Transport

PART I

URBAN AND RURAL LIFE

Did you live in a village, a town or a big city? Where would you prefer to live? Why?

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Read the text and find Ukrainian equivalents to words in bold type.

TOWN AND COUNTRY

Today people all over the world are moving out of small hamlets and villages in the country to big, noisy cities. They are moving from the peaceful hills and mountains, fields and plains, valleys, rivers and streams of the countryside to the busy world of overcrowded streets, buildings and traffic. This movement from rural areas to urban areas has been going on for over two hundred years.

In many countries, the main reason people come to live in towns and cities is work. After one or two large factories have been built in or near a town, people come to find work, and soon an industrial area begins to grow. There is usually a residential area nearby, where the factory workers can live. The inhabitants need schools, hospitals and shops, so more people come to live in the area to provide these services – and so the city grows and develops.

Life in the city was never very easy, but the Industrial Revolution made 19th-century cities almost uninhabitable. Most city dwellers were overworked, underfed, and poorly housed. While in earlier times wealthy people usually lived in the centre of the city, during the nineteenth century rich people began to move to the outer areas. The poor people, who had no means of transportation, were forced in the highly polluted central areas.

Most modern cities have paved roads, sidewalks, electric lights. Improvements are still being made. The main problems are overpopulation, crime, poverty, and water pollution.

In every major city in the world, there is a business district where the big companies have their main offices. In the United States, their area is usually in the city centre downtown. It is here that you can see the huge skyscraper office blocks springing up. The people who work here often travel a long way to work each day. Many of them live in the suburbs of the city, far away from the industrial area and the city centre.

But what is the future of the big cities? Will they continue to get bigger and bigger? Perhaps not. Some major cities have actually become smaller in the last ten years, as people are also moving out of major cities back into provincial areas.

Exercise 1

Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage. 1. Many people from small villages go to live in big cities.

2. Urban areas contain mainly hills, mountains, rivers and streams. 3. Many people go to live in urban areas to find schools.

4. Plants are built inside residential areas.

5. Business districts are usually in the city centres.

6. Workers in the city centres often live in the skyscrapers in suburbs.

7. The suburbs of a city usually contain more trees, parks and gardens than the city centres.

8. The movement from country to city will definitely continue in the future. Exercise 2

Look at these pairs of items. Decide which is larger in size and put a cross (x) next to it. Explain your decision.

Example: hill – mountain x, as hill is usually just a rounded natural elevation of land lower than a mountain.

1. settlement – town 2. city – business district 3. field – countryside 4. urban area – city centre 5. skyscraper – residential area

6. river – stream 7. park - garden

8. shop – department store 9. factory – industrial area 10.rural area – farm

Exercise 3

Look at the list of buildings below.

a.write (H) next to those buildings which can be people’s homes;

b.write (A) next to those buildings which are ancient and (N) next to those which are new;

c.explain what these buildings are used for.

Example: Monastery (H) (A) - an establishment in which members of a religious community (as of monks) live and carry on their work.

Castle Farm Mansion

Duplex house Pyramid Abbey

Greek theatre Palace Hotel

Cathedral Casino Church

Mosque Bungalow Garage

Triumphal Arch Campanile Tomb

Minaret Colonnade Gallery

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Read the text and say what are the advantages and disadvantages of living in cities.

BIG CITIES :

WHY SOME PEOPLE LEAVE AND SOME COME BACK

We hear a lot of these days about the problems of living in cities: crimes, pollution, crowds, and so on. This article tells about one married couple who grew tired of these problems and left the city, and another couple who grew tired of living in the suburbs and moved back into the city.

THE LEMONSES

It was a difficult decision for Stieve and Joyce Lemons to move away from the neighbourhood where they both were raised in Chicago. About six years ago, the Lemonses began to have doubts about the quality of life in their old neighbourhood. Families who had been there for a long time began moving away. Many homes were changed into appartments. Property values decreased as welfare families and illegal immigrants moved into the neighbourhood. Crime increased.

The Lemonses made their decision. They bought a home twenty-five miles outside the city. It is located on several acres of land, which Joyce calls ”Our own small corner of the world where no one bothers us.” The house payments are three times more than the city rent but Steve says it’s well worth it. Also, he can’t help admiring the quietness of country lanes, walks and paths, and isn’t even upset when his car gets into a road pothole. He adds, “Never under any circumstances would I move back into the city. I would change jobs and leave the state first.”

THE COXES

When Mr and Mrs Cox decided to move into a condominium on the lake in Chicago, they wondered if this would make life more difficult for their sons. The boys were used to a large house, a yard, a good public school, and friends who all lived nearby in South Holland, Illinois. The Coxes do not regret their decision to leave their hometown. The boys swim in an outdoor pool at their building. They take art classes given at a huge park next to the lake. The public school they attend is considered one of Chicago’s best.

Mrs Cox says she actually feels safer in her new home than in South Holland, where she was afraid to go out for a walk alone after dark. “Here, streets, alleys and avenues are well lighted, and there are always policemen around,” she says. “The fact that people are out at all hours in this area makes you safe.” Mr Cox works at the real estate company that owns the condominium that the family lives in. He hated commuting from South Holland, a ninety-minute drive to his city office.

Grocery shopping is easier now for Mrs Cox. A store in the appartment building fills immediate. Costs are more reasonable at a supermarket that is within walking distance. “We sold our second car,” says Mrs Cox. “I walk everywhere. I think it’s healthy. In the suburbs I was always driving them somewhere. There wasn’t much time to develop my own interests.” And both parents have more time to spend with their children. “We feel more like a family now,” says Mrs Cox.

Exercise 1

Choose right answers to the following questions or find the right end of the statements. 1. What is the main idea of the article?

a. Big cities are bad places to live.

b. Some people are happy living in cities and some are not. c. There is a lot of crime in cities.

2. The Lemonses want to stay in their neighbourhood because a. families began to move away.

b. property values decreased.

3. They decided to leave because a. they didn’t feel safe in the city. b. the city rent was very expensive. c. Steve wanted to change jobs.

4. The Coxes were worried about their sons because a. the boys swim in an outdoor pool.

b. the boys play in the park.

c. the boys were used to a large house. 5. Mr Cox is happy because

a. he doesn’t have to commute any more. b. he has a better job.

c. the food prices are cheaper in the city. Exercise 2

Answer the following questions, then discuss your answers with your classmates. 1. What is the worst thing about living in cities?

a) heavy traffic b) broken street lamps c) street clocks which are always slow d) other

2. What is the best thing about living in cities?

a) You can find a new job from an advertising pillar b) There are interesting activities (movies, restaurants, and so on) c) Nobody cares what you do d) other

3. What is the best thing about living in the suburbs?

a) You have more room (a big house or a yard, for example) b) The smell of trees and flowers c) Few pedestrians d) other

4. What is the worst thing about living in the suburbs?

a) You have to commute to work b) Pavements and kerbstone roads are quite rare c) You have to go everywhere by car d) other

5. Are cities good places for children? a) yes b) no c) sometimes d) other

6. What would you look for first in deciding to move to a new area?

a) an appartment with a low rent b) a neighbourhood with pretty house c) good schools d) other

7. Most people live in cities because

a) their jobs are there b) they like interesting activities c) they find the people who live there interesting d) other

Exercise 3

Choose one of the following situations to act out.

1. The Lemonses are explaining to their two daughters why they have to move out of the city.

2. Mr and Mrs Cox’s two boys are telling their parents how they feel about living in the city.

3. A real estate agent is trying to rent the Lemons’s old appartment to a young married couple. The couple are asking questions about the neighbourhood.

4. A reporter is talking to a group of people who live in a city “slum” (poor, rundown neighborhood) about why they dislike living there.

Exercise 4

Fill in the correct preposition for each blank space

1.People who make their decisions to move . . . . . . cities have two main reasons: inner-city crime and bad schools. 2.It was difficult for my family to move . . . . . . the neighbourhood where my parents were raised . . . New York. 3.Five years later, the Smiths began to have doubts . . . the quality . . . life . . . their old settlement. 4.“I never knew what to expect . . . the neighbourhood, and I was always worried . . . my family’s safety”. 5.When all the family moved . . . a condominium. . . the lake . . . Washington, they thought this would make life easier. 6.The boys swim . . . an outdoor pool . . . their building and . . . a nearby indoor pool . . . bad weather. 7.Alec doesn’t feel safer . . . his new home than . . . the old one, where he is afraid to go . . . . . . dark. 8.Mr Cox works a ninety-minute drive . . . his city office. 9.I don’t want to work hard every day only to come home and lock myself . . . .

Exercise 5

Use the correct word in the sentences below.

A. inconvenience, convenience, convenient, inconvenient, conveniently 1. The litterbins are very . . . located here.

2. It is very . . . that all gutters have gutter covers. 3. The . . . of shopping is a good thing about city living.

4. I hope it will be . . . for us if we don’t repair the drain pipe in our house. 5. If stone-covered streets cause . . . , we can make bituminous surface.

B. neighbour, neighbourhood, neighbourly 1. George is a good . . . .

2. He has always been very . . . to me.

3. The gas main in the . . . should be carefully checked. C. to change, change, changing

1. There have been many . . . in education in the past few years. 2. . . . methods are improving skills.

3. It is difficult to . . . the torn electricity cables. Exercise 6

Put each of the following words or phrases in the passage.

City Life

cosmopolitan pollution congestion to breed crime

metropolis urban cost of living anonymity

stimulation commuter city-dwellers irresistible lure

Most people in developed countries are (a) _______, many drawn by the (b) _____ of the (c) _____. The attractions of the city are many: the (d) _________ atmosphere (foreign restaurants, different languages, international companies), the (e) _________ of

cultural events or the simple hope of finding work. All too many find, however, that the glamorous façade is false. One can be very lonely in the city and the (f) ______ which at first seems to give freedom and protection later leaves just loneliness. There is a lot to do but everything is expensive. The (g) _____ is high. There is (h) _____ not only of the physical but also of the moral environment and the various pressures of (i) _______ life cause cities (g) _______ Above all, perhaps, it is the daily stresses and strains of the city which make life there a matter of survival rather than of enjoyment. Many a (k) _____ struggling to work through the rush-hour (l) _____ asks, ‘Is it worth it?’



Look at the notes and the useful expressions, then compare and contrast life in the city and life in the country.

City life high pollution levels, noise, traffic jams, easy to find a job, open-minded

people, good public transport system, many schools, hectic lifestyle, lots of entertainment facilities, high crime rate, unfriendly people, many hospitals, small houses, stressful, etc.

Country life healthy, picturesque surroundings, poor entertainment, monotonous, poor

public transport system, relaxing, friendly people, intruding people, low crime rate, low pollution levels, few schools/hospitals, larger houses, isolated, no variety of jobs, etc. Useful expressions: although, unfortunately, whereas it is, both compared to, on the contrary, different to, however, too, also, in comparison to, etc.

E.g. Life in the city is very different from life in the country. Life in the city is more stressful in comparison to life in the country, etc.



a. Read the text on the next page about the advantages and disadvantages of living in a city. There are three paragraphs. What is the purpose of each one?

b Replace the words underlined with one of the following. in spite of

another point is that all things considered to sum up

one disadvantage is that moreover

pros and cons

one advantage is that for instance

in my pinion especially finally

Living in the City

Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. On the plus side, it is often easier to find work, and there is usually a choice of public transport, so you don’t need to own a car. Also, there are a lot of interesting things to do and places to see. For example, you can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, and go to the theatre and to concerts. What is more, when you want to relax, you can usually find a park where you can feed the ducks or just sit on a park bench and read a book. All in all, city life is full of bustle and variety and you need never feel bored.

However, for every plus there is a minus. For one thing, you might have a job, but unless it is very well-paid, you will not be able to afford many of the things that there are to do, because living in a city is often very expensive. It is particularly difficult to find good, cheap accommodation. What is more, public transport is sometimes crowded and dirty, particularly in the rush hour, and even the parks can become very crowded, especially on Sundays, when it seems that every city-dweller is looking for some open space and green grass. Last of all, despite all the crowds, it is still possible to feel very lonely in a city.

In conclusion, I think that city life can be particularly appealing to young people, who like the excitement of the city and don’t mind the noise and pollution. However, many people, when they get older, and particularly when they have young children, often prefer the peace and fresh air of the countryside.



Write rough notes about the pros and cons of living in the country. Compare them with your partner. Write three paragraphs called “The Pros and Cons of Living in the Country”. In the conclusion give your own opinion. Write about 250 words.

Listening

New York and London

a) What do you know about New York and London? Have you been there? What did you do? What did you think of these cities?

b) Work in two groups.

Group A Listen to Sheila and Bob talking about when they lived in New York.

Bob and Sheila spent two years living in New York because of Bob’s work as a banker. Neither of them had lived in a big city before. They now live back in England, in a small village outside London.

Group B Listen to Terry. She is an American who lives in London

Terry Tomscha talks about her experience of living and working in England, where she has been for the past eleven years.

BOB AND SHEILA TERRY 1 People

 What are they like?

 What is important to them?

 What do they like doing?

 Where do they live? 2 Shops

 What are they like?

 Do they like them?

 What time do they open? 3 Work and holidays 4 Transport

 What do they mention? 5 General opinions

-- Is it a good place to live? Why?

d) Find a partner from the other group. Compare your information. Exercise 7

Read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick by it. If a line has a word which should not be there, write it in the space provided. There are two examples at the beginning (0) and (00).

0 I live in Mexico City. To me, it is the most exciting and most __most__ 00 friendliest city in the world, but I have to admit that it can ________ 1 be more uncomfortable and very more stressful than other ________ 2 places. It is the oldest city in North America and was being built ________ 3 on the remains of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. It is also ________ 4 one of the much most modern; new buildings and roads are always ________ 5 being constructed, making districts you thought you knew more well ________ 6 look unfamiliar! If I would feel like a less urban sight, I raise my ________ 7 eyes and look at the mountains which surround the city like as ________ 8 the rim of a dish. In the south east there are two volcanoes, ________ 9 Popocatepetl and Ixtaccihuatl, which are permanently be covered ________ 10 with snow. If fewer have had cars in Mexico City, we would ________ 11 be able to enjoy this poetic sight many more often. Unfortunately, ________ 12 the pollution usually prevents you from seeing vary far at ________ 13 all. Newcomers, even young ones, sometimes look like as if ________ 14 they are old and sick because the altitude (2,240 meters) can ________ 15 make breathing it difficult at first. But, if I could live anywhere ________

in the world, I would still choose Mexico City. Exercise 8

Translate into Ukrainian.

1.This year come to Rio! See the dancing and the costumes and hear the music, at the most famous carnival in the world. And live in luxury at a beautiful hotel. 2.Now is the time to think about next year’s vacation. And why not think about London? No other city offers you more. There’s more history: see where modern democracy has its roots, in the British Parliament. There’s more tradition: all over Britain you can enjoy annual festivals that have been held each year for many, many years. There’s more shopping: look at all the beautiful stores around our famous Trafalgar Square. 3.What city has more ancient monuments than any other? What city was founded by two children who were raised by a wolf? Where can you see the sculpture that commemorated the birth of those two children? In what city can you see the most ancient metropolitan area? Where else but Rome? Come and experience it. 4.You say you love winter recreational activities? In Helsinki you can leave your hotel, put your skiis on at the door and go cross-country skiing through the streets and into the woods. And we may be small, but we are not provincial. You’ll find the best food, the most uptodate hotels. Finland -the heart of Scandinavia.



You live in a large city. You think that life in this city has deteriorated a lot, and you think that the mayor and the city government should do something about it. Tomorrow you are going to a strike, and you want to present a list of complaints. Prepare a 5 minute speech where you will explain why you consider the problems below so serious. 1.The government of the city has reduced the number of police in the street, the

government doesn’t give people enough protection.

2.Before the people elected the mayor, he had promised that taxes would go down, but this year the city has taxed them at even higher rate.

3.Last year the government of the city told the people that the streets would be repaired immediately, but they didn’t repair most streets until the election time.

4.The city wastes too much money on parties for important people.

5.The city does not protect its monuments. They had just cleaned the statue in front of the park when someone wrote on it.

6.Last summer the mayor promised to install new street lights in the neighbourhood. By December they had still done nothing.

Exercise 9

Translate into English.

Місто Київ

На півночі України вздовж мальовничих берегів Дніпра розкинулося прекрасне квітуче місто Київ. Історія цього стародавнього міста охоплює більш ніж 15 віків, сповнених драматичних подій і героїчних вчинків. Не раз місто вщент руйнувалося іноземними загарбниками, але знову і знову воно піднімалося

з руїн. Яскраве минуле Києва завжди привертало увагу мільйонів туристів. Його архітектурні пам’ятники, музеї, художні галереї, театри відомі в усьому світі. Але наше місто славиться не тільки своїм минулим. Віками Київ був златоглавою столицею України. Характер і ритм життя у місті повністю відповідає його статусу політичного, економічного, адміністративного і культурного центру. Значна частина промислової міці країни зосереджена в Києві. Столиця є також місцем розташування Академії Наук, десятків дослідних і проектних організацій, державних рад, мистецьких спілок, понад 20 вузів, видавництв, кіностудій, бібліотек й музеїв. Київ - місто жвавих сучасних житлових масивів, сполучених зручними транспортними шляхами. Більш того, наврядчи є на Україні таке місто, яке б могло пишатися такою кількістю і красою парків відпочинку, що ваблять приємним затінком і пропонують безліч розваг. Тут ви не зіткнетеся з труднощами, де провести свій вільний час, і як туди дістатися. Маршрути aвтобусів, тролейбусів, трамваїв, поїздів метро пролягають через усе місто і далеко за його межі. Exercise 10

One of the most innovative architects in your area has just persuaded a group of wealthy people to finance the building of a new town. The location is in the heart of one of the richest agricultural areas in the country. You are a member of a preliminary design committee chosen because of your creativity on past projects. Your task is to design and present a layout of the city. It has an area of three square miles. The maximum population of the town at any future time will be 15000 people.

1. According to the guidelines of the country, your city must initially have at least:

1 police station and 1 fire station, 1 sports arena, 2 medical clinics or hospitals, 3 shopping centres, 5 community gardens, 40 businesses, 1500 houses, 1500 appartments, room for development, highways, a thoroughfare, side-walks, two-way roads, bypasses, 2 embankments, the main motortwo-way.

2. Mark on your plan and explain the location of:

cultural centre, the suburbs, the residential area, the business district, the rural area. 3.Verbally compare your decisions with those of your friends in your discussion group.

Explain and defend your opinions. Listen carefully to your classmates’ opinions, but do not be afraid to disagree with them. Try to reach a group concensus on the best solution to the problem.

4. Discuss.

a. Imagine that there is one large piece of undeveloped property in the centre of a small town. Would you prefer that the land be used for (choose): a park, a factory, a department store, a meeting place for young people, tennis and basketball courts or something else? Why?

b. Should the government of a town control each type of building in the town? For example, if a person wants to build a house should the government approve the plans first? Explain.



How do you think your life in your city will be different in ten years? Will you be swimming in a pool on the roof of the skyscraper you live in? Will the entrance to all museums be free? With the partner talk about things you think you’ll be doing in ten years. Each student should mention five things. Then tell the class what your partner will be doing in ten years.

Example: Alexander will be driving his own car in the air as in ten years there will be air roads, and cars will be able to fly. He will also have a video telephone in his flat.

Exercise 11

TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Crossword.

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. place where your family lives (4) 2. opposite of city (7)

3. area near to or round a place (12)

4. hills, trees, fields, etc. considered as things to look at (7) 5. the world of animals, insects and plants (6)

6. hills, trees, fields, etc. make this environment (11) Exercise 12

No cities or towns are perfect. Think of your home city or town where you are from. a. Draw a detailed map of your native town or city (district), and explain the rationale

for its organization.

b. Write 5 things you like about it and 5 things you dislike. Explain your decision.

c. Imagine that you are elected the government of a town. What would you do to make life better for its citizens?



1. Would you like to live on a small island? Why/Why not?

You are going to read an article about a family who moved to a remote island. Why do you think they wanted to move?

Listening

2. First read the false summary and spot the mistakes by guessing. Then listen to the text of and find out if your guesses were correct. Can you think of a title for the text?

The Sirrs sold their farm in Yorkshire to move to the Welsh island of Graemsay. The family viewed the property in September. The deal was astonishing – the “estate” comprised a post office, six villas and a private sandy beach. On the first trip, the Sirrs met many of the island’s tourists and were given a warm meal. The move has brought new challenges to the family. Rob and Jill have started a cattle farm. The only thing they miss is going to the zoo. The children are the only pupils at the school and take advantage of the school’s free facilities. The family consider themselves lucky.

3. This article is about a family who moved to an island. For questions 1-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Many people long to escape from the hustle and bustle of modern life. But few people would actually give up a warm comfortable home to move to a remote island in the middle of the North Sea. The Sirrs family, however, decided to do exactly that. Unhappy with their busy lifestyles they sold their 400 year-old cottage in Yorkshire to move to the tiny Scottish island of Graemsay.

Incredibly, for less than the price of a modest semi-detached house, it was possible to buy half of the island. Attracted initially by the low price, Rob and Jill contacted the agent concerned and discovered that “the estate” advertised actually comprised a post office, six houses and a private sandy beach – all for $ 60,000.

Interested, the young couple and their three children decided to go and have a look. Knowing that the island would look its best in the summer, they chose to view the property in December. They didn’t want to be under any illusions. Despite a seasonal chill, the weather was clear and the sea calm. The island looked more beautiful than they could ever have imagined. While they left their children playing on the beach, the Sirrs looked around and realized that the deal was even more astonishing than they had first thought. The six-bedroom house came with a farm and 300 acres of land.

Once on the island the Sirrs tried to imagine what life could be like for them. They were anxious to meet their neighbours as soon as possible. However, they had no need to worry. On that first trip they met up to half of the sixty or so island inhabitants and were given a warm welcome! The couple were thrilled that the people of Graemsay were so friendly. Many of them urged the couple to complete the transaction as soon as possible. Within two weeks of their visit, the Sirrs’ bid of $55,000 was accepted.

The move has brought new challenges to the family. Rob and Jill have started a sheep farm and renovated the cottages to rent out as holiday homes. They insist that the only thing they miss about their previous life is going to the cinema. If anything, moving to the remote island has brought the family closer together.

Before they moved, the Sirrs thought long and hard about bringing their children up in such a remote place. But the children are young enough to adjust and seem happier in the new environment.

They are content with their own company and make their own entertainment. Although they are the only pupils at the local school, they receive lots of attention and are able to take advantages of the school’s modern facilities.

Since the move, the family have been visited by many friends who are envious of their beautiful surroundings. The family consider themselves lucky. For very little cost, they have all the benefits of a beautiful place to live. They also hope that by improving their property they can, in future, give something back to the island.

1. Why did the Sirrs family move to the island? A. They had always wanted to live on an island. B. It was a chance to escape.

C. They hated Yorkshire.

D. Their children were unhappy at school.

2. They decided to visit the property in December because A. it was the only time of year they could travel.

B. the weather was unusually good.

C. they wanted to spend Christmas in Scotland.

D. they wanted to see what the place was like at the worst time of the year. 3. When they first visited the island, the Sirrs

A. were a little shy and felt isolated.

B. could not imagine what their neighbours would be like. C. wanted to get to know the island people.

D. were anxious about meeting the island people.

4. Which best describes the Sirrs’ feeling before the move? A. Excited but apprehensive.

B. Nervous and worried. C. Happy and calm. D. Sad but register. 5. Their neighbours

A. told them to buy the property before someone else got it. B. urged them to bid a higher price.

C. told them that $ 55,000 was accepted.

D. urged them to complete the sale of their house in Yorkshire. 6. One advantage mentioned of being the only students is A. peace and quiet.

B. little financial cost.

C. greater use of school resources. D. fewer discipline problems. Exercise 1

1. Look at the following words in bold in the text and try to explain them:

hustle and bustle, modest, initially, estate, to view, illusions, thrilled, adjust, company, envious, benefits.

2.Fill in the correct words from the list below:

concerned, remote, comprises, bid, deal, resources, renovate, content, prompted, inhabitant

1. He has been a (n) … of the village for over sixty years. (resident) 2. Bill’s … was the highest at the auction so he got the painting. (offer)

3. He only spoke to two or three people a week because his house was so … (isolated) 4. He is not … with his salary and is trying to find a better job. (satisfied)

5. The … fell through when they couldn’t agree on a price. (business agreement)

6. Their house looks so run down that they have decided to … it this summer. (redecorate)

7. Oil … are in danger of running out over the next century. (supplies)

8. Being offered a job in Chicago was what … Alan to move to America. (caused) 9. A football team … eleven players. (is composed of)

10. People are becoming more and more … about the state of the environment. (worried)

Exercise 2

Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list. Use the word(s) only once.

to start, warm, modern, to have, best, busy, to bring, to think, to receive, hustle, illusions, seasonal, to consider

1. the … and bustle 2. to look its … 3. … new challenges 4. … lifestyles 5. … facilities 6. to be under … 7. … a look 8. … lots of attention 9. to give a(n) … welcome 10. … chill

11. … a sheep farm 12. … long and hard 13. … myself lucky Exercise 3

Find the odd word out.

1. farmhouse, barn, valley, stable 2. field, acre, land, grounds

3. cowshed, cottage, hen-house, pigpen 4. fence, hedge, gate, wall

5. calm, quiet, bustle, tranquil.



Decide which adjectives describe a city and which describe the country. Give reasons. polluted, scenic, crowded, relaxed, noisy, quiet, peaceful, lively, picturesque, healthy, natural, dirty, entertaining, busy, slow, modern, remote, stressful



Read the text again and underline the points for and against living on an island. Then, imagine you are one of the Sirrs’ children. Talk about living on the island using the expressions below:

At first I felt… What I like best is …, I enjoy …, On the other hand …, I miss …, One good/bad thing is …

Good points: e.g. more attention at school Bad points: e.g. few children to play with Exercise 4

Read the article and translate it into Ukrainian.

Sensations of Country Life Are Simply Sensational

They’re as varied as the scent of newly mown hay, and a neighbor’s helping hand in a time of need

By Karen Reisner Oronoco, Minnesota

The COUNTRY conveys a feeling of freedom, spaciousness and well-being.

Sometimes, these sensations are as subtle as the scent of freshly plowed earth or newly mown alfalfa…. or the music of corn leaves rustling on the summer breeze.

Other times, they’re exhilarating – like when I used to ride bareback down the long green rows of corn with the wind-blown mane of my straw-colored palomino brushing my face. As I look back on that time in my life, it seems so heavenly.

My childhood days were also spent picking wild gooseberries and raspberries. While Sunday dinner was being prepared, we children made homemade ice cream, taking turns with the hand crank. The joy of making it was only exceeded by eating the smooth creamy dessert.

We played croquet in the front yard at dusk and watched heat lighting in the evening sky. As the cool night air settled upon the Earth, we’d lie in the soft grass and watch fireflies and the twinkling in the heavens. Sometimes we’d spot a shooting star to wish upon or watch in wonder as the northern lights danced across the sky.

I recall the magnificent beauty of the hills, the sunrises and sunsets and many magical moments in between.

Always Optimistic

But like all true-to-life dreams, not all is idyllic. Those who depend upon the land for their livelihood know that it can deliver the greatest highs and, occasionally, the most devastating lows. We have the illusion of controlling our own destiny, but it can be quickly undermined by countless factors, most notably the weather. For moments like these, we possess a sense of optimism, self-confidence and self-reliance.

I feel a part of nature in the country. I’ve watched a deer rear up on its hind legs to nibble from a bird feeder and chuckled as a strutting tom turkey displayed himself to his reflection in a chrome hubcap.

I’ve witnessed the drama of a bald eagle eating its kill as a half dozen brazen crows harass and encircle it to no avail…listened to the plaintive wailing of a baby raccoon

under my bedroom window as it became temporarily separated from its mamma…and observed skunks and woodchucks make their homes under my house.

Good Neighbors

Country living fosters good friends and neighbors. When a toddler follows her kitten into a field of tall corn, friends, neighbors and even strangers spend hours searching. Child and kitten are found, tired and hungry, but well.

A calf born in the dead of winter, an injured baby pig or orphaned lamb may become temporary house guests. The family dog, brave enough to protect me from the threats of a dangerous bull, cowers under the kitchen table during a thunderstorm. These, too, are sensations that make life in the country so special.

But most important of all are the feelings of faith, hope and expectation of each new day as the sun rises over my country place. Country living is a life that simply fills me up.

No wonder Thomas Jefferson was inspired to write, “Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God.”

It is interesting to know



1. You are going to read the text about Kew Gardens. Could you find gardens like this in your country? What would you expect to find there? In what ways are plants and flowers important to us?

Listening

2. First underline the correct item by guessing, then listen to the text and find out if your guesses were correct.

Kew Gardens is a botanical garden and plant research/sales centre. 500/5,000 people work at Kew. They start work at ten past/to eight. Matthew Ford is trying to save the Plymouth pear, the tallest/rarest tree in Britain. Growing orchids/fruit is vital to conserve species under threat. Some plant hunters go abroad, dig up rare species and post/smuggle them back home to sell. Gatekeeper and ticket/staff officer Jackie Howard says everyone at Kew sis friendly, whether they are labourers/cleaners or experts. Kew Gardens will always be special for lovers of animals/plants and gardens.

3. In a magazine article ‘Kew Gardens’ eight paragraphs have been removed. Choose from the paragraphs A-I the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).

Kew Gardens

Kew Gardens is the word’s finest botanical garden and plant research centre.

0 D

500 people are employed at Kew Gardens, from scientists doing the latest medical research, to weather-beaten maintenance men, digging the flowerbeds. For student Sarah Wilson, training for the Kew Diploma in Horticulture, it’s a long working day. “We start work at ten to eight in the morning with watering as the first job of the day. People think you can do it all by machine nowadays but every plant has different needs.

Then it’s sweeping up the dead leaves, pruning and top-dressing until the public starts to arrive.”

1

“I knew I couldn’t get better training anywhere else. This is the leading botanical centre in the world and it has people in every country where plants are in danger.”

2

“All life ultimately depends on plants, and we don’t know what’s in them all or what we may be losing if a species is allowed to die out,” says Matthew.

3

His work has been instrumental in saving the British lady’s slipper orchid, and he is currently hoping to do the same with the Plymouth pear, the rarest tree in Britain.

The inside of the orchid is a world of delicate lushness. John Sitch cares for the exotic pink and purple blooms here and tender loving care.

4

Growing orchids is vital to conserve species which are under threat, both from farmers and developers who are destroying their tropical homes, and from plant hunters who travel abroad, dig up rare and valuable species, and smuggle them back home to sell.

5

“I’m quite hopeful,” says Elaine, “and I feel that if we find something, it will probably be a mixture rather than a single chemical.”

6

“Some plants have valuable chemicals we can’t make artificially. And it’s not just tropical rainforest specimens we need, as many people think. Right now I’m working on a chemical from a European species, so it’s vital to protect our own plants, too.”

7

As gatekeeper and ticket officer Jackie Howard says, “Everyone who works here is friendly, whether they are labourers or high-powered experts.” Perhaps that, as much as its long history and international prestige, explains why Kew will always be a special place for lovers of plants and gardens.

A This is where scientific officer Matthew Ford fits into the picture. He is working as part of a team to identify, propagate and re-establish colonies of endangered plants in Britain and abroad.

B Educating the public about the way in which all life depends on plants is certainly one of Kew’s most valuable functions. And the approachable attitude of the staff is what makes this possible.

C “Many plants contain life-saving products. I view all living things as interrelated, and if we lose one species it has a huge effect on all the others.”

D It grows more than 40,000 different kinds of plants, grows one in eight of all the flowering plants in creation, and researches and protects over six million other species.

E She points out that there aren’t as many AIDS researchers using plants as people might think. Many pharmaceutical companies prefer to use synthetic materials but it

is important to work with real plants as well.

F However, Kew has come under serious financial strain lately. This has caused the loss of over 200 jobs.

G With 900,000 people visiting Kew every year, Sarah and the staff are kept on their toes. But she is quick to point out that Kew is more than just a public pleasure park. H Kew Garden plays a medical role as well. Elaine Porter and her colleagues in the

Jodrell Laboratory spend the working day researching plants which may combat the effects of the HIV virus and AIDS.

I He has been working at Kew since leaving school at 17 but insists he still has a lot to learn about plants. Although there are 5000 different species of orchids being cultivated here, new discoveries are still being made.

Exercise 1

Look at the following words in the text and try to explain them:

botanical, maintenance men, digging, flowerbeds, ultimately, instrumental, rarest, expertise, plant hunters, artificially, rainforest, specimens, gatekeeper, labourers, prestige

Exercise 2

Fill in the correct word from the list below:

prune, species, interrelate, dying out, combat, smuggle, blooms, top-dressing, cultivates, conserve

1. When planting new flowers, ……… is very important for keeping the soil moist and protecting the roots. (a protective layer of earth)

2. Watering plants regularly will help ……… dryness. (resist) 3. Ferns are one of the oldest ……… of plant. (types)

4. Many valuable plants will be in danger of ……… if they are not protected. (becoming extinct)

5. It is illegal to ……… plants into a country. (secretly bring) 6. This bush has ……….. that resemble yellow bells. (flowers)

7. We visited a nursery that ……… plants which can survive with little water. (grows)

8. He decided to ………. the shrubs around the house because they were blocking the view. (trim)

9. Children should be taught that animals and plants……… .(act together)

10. We must make an effort to ……… certain plants which are in danger of disappearing.

Exercise 3

Find the odd word out. 1 twig, branch, seed, trunk 2 oak, pine, plane, tulip

3 rose, orchid, lily, redwood 4 soil, earth, spade, compost 5 branch, bud, petal, seedpod Exercise 4

Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the word(s) only once.

threat, weather, long, plant research, endangered, high-powered, pleasure, care, to be kept, life-saving, delicate, financial

1 ………. centre 7 ….……….plants 2 tender loving ………… 8 ………on their toes 3 ……….history 9 species under …………. 4 ………...strain 10 ………..experts 5 ………..lushness 11 ………products 6 ...……….-beaten 12 ………..park Exercise 5

Fill in the correct word from the lists below: a. skin, peel, rind, shell, peelings

1 peanut …………., 2 banana ……….., 3 bacon ………, 4 potato ………….., 5 lemon …………..

b. to hoe, to prune, to mow, to plough, to dig, to rake

1 ………… a field, 2 ………... leaves, 3 …………. weeds, 4 ………. a hole, 5 ……….. a rosebush, 6 ………….. the lawn

c. clippers, hose, spade, saw, trowel

1 to dig with a …………., 2 to prune with …….., 3 to cut off a branch with a ……….., 4 to plant with a …..., 5 to water with a ………….

Exercise 6

Fill in the correct word derived from the words in brackets.

Plants and flowers are not only 1) ……… (beauty) they are also 2) ………… (use) both to humans and animals. Many 3) …………. (value) substances can be 4) ………. (find) in even the most common plants. A chemical which fights 5) ……….. (cancer) growths is derived from the yew plant, and 6) ………. (research) are doing 7) ………. (experiment) tests on a 8) ………. (vary) of plants which may combat the AIDS virus. Of course, plants do not only have 9) ………….. (medicine) uses. Apart from providing food, the 10) ……… (produce) of oxygen is another important role that plants play. For this reason, it is vital that we protect 11) ………. (danger) species of plants and ensure the 12) ………. (survive) of our forests and woodlands.

Exercise 7

Fill in the correct plant-related idiom from the list below:

thorn in my side, beat around the bush, through the grapevine, lead you up the garden path, coming up roses, pushing up the daisies, gilding the lily, as fresh as a daisy, like a weed, a bed of roses

1. Even though she had been working most of the night, she looked ……… . (not at all tired)

2. You can’t expect life to be ……… ; things are bound to go wrong at times. (easy and pleasant)

3. That man has become a real ……… - I wish he’d stop bothering me! (source of annoyance)

4. The last time I saw old Mr Smith was fifteen years ago; he must be ………. by now. (dead)

5. John didn’t tell me he was getting married – I heard it ……… . (from gossip)

6. He’s not to be trusted, so don’t let him ……… . (deceive you)

7. With his business having become such a success, everything seems to be ………… . (going very well)

8. David is growing ……… . He’ll be two metres tall before long. (extremely quickly)

9. There’s no need for you to wear make-up. You’re so pretty already that you would just be ………. . (attempting to improve sth already attractive)

10.Please don’t ……….. – just tell me what you want. (avoid the main issue)

PART II

DIRECTIONS



Read the dialogues and pay attention to the way directions are given. 1.Toshio: Excuse me, Officer. Is there a bank near here?

Officer: Yes, there’s a bank on Park Road. Go one block north to Main Street. Turn left at the corner of Main Street and Park. Walk a block and a half, and there’s a bank on your left. Did you get that?

Toshio: I think so. Just one more question. Are there any bookstores in Winfield?

Officer: Yes, there are two. The general bookstore is just up this street on the left between the drugstore and the train station. Now, the college bookstore is pretty far. It is at the Corner of Church Street and Ocean Avenue.

Toshio: Oh, yes! I know that bookstore. Thanks for all your help, Officer. Officer: You are welcome. Don’t get lost!

Cultural note: In the United States, it is considered polite to address a police officer with the title “Officer”. The title officer is used for both male and female police officers.

2.Alec: Could you tell me where Market Street is?

Martha: It’s one block across from the telephone company and the telephone company is one block west of Riverside Road.

Alec: But I don’t know where the river is. Martha: The river is east of the city.

Alec: Is it far from the railway station?

Martha: The railway station is north of the city. There you can take bus 21. Get off at Museum Street. Walk north on it. You’ll see City Hall. It is between Warner’s Department Store and the supermarket. Take the first street on your right. It’s High Street. You’ll see the coffee shop on your right and office buildings on your left. The railway station is at the end of High Street.

Alec: Thank you, you’ve helped me a lot. 3.Director: Science museum. May I help you?

Student: Yes. Can you tell me where you’re located? Director: At the corner of third and Turner.

Student: Could you tell me how to get there by bus?

Director: Sure. Take the Turner Street bus. Get off at Fourth Street. Student: Could you spell the name of the first street?

Director: Of course. It’s T-U-R-N-E-R.

Student: Fine, could you also tell me what time the museum opens? Director: 10:30 Monday through Friday.

Student: 10:30 ... good ... thanks for your help. Director: You’re welcome.

Exercise 1

Make dialogues where

Student A is an alien in the city the map of which you can see on the next page and is to

ask questions about the buildings and places you can see below;

StudentB is a citizen of this city and is to give directions to Student A using the

expressions from the dialogues above, to help him find these places. Example: the Roma restaurant / Prince Street

A: Could you, please, tell me where the Rome restaurant is? B: The Roma restaurant is at the end of Prince Street a. the police station / College Avenue

b. the Young’s House / Kennedy Avenue and Station Road

c. the fire department / School Road / the elementary school and the hospital d. Warner’s Department Store / Main Street and Station Road

e. Chinese restaurant / Park Road / Winfield Avenue and Main Street Exercise 2

There may be more than one piece of information about some of the streets. Give full information about each street with the location of places and buildings. Use the map on the next page and the directions from the dialogues above.

Example: Winfield Avenue / appartment building / a park

There is an appartment building in the beginning of Winfield Avenue. The park is in the centre of the avenue.

a. Prince Street / a pool, a restaurant, a park, a church b. Main Street / art museum, a bookstore, a supermarket

c. Church Street / a church, a French restaurant, a bus station, a parking lot, a post office d. Cliff Road / a marina

e. College Avenue / a telephone company, a police station, a theatre f. Ocean Avenue / a bookstore, a library

g. School Road / a department store, a high school, a fire department, a hospital h. Park Road / a zoo, a drugstore

Exercise 3

Make dialogues when one of you will be looking for the places and buildings from the list, don’t forget to explain what you need these places for.

a pool, a bridge, a mall, a fire department, a community college, a subway station, an amusement park, a skating rink, a TV studio

Listening

Complete the sentences with the appropriate prepositions. Listen and correct yourself.

 Excuse me, can you tell me the way (1) …… Trafalgar Square? Certainly. Go down Regent Street (2) …… Piccadilly Circus and then go down the Haymarket. Turn to the left at the bottom and in less than a minute you’ll be (3) ……

 Thank you very much. How far is it (4) ……here?

 If you walk, it’ll take you ten minutes or a quarter (5) …… an hour.

 There’s sure to be. But you’d better ask the policeman (6) …… there. He’ll give you all the information you want.

 Thank you.

 Excuse me, officer, is there a bus (7) …… here to Trafalgar Square?

 Yes, sir, any bus’ll take you. There’s a bus-stop just (8) …… there. Ask the conductor to put you down (9) …… Trafalgar Square.

 Thank you.

 Does this go to Trafalgar Square?

 Yes, sir. Come along, hurry up. No room (10) …… top, inside only. No standing (11) …… the platform… pass down the bus, please. Sorry, full up. Sorry, sir, you can’t smoke (12) ……, you’ll have to wait until there’s room upstairs. Fares, please.

 Trafalgar Square, please, and will you get (13) ……, sir.

 Thank you. Exercise 4

Prepositions of movement

Fill the gaps with a preposition from the list below. There may be several possibilities.

above behind across off by into

against up round out of on over

below through onto past down to

along towards beside at in

Mary’s day out

The sun rose (a) _____ Mary’s house. It was a beautiful day. Mary came (b)_____ her front door and went (c)_____ the path. (d)_____ the gate and (e)_____ the street. She crossed (f)_____ the road and walked (g)_____ the bus stop. The bus arrived and she got (h)_____ the bus. It went (i)_____ the corner, (j)_____ the High Street, (k)_____ all the shops and (l)_____ the countryside. It topped (m)_____ the duck pond (n)_____ the next village, and Mary got (o)_____. She climbed (p)_____ a stile and started walking (q)_____ a big flied. Suddenly, she saw a huge bull running (r)_____ her! She raced (s)_____ the far side of the field and squeezed (t)_____ the hedge. Out of breath, she sat down (u)_____ the grass (v)_____ the river. She leant back (w)_____ a rock. The sun was warm. Mary closed her eyes and listened to the water flowing (x)_____. Soon she was fast asleep. When she awoke the sun had disappeared (y)_____ the horizon.

PART III

PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION



Read the following dialogues and make your own dialogue where you will find out how to get to a place in your city by transport. Try to get exact directions to these places. 1.Operator: May I help you?

Alice: Can you tell me which bus to take downtown? Operator: Where are you calling from?

Alice: I’m at the corner of Linda Vista Road and Ulric Street.

Operator: You can catch the bus right there. Take either number 4 or H bus. Alice: Do I need to transfer?

Operator: No, either bus goes directly to town. They leave on the hour and the half-hour.

Alice: How much is the fare?

Operator: It’s $1.00, unless you have a monthly pass. You’d better have the exact change or a $1 bill.

Alice: Thank you.

2.Bob: Exuse me, is there a bus stop near University Avenue? I want to get off there.

Driver: There’s a bus stop one block before.

Bob: Would you please tell me when we get there? Driver: Yes, I’d be glad to.

Bob: Could you tell me where I would get off to transfer to the H bus?

Driver Get off at First Street and cross the street. Keep the transfer to show the driver.

Bob: Thank you. 3.Clerk: May I help you?

Alec: I’d like two tickets on the next bus to Portland, please.

Clerk: One way or round-trip? You save 10% on a round trip ticket. Alec: Then two round-trip tickets, please. Is this an express bus?

Clerk: Yes it goes straight through to Portland. No stops. Do you have any baggage to check?

Alec: Only one suitcase.

Clerk: Write your name on this tag, please. Don’t you want to check that one too? Alec: No. I want to hand-carry this one.

Clerk: Put this tag on your bag and keep the claim check. The bus will be loading at the west end of the depot in 15 minutes. Have a good trip. Alec: Thank you.

Exercise 1

Read the paragraph and say how people in your country pay transport fare. London Buses

The system of bus fares is based on zones, like Underground fares. If you travel in the rush hour during the week, you may pay more in some zones. Fares are also higher if you are travelling through two or more zones and one of them is central. London Transport can sell you a One Day Bus Pass (this does not include the central zone), you can buy Bus Passes in advance from newsagents and some bus garages or a Local Area Bus Pass if you live in an outer area. But it may be better to buy a Travel Card, which you can also use on the Underground and on British Rail.

Exercise 2

Study the bus schedule below to answer the questions that follow.

Grossmont Center, to San Diego State University, Mission Valley, Fashion Valley, Mission Beach and Pacific Beach

MONDAY THROUGH FRIDAY SCHEDULE Leave Grossmont Center Due Lake Murrey Blvd. Due College Ave. Due Fashion Valley Due Mission Blvd. Arrive Mission Blvd. & Sapphire 6:20 6:27 6:40 6:55 7:07 7:15 7:25 7:32 7:45 8:00 8:12 8:20 8:37 8:44 8:57 9:12 9:24 9:36 9:37 9:44 9:57 10:12 10:24 10:30 10:37 10:44 10:57 11:12 11:24 11:36 11:37 11:44 11:57 12:12 12:24 12:36 12:37 12:44 12:57 1:12 1:24 1:36 1:37 1:44 1:57 2:12 2:24 2:36 2:37 2:44 2:57 3:14 3:26 3:36

1. How long does it take to go from Grossmont Centre to Fashion Valley if you leave Grossmont Center at 7:25 in the morning?

2. How many buses leave Grossmont Center before 12:00 noon?

3. If you have to be at Fashion Valley at 12:00 noon, what’s the latest bus you can take from Grossmont Center?

4. If you leave College Avenue at 10:57, what time will you arrive at Mission Boulevard and Sapphire?

5. If you leave Grossmont Center at 10:37 in the morning to go to Fashion Valley but you miss the bus, how long do you have to wait for the next bus?

Exercise 3

Put each of the following words in the correct space in the passage below.

fare, sliding doors, platform, conductor, crew, cab, double-decker, bus stop, driver, rush hour, tube, destination, inspector, subway, lift, hail, single-decker, taxi-rank,

metro, coach, meter, escalator, conductress, check, tip, rack

A taxi, sometimes called a ___ , is the most comfortable way to travel. You simply ___ , the taxi in the street or go to a ___ , where there are several taxis waiting, for example, at a station. At the end of the journey, you can see how much the ___ is by looking at the ___ . You add a ___ to this, and that’s it. Very simple. But expensive!

What about taking a bus? If it has two floors, it’s called a ___ and you can get a good view from the top. If it has only one floor, it’s called a ___ . Most buses have a two-person ___ : the ___ , who drives of course, and the ___ , (or ___ if it’s a woman) who takes your money. Keep your ticket because an ___ might want to ___ it. You catch a bus by waiting at a ___ . You can see where a bus is going to because the ___ is written on the front. But try to avoid the ___ .

Quicker than the bus is the underground (called the ___ in London, the ___ in New York and the ___ in Paris and many other cities). You buy your ticket at the ticket office. Go down to the ___ on the ___ or in the ___ . The train comes. The ___ open. You get on. You look at the map of the underground system. Very simple.

For longer distances take a train or a long distance bus, usually called a ___ , which is slower but cheaper. The train is very fast. Put your luggage on the ___ and sit and wait till you arrive.



Read and translate the texts.

How to travel by metro.

If you want to travel by metro, look out for a metro station first. They are easy to recognize because of the large letter M. There are a few lines in the Kyiv metro, and some are under construction. They intersect at Khreschatyk Station. Each line has a particular colour on the map. It’s easy to follow. We haven’t got any line running non-stop between their two ends. There are no tickets in the metro. A 50-kopeck token will take you to any station you like and you can even make a tour of the entire system. There are moving staircases or escalators to take you down to the platform below. The underground system is very simple in Kyiv. You may have to change lines. At the station you can see the notice telling you where to go. If you follow the directions, you will get to the right platform with no trouble at all. Now, go through the automatic gates to the escalators and down to the platform below, get on the right train and – have a nice journey!

In the Kyiv Metro you do not feel as if you are underground. This is due to the unique architecture and the artistic design of the stations which are like palaces. No stations are alike, most of them have their own architectural and artistic design.

The London Underground.

The London Underground is very big. There are ten lines: Victoria, Central, Circle, Piccadilly, Northern, District, Metropolitan, Bakerloo, Jubilee and East London Section. All in all there are more than 300 stations on the London Underground. There are two terminal stations on each line. The lines cross each other many times, so at some stations you can change to other lines, or you can say that at these stations there is an

interchange with other lines. At some stations you can change to an ordinary railway, the name of which in Britain is British Rail. Some stations are closed on Sundays, others – on Saturdays and Sundays, still others are open Monday to Friday at rush hours only.

Exercise 1

Fill in the prepositions where it is necessary:

1. If you want to travel ____ metro, look out ____ a metro station first.

2. A 50-kopeck token will take you ___ any station you like and you can even make a tour ___ the entire system.

3. Now, go __________ the automatic gates to the escalators and down to the platform below, get ___ the right train and – have a nice journey!

4. They are easy to recognize because ____ the large letter M. 5. They intersect _____ Khreschatyk Station.

6. There are a few lines ___ the Kyiv metro, and some are ______ construction. 7. Each line has a particular colour ____ the map.

8. There are no tickets ___ the metro.

9. If you follow the directions, you will get ____ the right platform ____ no trouble at all.

Exercise 2

Insert necessary words:

1. In the Kyiv _______ you do not feel as if you are underground. This is due to the unique ____________ and the __________ design of the stations which are like _________.

2. There are a few _____ in the Kyiv metro, and some are under construction. 3. If you want to _______ by metro, look out for a metro ______ first.

4. Each line has a particular _______ on the map.

5. We haven’t got any line running non-_____ between their two ends.

6. There are _________ staircases or escalators to take you down to the platform below. Exercise 3

Match a word in A with a word in B to make a new noun and fill in the gaps with the correct compound noun.

A B

rush air park port

town * motor way stop

railway department agent’s store

traffic car centre * shop

book travel office lights

bus ticket station hour

1. Stop the car! The __________ are red.

2. Heathrow is one of the biggest _______ in the world.

3. Harrods is the best _______ in London, but it’s very expensive to go shopping there. 4. We waited in the rain at the _______ for one hour before the bus came.

5. All big towns have a ________ every morning when people go to work, and again in the evening when they go home.

6. Sun and Sea is the best _________ in the _____. They have good cheap holidays. 7. I hate driving on the M25. It goes around London and it’s one of the busiest _______

in the country.

8. The ________ was very big and I couldn’t find the _______ . A man told me that it was near Platform 1.

9. No I didn’t borrow this book from the library. I bought it at a ______ . 10. I can’t find the place for parking. Where is the_____________ . Exercise 4

Explain the difference between the following words. 1. a bus driver and a bus conductor

2. fare and fine

3. a booking office and a box office 4. an urban area and a rural area 5. a bus and a motor coach Exercise 5

Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage below. Sometimes you have to change the form.

traffic, direct, light, fast, transport, rush-hour, change, fare, overcrowded, convenient, distance, town, underground, travel, foot

People use various means of 1. _______ to get from one place to another. When getting about 2. _______ one can go by bus, trolley-bus or by the underground. The 3. _______ in every city is very popular with the citizens. It’s the 4. _______ and most 5. _______ way of going about town. If you have to 6. _______ a short 7. _______ you may take a bus, a tram, a trolley-bus or go on 8. _______ . If there is no 9. _______ bus to your destination, you’ll have to 10. _______ on to another bus (trolley-bus, tram). When we travel on buses (trams, etc) we have to pay 11. _______ . It’s not too much and it doesn’t depend on the distance you go. If there are many cars, buses and trolley-buses in the town we say that the 12. _______ is heavy. If the vehicles are few we say that the traffic is 13. _______ . The traffic is especially heavy in the 14. _______ , that is in the morning when people are hurrying to work and in the evening when people are coming back home. At this time the public transport is 15. _______ (packed to the full). Exercise 6

Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1. The easiest way to get around London is ____ underground. 2. I decided not to go ____ car. I went ____ my bike instead.

3. Queue ____ a bus stop. Do not try to push in front ____ everyone else, get ____ the bus through the entrance door.