gravity, moments of inertia) are easy for the computer to calculate. And the fact that the SM software preserves the solid integrity of edited parts, or at least reports when that integrity is breached means that the mass property calculations can be reliably performed without fear of underlying geometric paradoxes invalidating them.

Models for finite elements and other forms of structural analysis can be automatically generated from solids much more easily than from other geometric forms.

1.7 Manufacturing ENGINEERING

One of the greatest beneficiaries of SM data in the manufacturing process is the numerical control programmer. Common problems of CAD-generated data for the part programmer are flaws such as missing geometry or unconnected surfaces. The computer-verifiable nature of solids obviates these problems. In particular animated tool paths simulation is very helpful to the part programmer.

Animation of motion paths in a SM environment is also helpful to the programmer of robotic systems. Without solids, automation of process planning is also impossible. With solid, it remains a challenge, but one that can be surmounted.

2.Sketcher workbench

The Sketcher workbench provides a simple method for creating and editing 2D geometry as well as creating relations between geometrical elements. Once created, you can set constraints between geometrical elements, if you need for more complex sketches

2.1 Entering Sketcher Workbench

Creating a sketch: To create a sketch, you have several possibilities: Select Start -> Mechanical Design -> Sketcher from the menu bar.

Select the Sketcher icon and click the desired reference plane either in the geometry area or in the specification tree, or select a planar surface. This creates a "non-positioned" sketch (i.e. a sketch for which you do not specify the origin and orientation of the absolute axis, which are not associative with the 3D geometry).

Select the Sketch with Absolute Axis Definition icon and specify the reference plane, and the origin and orientation of the axis system. This enables you to create a positioned sketch.

Editing an existing sketch: Double-click the sketch or an element of the sketch geometry, either in the geometry area or in the specification tree. To do this from the 3D, right-click the sketch in the specification tree, point to [sketch name] object in the contextual menu, and then select Edit.

2.2 Creating a Positioned Sketch

Here you will learn how to create a positioned sketch, in which you specify the reference plane, and the origin and orientation of the absolute axis. Creating a positioned sketch enables you to define (and later change) explicitly the position of the sketch absolute axis. This offers the following advantages: You can use the absolute axis directions like external references for the sketched profile geometry. When the geometry of the part evolves and the associated position of the sketch changes, the shape of the sketched profile (2D geometry of the sketch) remains unchanged (even if the sketched profile is under-constrained). Creating a positioned sketch also ensures associativity with the 3D geometry. Click the down arrow next to the Sketcher icon , and select the Sketch with Absolute Axis Definition icon . The Sketch Positioning dialog box appears. In the Type field in the Sketch Support area, two options are available: Positioned (pre-selected): creates a positioned sketch for which you specify the origin and orientation of the absolute axis. Sliding: creates a "non-positioned" sketch, i.e. a sketch for which you do not specify the origin and orientation of the absolute axis.

2.3 Using Tools For Sketching

This task shows how tools in sketcher workbench can assist you when sketching elements.

Snap to Point If activated, this option makes your sketch begin or end on the points of the grid. As you are sketching the points are snapped to the intersection points of the grid.

Construction/Standard Elements: You can create two types of elements: standard elements and construction elements. Note that creating standard or construction elements is based upon the same methodology. If standard elements represent the most commonly created elements, on some occasions, you will have to create geometry just to facilitate your design. Construction elements

aim at helping you in sketching the required profile. Click the Construction/Standard Element option command from the Sketch tools toolbar so that the elements you are now going to create be either standard or construction element. As construction elements are not taken into account when creating features, note that they do not appear outside the Sketcher.

Geometrical Constraints: When selected, the Geometrical Constraint option command allows forcing a limitation between one or more geometry elements & creates Geometrical Constraint when sketching elements.

Dimensional Constraints: When selected, the Dimensional Constraint option command allows forcing a dimensional limitation on one or more profile type elements provided you use the value fields in the Sketch tools toolbar for creating this profile.

2.4 Using Colors

Two types of colors may be applied to sketched elements. These two types of colors correspond to colors illustrating:

Graphical properties

Colors that can be modified. These colors can therefore be modified using the contextual menu (Properties option and Graphic tab).

OR

Constraint diagnostics

Colors that represent constraint diagnostics are colors that are imposed to elements whatever the graphical properties previously assigned to these elements and in accordance with given

diagnostics. As a result, as soon as the diagnostic is solved, the element is assigned the color as defined in the Properties dialog box (Graphic tab).

COLORS and GRAPHICAL PROPERTIES

Grey: Construction Element Elements that are internal to, and only visualized by, the sketch. These elements are used as positioning references. These elements cannot be visualized in the 3D and therefore cannot be used to generate solid primitives.

Yellow: Non-Modifiable Element For example, uses edges. These elements cannot be modified, graphically speaking.

Red Orange: Selected Element A subgroup of elements actually selected (the Select icon is similarly active).

COLORS DIAGNOSTICS

White Under-Constrained Element Brown Element not changed

Green Fixed Element & Iso-Constrained Element Purple Over constrained Element

Red Inconsistent Element

2.5 Using Smart Pick

SmartPick is a smart and easy way to use positioning tool, which will assist you when using most of the commands for creating Sketcher geometrical elements. SmartPick will give you higher productivity by decreasing the number of the interactions necessary for positioning these geometrical elements. According to the various active options, you can create the geometrical constraints that are equivalent to the snapping you performed. SmartPick will return information via symbols.

Using SmartPick, you will easily specify a location: somewhere on the grid, using coordinates, on a point, at the extremity point of a curve, at the midpoint of a line, at the center of a circle or an ellipse, all over a curve, at the intersection point of two curves, aligned at a vertical/horizontal position, on the fictitious perpendicular line through a line end point, any of the above cases possibly combined together, whenever possible. You will progressively specify this location by providing information using the contextual menu. Note that if you position the cursor outside the zone that is allowed for creating a given element, the symbol appears.

2.6 Creating Constraints

2.6.1 Creating Dimensional/Geometrical Constraints

Here we will see how to set dimensional or geometrical constraints between one, two or three elements. The constraints are in priority dimensional. Use the contextual menu to get other types of

constraints and to position this constraint as desired. Select the Constraint icon from the Constraint toolbar. Select a first element. Select a second element. Accordingly dimensional constrain will appear between two selected elements. For editing, double-click the constraint you wish to edit.

2.6.2 Creating a Contact Constraint

This task shows you how to apply a constraint with a relative positioning that can be compared to contact. You can either select the geometry or the command first. This constraint can be created between either two elements. These constraints are in priority: concentricity, coincidence and tangency. Select the Constraint Contact icon from the Constraint toolbar (Constraint Creation subtoolbar) for giving Contact Constraint.

2.6.3 Creating Constraints via a Dialog Box

Multi-select the elements to be constrained. Click the Constraints Defined in Dialog Box icon from the Constraint toolbar. The Constraint Definition dialog box appears indicating the types of constraints you can set between the selected elements (selectable options). These constraints may be constraints to be applied either one per element (Length, Fix, Horizontal, Vertical) or constraints between two selected elements (Distance, Angle, Coincidence, Parallelism or Perpendicular). Multi-selection for Constraints is available. If constraints already exist, they are checked in the dialog box, by default.

2.6.4 Auto-Constraining a Group of Elements

The Auto Constraint command detects possible constraints between the selected elements and imposes these constraints once detected. Select the profile to be constrained. Click the Auto Constraint icon from the Constraint toolbar. The Auto Constraint dialog box is displayed. The Elements to be constrained field indicates all the elements detected by the application. The Reference Elements option allows you to select references to be used to detect possible constraints between these references and the elements selected. Once the profile is fully constrained, the application displays it in green. Click OK to constrain the sketch.

2.7 Sketching Simple Profiles a) Creating a Profile

This task shows how to create a closed profile. A profile may also be open (if you click the profile end point in the free space). Profiles may be composed of lines and arcs, which you create either by clicking or using the Sketch tools toolbar. Click the Profile icon from the Profiles toolbar. The Sketch tools toolbar appears with option commands and values. Line (active by default) Tangent Arc Three Point Arc. Press and hold the left mouse button down / Dragging the cursor allows you to activate the Tangent Arc mode automatically. If you cannot manage creating the tangent arc using the left mouse button, what you can do is select the Tangent Arc option command in the Sketch tools toolbar. Select the Three Points Arc option command

from the Sketch tools toolbar to create three-point arc.

b) Creating a Rectangle

Click the Rectangle icon from the Profiles toolbar. The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the rectangle. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values to create points & then lines for rectangle.

c) Creating an Oriented Rectangle

It creates a rectangle in the direction of your choice by defining three extemity points of the rectangle. Click the Oriented Rectangle icon from the Profiles toolbar (Predefined Profile subtoolbar). Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values. Click to create the oriented rectangle.

d) Creating a Parallelogram

Click the Parallelogram icon from the Profiles toolbar (Predefined Profile subtoolbar). Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values for three points. Click to create the parallelogram.

e) Creating an Elongated Hole

Click the Elongated Hole icon from the Profiles toolbar (Predefined Profile subtoolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the elongated hole center-to-center axis (first and second center point) and then either the elongated hole radius or a point on this elongated hole. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values for two centers& oblong distance.

f) Creating a Cylindrical Elongated Hole

Click the Cylindrical Elongated Hole icon from the Profiles toolbar (Predefined Profile subtoolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the cylindrical elongated hole. You are going to define the (i) circle center, (ii) arc extremities and the (iii) radius of the cylindrical elongated hole. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values.

g) Creating a Keyhole Profile

Click the Keyhole Profile icon from the Profiles icon (Predefined Profile sub toolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the keyhole profile, two centers & two radii. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values.

Click the Hexagon icon from the Profiles icon (Predefined Profile subtoolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the hexagon center and then either a point on this hexagon or the hexagon dimension and angle.

i) Creating a Circle

It shows how to create a circle. We will use the Sketch tools toolbar but of course you can create this circle manually. By default, circle centers appear on the sketch. Click the Circle icon from the Profiles toolbar (Circle sub-toolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining the circle. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values. When you create a circle using the Sketch tools toolbar, constraints are similarly assigned to this circle.

j) Creating a Three Point Circle

It shows how to create a circle that goes through three points. Click the Three Point Circle icon from the Profiles toolbar (Circle sub toolbar). The Sketch tools toolbar will display one after the other values for defining the three points of the circle: values for defining the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) values of a point on the circle or else the radius of this circle.

k) Creating a Circle Using Coordinates

It shows how to create a circle using center point coordinate with use of Cartesian coordinates &also use of polar coordinates.

l) Creating a Tri-Tangent Circle

It shows how to create a tri-tangent circle by creating three tangents. Click the Tri-Tangent Circle icon from the Profiles toolbar (Circle subtoolbar). Click three elements. The tri-tangent circle appears as well as the corresponding constraints provided you activated the Internal Constraints icon .

It shows how to create an arc. There are three possibilities. a) The arc center point, start point and end point. b) Through three points - start, middle, end. c) Through three points –start, end, middle. n) Creating a Spline

Click the Spline icon from the Profiles toolbar. Click to indicate the points through which the spline goes. Double-click to end the spline. Clicking another command ends the spline too. Double-click the control point you wish to edit.

o) Connecting Elements

It shows you how to connect two curve type elements using either with an arc or a spline. Two connect option commands appear in the Sketch tools toolbar, Connect With Arc & Connect With Spline.

p) Creating an Ellipse

It shows how to create an ellipse (made of two infinite axes). The Sketch tools toolbar displays values for defining the ellipse center point, major and then minor semi-axis endpoint. Position the cursor in the desired fields and key in the desired values.

q) Creating a Parabola by Focus

Click the Parabola by Focus icon from the Profiles toolbar (Conic subtoolbar). To create a Parabola click the focus, click apex and then the two-extremity points of parabola.

r) Creating a Hyperbola by Focus

Click the Hyperbola by Focus icon from the Profiles toolbar (Conic subtoolbar). To create a hyperbola click the focus, center and apex, and then the hyperbola two extremity points.

This task shows how to create a conic type element by clicking desired points and, if needed, using tangents or entering the excentricity into the Sketch tools toolbar. As a result, you will create one of the following: an ellipse, a circle, a parabola or a hyperbola.

t) Creating a Line

Click the Line icon from the Profiles toolbar. The Sketch tools toolbar now displays values for defining in the rectangle. Click the line first point (first point). Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values for second point. To edit, double-click the constraint corresponding to the value to be modified.

u) Creating an Infinite Line

Click the Infinite Line icon from the Profile toolbar (Line sub toolbar). To create an infinite line either horizontal or vertical, or still according to two points you will specify select option in tool bar.

v) Creating a Bi-Tangent Line

Click the Bi-Tangent Line icon from the Profiles toolbar (Line subtoolbar). Click two elements to witch line should be tangent. Tangents are created as close as possible to where you clicked on the circle.

w) Creating a Bisecting Line

This task shows how to create an infinite bisecting line by clicking two points on two existing lines. Click the Bisecting Line icon from the Profiles toolbar (Line subtoolbar). Click two points on the two existing lines, one after the other. The infinite bisecting line automatically appears, in accordance with both points previously clicked.

This task shows how to create an axis. You will need axes whenever creating shafts and grooves. Click the Axis icon from the Profiles toolbar. Position the cursor in the desired field (Sketch tools toolbar) and key in the desired values.

y) Creating a Point

This task shows you how to create a point. In this task, we will use the Sketch tools toolbar but, of course you can create this point manually. Click the Point icon from the Profiles toolbar. The Sketch tools toolbar displays values for defining the point coordinates: H (horizontal) and V (vertical). Position the cursor in the desired field and key in the desired values.

Creating a Point Using Coordinates: Create a point by indicating coordinates. Creating Equidistant Points: Create a set of equidistant points on a curve.

Creating a Point Using Intersection: Create one or more points by intersecting curve type elements. Creating a Point Using Projection: Create one or more points by projecting points onto curve type elements.

z) 1) Creating Centered Rectangles.

This task shows you how to create a centered rectangle. Click the Centered Rectangle icon: Click a point in the geometry area or select an existing one. Drag the cursor to create the centered rectangle.

This task shows you how to create a centered parallelogram. Click the Centered Parallelogram icon: . Select a first line (or an axis). Select a second line (or an axis).

2.8 Performing Operations on Profiles 1) Creating Corners

This task shows how to create a rounded corner (arc tangent to two curves) between two lines using trimming operation. You can create rounded corners between curves. Click the Corner icon from the Operations toolbar. The possible corner options are displayed in the Sketch tools toolbar: the Trim All Elements option command is activated by default. Select the two lines. The second line is also highlighted, and the two lines are joined by the rounded corner which moves as you move the cursor. This lets you vary the dimensions of the corner. Enter the corner radius value in the Sketch tools toolbar. You can also click when you are satisfied with the corner dimensions.

2) Creating Chamfers

This task shows how to create a chamfer between two lines trimming either all, the first or none of the elements, and more precisely using one of the following chamfer definitions: Angle/Hypotenuse, Length1/Length2, Length1/Angle. Click the Chamfer icon from the Operation toolbar. The possible chamfer options are displayed in the Sketch tools toolbar. Trim All / First / No element. Select the two lines. Click when you are satisfied with the dimensions of the chamfer.

3) Trimming Elements

Trimming two elements: This task shows how to trim two lines (either one element or all the elements). Create two intersecting lines. Click the Trim icon from the Operations toolbar. The Trim toolbar options display in the Sketch tools. The Trim All option is the command activated by default. Select the first line. Position the cursor on the element to be trimmed. The location of the relimitation depends on the location of the cursor.

Trimming one element: This task shows how to trim just one element. Click the Trim icon from the Operations toolbar. Click the Trim One Element option . Select the two curves. First curve will only be trimmed by second curve.

This task shows how to quickly delete elements intersected by other Sketcher elements using breaking and trimming operations. Click the Quick Trim icon from the Operation toolbar (Relimitations subtoolbar). The possible trim option commands are displayed in the Sketch tools toolbar. These options are Rubber In, Rubber out, and Break.

5) Closing Elements

This task shows how to close circles, ellipses or splines using relimiting operation. Click the Close icon from the Operation toolbar (Relimitations subtoolbar). Select one or more elements to be relimited. For example, a three point arc. The arc will now be closed.

6) Complement an Arc (Circle or Ellipse)

This task shows how to complement an arc (circle or an ellipse). Create a three points arc. Click on the arc to be complemented to select it. Click the Complement icon from the Operation toolbar (Relimitations subtoolbar). The complementary arc appears for selected arc.

7) Breaking Elements

The Break command lets you break any types of curves. The elements used for breaking curves can be any Sketcher element. Click the Break icon from the Operations toolbar. Select the line to be broken. Select the breaking element The selected element is broken at the selection. The line is now composed of two movable segments.

8) Creating Symmetrical Elements

This task shows you how to repeat existing Sketcher elements using a line, a construction line or an axis. Select the profile to be duplicated by symmetry. Click the Symmetry icon from the Operations toolbar. The selected profile is duplicated and a symmetry constraint is created on the condition you previously activated the Dimensional Constraint option from the Sketch tools toolbar.

9) Translating Elements

This task will show you how to perform a translation on 2D elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the element to be duplicated. Multi-selection is not available. Click the Translation icon from the Operation toolbar (Transformation subtoolbar). The Translation Definition dialog box displays and will remain displayed all along your translation creation. Enter the number of copies you need. The duplicate mode is activated by default. Select the element(s) to be translated. Click the translation vector start point or select an existing one. In the Translation Definition dialog box, enter a precise value for the translation length. Click OK in the Translation Definition dialog box to end the translation.

10) Rotating Elements

This task will show you how to rotate elements by defining the duplicate mode and then selecting the element to be duplicated. Click the Rotation icon from the Operations toolbar (Transformation subtoolbar). The Rotation Definition dialog box appears and will remain displayed all along the rotation. De-activate the Duplicate mode, if needed. Select the geometry to be rotated. Here, multi-select the entire profile. Select or click the rotation center point. Select or click a point to define the reference line that will be used for computing the angle. Select or click a point to define an angle. Click OK in the Rotation Definition dialog box to end the rotation.

11) Scaling Elements

This task will show you how to scale an entire profile. In other words, you are going to resize a profile to the dimension you specify. Click the Scale icon from the Operation toolbar (Transformation subtoolbar). The Scale Definition dialog box appears. Select the element(s) to be scaled. Enter the center point value in the Sketch tools toolbar or click the center point on the geometry. Enter Scale Value in the displayed Scale Definition dialog box. Selected elements will be scaled according to scale factor.

This task shows how to duplicate an element of the following type: line, arc or circle. Click the Offset icon from the Operations toolbar (Transformation subtoolbar). There are two possibilities, depending on whether the line you want to duplicate by offset is already selected or not: If the line is already selected, the line to be created appears immediately. If the line is not already selected, select it. The line to be created appears. Select a point or click where you want the new element to be located. The selected line is duplicated. Both lines are parallel.

You can also apply one or more offset instances to profiles made of several elements. You can offset elements by using tangency propagation or point propagation, by creating an offset element that is tangent to the first one, by creating several offset instances.

13) Projecting 3D Elements onto the Sketch Plane

This task shows how to project edges (elements you select in the Part Design workbench) onto the sketch plane. Click the Project 3D Elements icon from the Operations toolbar (3D Geometry subtoolbar). Multi-select the edges you wish to project onto the sketch plane. The edges are projected onto the sketch plane. These projections are yellow.

14) Intersecting 3D Elements with the Sketch Plane

This task shows how to intersect a face and the sketch plane. Select the face of interest. Click the Intersect 3D Elements icon from the Operations toolbar (3D Geometry subtoolbar). The software computes and displays the intersection between the face and the sketch plane. The intersection is yellow.

15) Creating Silhouette Edges

This task shows how to create silhouette edges to be used in sketches as geometry or reference elements. Click the 3D Silhouette Edges icon from the Operation toolbar (3D Geometry subtoolbar). Select the surface. The silhouette edges are created onto the sketch plane. These

silhouette edges are yellow if they are associative with the 3D. You cannot move or modify them but you can delete one of them which means deleting one trace independently from the other. 2.9 Cutting the Part by the Sketch Plane

This task shows how to make some edges visible. In other words, you are going to simplify the sketch plane view by hiding the portion of material you do not need for sketching. Select the plane on which you need to sketch a new profile and enter the Sketcher workbench. Click the Cut Part by Sketch Plane icon on the Tools toolbar to hide the portion of part you do not want to see in the Sketcher. You can now sketch the required profile.

2.10 Sketch solving status

This task explains how to display a quick diagnosis of a sketch geometry. You will be provided an overall status of the sketch geometry as a whole, so that can correct any constraint-related problem

accordingly. Click the Sketch Solving Status icon in the Tools toolbar. It indicates the overall status of the sketch geometry.

2.11 Customizing for Sketcher

Select the Tools -> Options command to display the Options dialog box. The Options dialog box appears. Expand the Mechanical Design option, and then click Sketcher. The Sketcher tab appears, containing the following sets of options:

Grid: options available Display, Primary spacing, Graduations, Snap to point and Allow Distortions

Sketch Plane: options available Shade sketch plane, Position sketch plane parallel to screen. Geometry: options available Create circle and ellipse centers.

Constraints: options available Create detected constraints Colors: options available Visualization of diagnostic.

3.Part Design

The Part Design application makes it possible to design precise 3D mechanical parts with an intuitive and flexible user interface, from sketching in an assembly context to iterative detailed design. Part Design application will enable you to accommodate design requirements for parts of various complexities, from simple to advance.

This application, which combines the power of feature-based design with the flexibility of a Boolean approach, offers a highly productive.

3.1 Opening a New CATPart Document.

This task shows you how to open a new CATPart document. Select the File -> New commands (or click the New icon). The New dialog box is displayed, allowing you to choose the type of document you need. Select Part in the List of Types field and click OK. The Part Design workbench is loaded and a CATPart document opens.

The Part Design workbench document is divided into: a) the specification tree, b) the geometry area, c) specific toolbars, a number of contextual commands available in the specification tree and in the geometry. Remember that these commands can also be accessed from the menu bar.

You will notice that CATIA provides three planes to let you start your design. Actually, designing a part from scratch will first require designing a sketch. Sketching profiles is performed in the Sketcher workbench, which is fully integrated into Part Design. To open it, just click the Sketcher icon and select the work plane of your choice. The Sketcher workbench then provides a large number of tools allowing you to sketch the profiles you need.

3.2 Reference Elements

You can display the Reference Elements toolbar using the View -> Tool bars -> Reference Elements (extended/compact) command.

3.2.1 Creating Points

This task shows the various methods for creating points. Click the Point icon . The Point Definition dialog box appears. Use the combo to choose the desired point type.

Coordinates: Creating point with X, Y, Z coordinates in the current axis-system On curve: Creating point on curve.

On plane: Creating point on plane On surface: Creating point on a surface.

Circle center: Creating point of a circle, ellipse. Tangent on curve: Creating point tangent to curve. Between: Creating point between two other points.

3.2.2 Creating Lines

Click the Line icon . The Line Definition dialog box appears. Use the combo to choose the desired line type. A line type will be proposed automatically in some cases depending on your first element selection.

Point – Point: Create line between the two points.

Point – Direction: Create line from a point along a direction. Angle or normal to curve: Create line at an angle to curve. Tangent to curve: Create line tangent to curve.

Normal to surface: Create line normal to surface. Bisecting: Create line for bisector of two lines.

Regardless of the line type, Start and End values are specified by entering distance values or by using the graphic manipulators. Check the Mirrored extent option to create a line symmetrically in relation to the selected Start point.

3.2.3 Creating Planes

This task shows the various methods for creating planes. Click the Plane icon . The Plane Definition dialog box appears. Use the combo to choose the desired Plane type. Once you have defined the plane, it is represented by a red square symbol, which you can move using the graphic manipulator.

Offset from plane: Create a plane at a distance from reference plane.

Parallel through point: Create a plane passing through a point & parallel to reference plane. Angle or normal to plane: Create a plane at an angle to reference plane.

Through three points Through two lines Through point and line Through planar curve Tangent to surface Normal to curve Mean through points Equation

3.3 Sketch-Based Features

Features are entities you combine to make up your part. The features presented here are obtained by applying commands on initial profiles created in the Sketcher workbench or in the Generative Shape Design workbench. Some operations consist in adding material, others in removing material. In this section, you will learn how to create the following features: Pad, Pocket, Shaft, Groove, Rib, Slot, Loft, and Remove Loft.

3.3.1 PAD

Creating a pad means extruding a profile or a surface in one or two directions. The application lets you choose the limits of creation as well as the direction of extrusion. Select Sketch as the profile to be extruded. By default, if you extrude a profile, the application extrudes normal to the plane used to create the profile. You will notice that by default, the application specifies the length of your pad. But you can use the following options too: Up to Next ,Up to Last, Up to Plane, Up to Surface. You can increase or decrease length values by dragging LIM1 or LIM2 manipulators. Reverse direction option lets you choose which side of the profile is to be extruded. Click the Mirrored extent option to extrude the profile in the opposite direction using the same length value. If you wish to define another length for this direction, you do not have to click the Mirrored extent button. Just click the More button and define the second limit.

3.3.2 Multi-Pad

With this task you can extrude multiple profiles belonging to a same sketch using different length values. The multi-pad capability lets you do this at one time. Select Sketch that contains the profiles to be extruded. Note that all profiles must be closed and must not intersect. The Multi-Pad Definition dialog box appears and the profiles are highlighted in green. For each of them, you can drag associated manipulators to define the extrusion value.

3.3.3 Pocket

Creating a pocket consists in extruding a profile or a surface and removing the material resulting from the extrusion. The application lets you choose the limits of creation as well as the direction of extrusion. The limits you can use are the same as those available for creating pads. Select the profile to be extruded. Click the Pocket icon . You can define a specific depth for your pocket or set one of these options: up to next, up to last, up to plane, up to surface.

To define a specific depth, set the Type parameter to Dimension. Alternatively, select LIM1 manipulator and drag it downwards. By default, if you extrude a profile, the application extrudes normal to the plane used to create the profile. To specify another direction, click the more button to display the whole Pocket Definition dialog box, uncheck the Normal to sketch option and select a new creation direction. Optionally click Preview to see the result. Click OK to create the pocket. The specification tree indicates this creation. Double-click Pocket to edit it.

3.3.4 Multi-Pocket

This task shows you how to create a pocket feature from distinct profiles belonging to a same sketch and this, using different length values. The multi-pocket capability lets you do this at one time. Click the Multi-Pocket icon . Select Sketch that contains the profiles to be extruded. Note

that all profiles must be closed and must not intersect. The Multi-Pocket Definition dialog box appears and the profiles are highlighted in green. For each of them, you can drag associated manipulators to define the extrusion value.

3.3.5 Thin Solids

When creating pads, pockets and stiffeners, you can now add thickness to both sides of their profiles. The resulting features are then called "thin solids". This task shows you how to add thickness to a pad. The method described here is also valid for pockets. Enter Thickness1 's value, and click Preview to see the result. A thickness has been added to the profile as it is extruded. The profile is previewed in dotted line. Enter Thickness2 's value, and click Preview to see the result. Material has been added to the other side of the profile. To add material equally to both sides of the profile, check "Neutral fiber" and click Preview to see the result. Checking the "Merge Ends" option trims extrusions to existing material.

3.3.6 Shaft

This task illustrates how to create a shaft that is a revolved feature. You need an open or closed profile, and an axis about which the feature will revolve. Note that you can use wireframe geometry as your profile and axes. Select the open profile. Click the Shaft icon . The Shaft Definition dialog box is displayed. The application displays the name of the selected sketch in the Selection field from the Profile frame. For the purposes of our scenario, the profile and the axis belong to the same sketch. Consequently, you do not have to select the axis.

You can create shafts from sketches including several closed profiles. These profiles must not intersect and they must be on the same side of the axis. If needed, you can change the sketch by clicking the field and by selecting another sketch in the geometry or in the specification tree. But you can also edit your sketch by clicking the icon that opens the Sketcher. Once you have done your modifications, the Shaft Definition dialog box reappears to let you finish your design. The application previews limits LIM1 that corresponds to the first angle value, and LIM2 that corresponds to the second angle value. The first angle value is by default 360 degrees. Enter the values of your choice in the fields First angle and Second angle. Alternatively, select LIM1 or

LIM2 manipulator and drag them onto the value of your choice. Click Preview to see the result. Click OK to confirm. The shaft is created. The specification tree mentions it has been created.

3.3.7 Groove

Grooves are revolved features that remove material from existing features. This task shows you how to create a groove, that is how to revolve a profile about an axis (or construction line). You can use wireframe geometry as your profile and axes. Click the Groove icon . Select the profile. The Groove Definition dialog box is displayed. The application displays the name of the selected sketch in the Selection field from the Profile frame. The Selection field in the Axis frame is reserved for the axes you explicitly select. For the purposes of our scenario, the profile and the axis belong to the same sketch. Consequently, you do not have to select the axis. The system previews a groove entirely revolving about the axis.

You can create grooves from sketches including several closed profiles. These profiles must not intersect and they must be on the same side of the axis. If needed, you can change the sketch by clicking the Selection field and by selecting another sketch in the geometry or in the specification tree.

The application previews the limits LIM1 and LIM2 of the groove to be created. You can select these limits and drag them onto the desired value or enter angle values in the appropriate fields. Click the Reverse Direction button to inverse the revolution direction. Click OK to confirm the

operation. CATIA removes material around the cylinder. The specification tree indicates the groove has been created. This is your groove: Click OK to confirm.

3.3.8 Hole

Creating a hole consists in removing material from a body. Various shapes of standard holes can be created. These holes are:

Simple Tapered Counter Bored Countersunk CounterDrilled

If you wish to use the Up to Plane or Up to Surface option, you can then define an offset between the limit plane (or surface) and the bottom of the hole. By default, the application creates the hole normal to the sketch face. But you can also define a creation direction not normal to the face by unchecking the Normal to surface option and selecting an edge or a line.

3.3.9 Threaded Holes

The Thread capability removes material surrounding the hole. To define a thread, you can enter the values of your choice, but you can use standard values. You can define three different thread types: No Standard: uses values entered by the user,

Metric Thin Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values, Metric Thick Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values.

Define the parameters as per your requirement to create threaded hole. 3.3.10 Rib

This task shows you how to create a rib that is how to sweep a profile along a center curve to create material. To define a rib, you need a center curve, a planar profile and possibly a reference

element or a pulling direction. It should be kept in mind that 3D curve if selected as center curves must be continuous in tangency & if the center curve is planar, it can be discontinuous in tangency. To create Rib, Click the Rib icon . The Rib Definition dialog box is displayed. Select the profile you wish to sweep. Your profile has been designed in a plane normal to the plane used to define the center curve. It should be a closed profile. The application now previews the rib to be created. You can control its position by choosing one of the following options:

Keep Angle: keeps the angle value between the sketch plane used for the profile and the tangent of the center curve.

Pulling Direction: sweeps the profile with respect to a specified direction. To define this direction, you can select a plane or an edge.

Reference Surface: the angle value between axis and the reference surface is constant.

The Merge ends option is to be used in specific cases. It creates materials between the ends of the rib and existing material provided that existing material trims both ends. Check the Thick Profile option to add thickness to both sides of Sketch.2. New options are then available. Click OK. The rib is created. The specification tree mentions this creation.

3.3.11 Slot

This task shows you how to create a slot that is how to sweep a profile along a center curve to remove material. To define a slot, you need a center curve, a planar profile, a reference element and optionally a pulling direction.

Click the Slot icon . The Slot Definition dialog box is displayed. Select the profile. The profile has been designed in a plane normal to the plane used to define the center curve. It is closed. Slots can also be created from sketches including several profiles. These profiles must be closed and must not intersect.

You can control the profile position by choosing one of the following options: Keep angle, Pulling direction, Reference surface. The Merge ends option is to be used in specific cases. It lets the application create material between the ends of the slot and existing material. Check the Thick Profile option to add thickness to both sides.

3.3.12 Loft

You can generate a loft feature by sweeping one or more planar section curves along a computed or user-defined spine. The feature can be made to respect one or more guide curves. The resulting feature is a closed volume.

Click the Loft icon .The Loft Definition dialog box appears. Select the three section curves. They are highlighted in the geometry area. The Loft capability assumes that the section curves to be used do not intersect. Click Apply to preview the loft to be created. You can note that by default, tangency discontinuity points are coupled. Several coupling types are available in the Coupling tab: Ratio, Tangency, Tangency then curvature, Vertices.

By default, the application computes a spine, but if you wish to impose a curve as the spine to be used, you just need to click the Spine tab then the Spine field and select the spine of your choice in the geometry. Click OK to create the volume. The feature (identified as Loft.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.3.13 Remove Lofted Material

This task shows how to remove lofted material. The Remove Loft capability generates lofted material surface by sweeping one or several planar section curves along a computed or user-defined spine then removes this material.

Click the Remove Loft icon . The Remove Loft Definition dialog box appears. Select required sections & guide curves if needed. By default, the application computes a spine, but if you wish to impose a curve as the spine to be used, you just need to click the Spine tab then the Spine field and select the spine of your choice in the geometry. Click OK to create the lofted surface. The feature (identified as Loft.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.3.14 Stiffener

This task shows you how to create a stiffener by specifying creation directions. Select the profile to be extruded. This profile has to be created in a plane normal to the face on which the stiffener will lie. You can use wireframe geometry as your profile. If you need to use an open profile, make sure that existing material can fully limit the extrusion of this profile. Click the Stiffener icon . The Stiffener Definition dialog box is displayed.

From side: the extrusion is performed in the profile's plane and the thickness is added normal to the plane. Check the Neutral Fiber option. This option adds material equally to both sides of the profile. Optionally click Preview to see the result. Click OK. The stiffener is created. The specification tree indicates it has been created.

From Top: the extrusion is performed normal to the profile's plane and the thickness is added in the profile's plane. The "Neutral Fiber" option adds the same thickness to both sides of the profile. You just need to specify the value of your choice in "Thickness 1" field and this thickness is evenly added to each side of the profile. Conversely, if you wish to add different thickness on both sides of the profile, just uncheck the "Neutral Fiber" option and then specify the value of your choice in "Thickness 2" field.

3.4 DRESSING UP OF SOLIDS 3.4.1 Edge Fillet

Edge fillets are smooth transitional surfaces between two adjacent faces. With the use of a constant radius: the same radius value is applied to the entire edges. Click the Edge Fillet icon . The Edge Fillet Definition dialog box appears. Select the edges. The edge selected then appears in the Objects to fillet field. CATIA displays the radius value. Clicking Preview previews the fillet to be created. Two propagation modes are available: Minimal, Tangency. If you set the Tangency mode, the option "Trim ribbons" becomes available; you can then trim the fillets to be created. Use Limiting Elements to limit the fillet. When filleting an edge, the fillet may sometimes affect other edges of the part, depending on the radius value you specified. With the Edges to keep option the application detects these edges and stops the fillet to these edges.

3.4.2 Face-Face Fillet

You generally use the Face-face fillet command when there is no intersection between the faces or when there are more than two sharp edges between the faces. Select the faces to be filleted. Click Preview to see the fillet to be created. Click OK. The faces are filleted. This creation is indicated in the specification tree. Instead of entering a radius value, you can use a "hold curve" to compute the fillet. Depending on the curve's shape, the fillet's radius value is then more or less variable.

3.4.3 Tritangent Fillet

The creation of tritangent fillets involves the removal of one of the three faces selected. You need three faces two of which are supporting faces. Select the faces to be filleted. Select the face to be removed. The fillet will be tangent to this face. Click Preview to see the fillet to be created. The creation of this fillet is indicated in the specification tree indicates the opposite portion of material. Click OK.

3.4.4 Chamfer

Chamfering consists in removing or adding a flat section from a selected edge to create a beveled surface between the two original faces common to that edge. The default parameters to be defined are Length1 and Angle. You can change this creation mode and set Length1 and Length2. Chamfers can be created by selecting a face; the application chamfers its edges. Click Preview to see the chamfers to be created. Click OK. The specification tree indicates this creation.

3.4.5 Basic Draft

Drafts are defined on molded parts to make them easier to remove from molds. The characteristic elements are:

Pulling direction: this direction corresponds to the reference from which the draft faces are defined.

Draft angle: this is the angle that the draft faces make with the pulling direction.

Parting element: this plane, face or surface cuts the part in two and each portion is drafted according to its previously defined direction.

Neutral element: this element defines a neutral curve on which the drafted face will lie. This element will remain the same during the draft.

The Propagation option can be set to: None: there is no propagation, Smooth: the application integrates the faces propagated in tangency onto the neutral face to define the neutral element.

Parting = Neutral to reuse the plane you selected as the neutral element. If Keep Parting =Neutral, you then can also check the option Draft both sides. Click OK. Material has been removed & the face is drafted.

3.4.6 Variable Angle Draft

Click the Variable Angle Draft icon . The Draft Definition dialog box that appears, displays the variable angle draft option as activated. Select the face to be drafted. Select face as the neutral element. The application detects two vertices and displays two identical radius values. Increase the angle value: only one value is modified accordingly in the geometry. To edit the other angle value, select the value in the geometry and increase it in the dialog box. To add a point on the edge, click the Points field. You can add as many points as you wish. Click OK to confirm.

3.4.7 Draft from Reflect Lines

This will draft a face by using reflect lines as neutral lines from which the resulting faces will be generated. Click the Draft from Reflect Lines icon . The Draft from Reflect Lines Definition dialog box is displayed and an arrow appears, indicating the default pulling direction. Select the face. The application detects reflect line and displays it in pink. This line is used to support the drafted faces. Enter an angle value in the Angle field. The reflect line is moved accordingly. Click Preview to get an idea of what the draft will look like.

3.4.8 Shell

Shelling a feature means emptying it, while keeping a given thickness on its sides. Shelling may also consist in adding thickness to the outside. Click the Shell icon . The Shell Definition dialog box appears. The selected face becomes purple. Select the face to be removed. Enter the Default inside thickness field. Click OK. The feature is shelled.

3.4.9 Thickness

You can add or remove thickness to parts. Click the Thickness icon . The Thickness Definition dialog box is displayed. Select the faces to thicken. Enter a positive value. Click OK. The part is thickened accordingly. This creation appears in the specification tree.

3.4.10 Thread/Tap

The Thread/Tap capability creates threads or taps, depending on the cylindrical entity of interest. Click the Thread/Tap icon . The Thread/Tap Definition dialog box is displayed. Select the cylindrical surface you wish to thread. Select the upper face as the limit face. Limit faces must be planar. The application previews the thread.

The Numerical Definition frame provides three different thread types: No Standard: uses values entered by the user,

Metric Thin Pitch: uses AFNOR standard values, Metric Thick Pitch:: uses AFNOR standard values.

Enter the thread depth, pitch value. Check the Left-Threaded option. Click Preview. Red lines provide a simplified representation of the thread. Click OK to confirm. There is no geometrical representation is the geometry area, but the thread (identified as Thread.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.5 Transformation Features

Following are different transformation features available 3.5.1 Translation

The Translate command applies to current bodies. This task shows you how to translate a body. Click the Translate icon . The Translate Definition dialog box appears. Select a line to take its orientation as the translation direction or a plane to take its normal as the translation direction. You can also specify the direction by means of X, Y, Z vector components by using the contextual menu on the Direction area. Specify the translation distance by entering a value. Click OK to create the translated element. The element (identified as Translate.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.5.2 Rotation

This task shows you how to rotate geometry about an axis. The command applies to current bodies. Click the Rotate icon . The Rotate Definition dialog box appears. Select an edge as the rotation axis. Enter a value for the rotation angle. The element is rotated. You can drag it by using the graphic manipulator to adjust the rotation. Click OK to create the rotated element. The element (identified as Rotate.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.5.3 Symmetry

This task shows how to transform geometry by means of a symmetry operation. The Symmetry command applies to current bodies. Click the Symmetry icon .The Symmetry Definition dialog box appears. Select a point, line or plane as reference element. Click OK to create the symmetrical element. The original element is no longer visible but remains in the specification tree. The new element (identified as Symmetry.xxx) is added to the specification tree.

3.5.4 Mirror

Mirroring a body or a list of features consists in duplicating these elements using symmetry. You can select a face or a plane to define the mirror reference. Multi-select both pads as the features to be mirrored. Click the Mirror icon . The Mirror Definition dialog box appears. Select the lateral face to define the mirror reference. The application previews the material to be created. Click OK to confirm the operation. The pads are mirrored. The specification tree mentions this creation.

You may need to duplicate the whole geometry of one or more features and to position this geometry on a part. Patterns let you do so. CATIA allows you to define three types of patterns: rectangular, circular and user patterns. These features accelerate the creation process.

Rectangular Pattern task shows you how to duplicate the geometry of one pocket right away at the location of your choice using a rectangular pattern. Select the feature you wish to copy. Click the Rectangular Pattern icon . The Rectangular Pattern Definition dialog box that appears displays the name of the geometry to pattern. Click the Reference element field and select the edge to specify the first direction of creation. An arrow is displayed on the pad. If needed, check the Reverse button or click the arrow to modify the direction.

The parameters you can choose are: Instances & Length, Instances & Spacing, Spacing & Length. Choosing Instances & Spacing dims. Enter 3 as the number of instances you wish to obtain in the first direction. Defining the spacing along the grid. Checking the Keep specifications option creates instances with the limit Up to Next (Up to Last, Up to Plane or Up to Surface) defined for the original feature.

Now, click the Second Direction tab to define other parameters. Note that defining a second direction is not compulsory. Creating a rectangular defining only one direction is possible. Click the Reference element field and select the edge to the left to define the second direction. Let the Instances & Spacing option. Click Preview to make sure the pattern meets your needs. Additional pockets will be aligned along this second direction. Click OK.This is the resulting pattern. The feature "RectPattern.1" is displayed in the specification tree

3.5.6 Circular Pattern

This task will show you how to duplicate geometry of one or more features right away at the location of your choice using a circular pattern. Make sure the item you wish to duplicate is correctly located in relation to the circular rotation axis. Select the pad which geometry you wish to copy. Click the Circular Pattern icon . The Circular Pattern Definition dialog box is displayed and the feature's name appears in the Object field. The Parameters field lets you choose the type of parameters you wish to specify so that the application will be able to compute the location of the items copied. These parameters are: Instances & total angle, Instances & angular spacing, Angular spacing & total angle, complete crown.

Set the Instances & Angular spacing options to define the parameters you wish to specify. Enter 7 as the number of pads you wish to obtain. Enter 50 degrees as the angular spacing.

Click the Reference element field and select the upper face to determine the rotation axis. This axis will be normal to the face. Two arrows are then displayed on the pad. To define a direction, you can select an edge or a planar face. Click Preview. The pad will be repeated seven times.

Now, you are going to add a crown to your part. To do so, click the Crown Definition tab. Enter 2 in the Circle(s) field. Enter -18 mm in the Circle spacing field. Click OK. One more ring of pads will be added.

3.5.7 User Pattern

The User Pattern command lets you duplicate a feature as many times as you wish at the locations of your choice. Locating instances consists in specifying anchor points. These points are created in the Sketch. Select the feature you wish to duplicate. Click the User Pattern icon . The User Pattern dialog box is displayed. The feature appears in the Object field. Select 'Sketch ' in the specification tree and click Preview. Click OK. The specification tree indicates this creation.

3.5.8 Scaling

Scaling a body means resizing it to the dimension you specify. Select the body to be scaled. Click the Scaling icon . The Scaling Definition dialog box appears. Select the reference point located on the body. Enter a value in the Ratio field or select the manipulator and drag it. The ratio increases as you drag the manipulator in the direction pointed by the right end arrow. Click OK. The body is scaled. The specification tree indicates you performed this operation.

3.6 Measuring

3.6.1 Measuring Distances & Angles between Geometrical Entities & Points