The Need for a Theoretical Framework
The Need for a Theoretical Framework
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● A conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the A conceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among therelationships among the several factors that
several factors that have been identified as have been identified as important to the important to the problemproblem
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● Flows from the documentation of previous Flows from the documentation of previous research in the problem.research in the problem.
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● Integrating one's logical beliefs with published research, tIntegrating one's logical beliefs with published research, t aking into consideration the boundaries andaking into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing the situation
constraints governing the situation
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● Discusses the interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamicsDiscusses the interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.
of the situation being investigated.
Thes Thesis I is I FSFS Observation Observation Broad area Broad area of research of research interest interest identified identified Preliminary Preliminary Data Gathering Data Gathering Interviewing Interviewing Literature Survey Literature Survey Problem Definition Problem Definition Research Research problem problem delineated delineated Theoretical Framework Theoretical Framework Variables clearly Variables clearly identified and identified and labeled labeled Generation Generation of of Hypotheses Hypotheses Scientific Scientific Research Research Design Design Data Collection, Data Collection, Analysis, and Analysis, and Interpretation Interpretation Deduction Deduction Hypotheses Hypotheses substantiated? substantiated? Research questions Research questions answered? answered? Yes Yes Paper Paper Writing Writing Paper Paper Presentation Presentation No No
Types of Variables
1. The dependent variable 2. The independent variable 3. The moderating variable 4. The intervening Variable
Dependent
● Primary interest to the researcher.
● Understand and describe the dependent variable or explain the variability\
● Researcher will be interested in quantifying and measuring the dependent variable, plus other variables that influence this variable.
Independent Variable
● One that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way
● Variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the independ ent variable.
● Ex. Research studies indicate that successful new product development has an influence on stock market price of the company. Success of the new product is the independent variable, and stock market price is the dependent variable.
Moderating Variable
● A variable that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship.
● The presence of the third variable (MV) modifies the original relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
● Ex. It has been found that there is a relationship between the availability of Reference Manuals that manufacturing employees have access t o, and the product rejects.
Thesis I FS
New Product
Stock Market
Price
Intervening Variable
● A variable that surfaces between the time the in dependent variable start operating to influence the dependent variable and the time their impact is felt on it.
● The intervening variable surfaces as a function of the independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable.
Time:
Thesis I FS
Availability of
Reference Manuals
# of Reject
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Interest
&
Inclination
Moderating variable
Workforce
diversity
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Intervening variable
Organizational
Effectiveness
Creative
synergy
t1
t2
t3
Managerial
Expertise
● The relationship between the literature survey and the theoretical framework is that the former provides a solid foundation for developing the latter.
Components of the Theoretical Framework
1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions
2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another.
3. In the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings of previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative
4. There should be clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist.
5. The schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships.
Thesis I FS
Drawing 1: Schematic diagram for the theoretical framework
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Airsafety
Violations
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Decentralization
Thesis I FS
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Airsafety
Violations
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Decentralization
Training of cockpit crew
Nervousness
and
Diffidence
Hypotheses Development
● After the identification of important variables in a situation and establishment of relationship among them through logical reasoning in the theoretical framework
● A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship betwee n two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.
● Relationships are conjectured on the basis of the network of associations established in the theoretical framework formulated for the research study.
Thesis I FS
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Airsafety
Violations
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Decentralization
Moderating variable
Training
● Ex. If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situations, air-safety violations will be reduced.
Statements of Hypotheses: Formats
● If-then statements
Ex. if employees are more healthy then they will take sick leaves less frequently
● Directional and Nondirectional Hypotheses
Ex. directional – The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees.
Ex. nondirectional –t here is a relationship between age and satisfaction
● Null and Alternate Hypotheses
null hypothesis –a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables
■ H0:μM=μW or H0:μM–μW= 0 Alternate
■ H0:μM> μW or H0:μM< μW