Global 9 Post.Test.Review

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Global 9 Review

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Unit 1: Early People and Classical Civilizations

• Social Sciences

• Historian – history primary and secondary sources

• Economist – supply and demand, economic systems, factors of productions

• Archeologist –artifacts

• Geographer – Geography, and human interaction, topography

• Psychology and Sociology – The mind and human culture and society

• Beginning of Civilization

• Before – Humans were nomadic, hunter-gathering

• ~10,000 BCE Neolithic Revolution

• Domestication of plants and animals for human use

• First settlements -- specialization of labor,-- Social classes (hierarchy) --civilizations

• River Valley Civilizations - Cradles of Civilization, Irrigation, agriculture,

• Mesopotamia – Near Tigris and Euphrates Rivers – Sumerian Civilization, Cuneiform (first writing system), Organized Polytheistic religion with priests in upper social classes.

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• _{River Valley Civilizations}

• Indus River – Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, Cities trade, public works (baths),adv, construction (plumbing system) cotton production ,

• Nile River- Egyptian Civilization Writing system (hieroglyphics), Pyramids, organized Polytheistic Religion and God-King, irrigations systems, flooding

• Huang He River (Yellow River) – Flooding, Shang Dynasty oracle bones and bronze vessels, writing system

• Judaism: First monotheistic (one God) religion. Abraham = founder, covenant with God, Moses and Torah and 10 commandments = guide to living and

behavior. forced migration of the Jewish Diaspora 9kicked out of homeland by Romans)

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• _China

• China isolated by Himalya Mountains led to idea of Middle Kingdom and ethnocentrism

• Terracing to grow rice on mountainous/hilly terrain

• _{Shang Dynasty -} Zhou Dynasty Mandate of Heaven to explain new dynasties

• _{Later Zhou Weak/Warring States}

• Daoism – Nature Relgion of China, ying/Yang, Wuwei

• Legalism – harsh laws, strict punishments, and rewards for spying on others

• Used by Qin Dynasty ruler Shi Huangdi

• _Confucianism_{– Meant to create stability:}_{filial piety}_{(respect for elders)}

and Five Relationships

• Basis for Civil Service and Exam System and Bureaucracy of Han Dynasty

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• _India

• Isolated by Himalaya Mountains and Thar Desert (Khyber Pass only way through)

• monsoons (*seasonal winds), trade winds for Indian Ocean Trade also brought rain for rice crop but could flood

• Hinduism brought by Aryans, Polytheistic, Caste System, reincarnation, Vedas & Upanishads = holy text

• Buddhism Belief system reincarnation, Four Noble Truths (i.e. life is suffering)

Eightfold Path (codes of behavior/guide to avoid suffering) end goal is to reach

nirvana= an end to reincarnation

• Asoka Mauryan Empire King converts to Buddhism, makes state religion. Uses

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• Greece

• Mountainous terrain = independent city states

• Athens = birthplace of democracy (Golden Age of Athens = Pericles, Parthenon, Acropolis)

• Sparta = military State

• Traded and engaged in cultural diffusion

• Culture influences Rome

• Philosopher = used reason and logic to learn about world/think about society

• Plate, Socrates, Aristotle, Euclid (math), Pythagoras (Math)

• Drama, Classical Art, History (Herodotus)

• Trojan War (Myths (Iliad and Odyssey by homer)

• Persian War- Athens and Sparta v. Persian Empire

• Peloponnesian War – Athens and Sparta v Each other – weakens Greece

• Alexander The Great Conquered Greece, Egypy, Persia and part of India

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• Rome – Becomes Empire(Large territory conquered and ruled by another) • Location in center of Mediterranean Sea allows them to control large empir

• Influenced Western Civilization (Republic Government), Art, Architecture (Domes, Archs, Roads, Bridges), philosophy

• Connected empire with Roads

• 12 tables = law code

• Pax Romana = Golden Age of Rome ~250 years

• Later Empire split by Diocletian

• _Emperor_Constantine_{moves capital to}_{Constantinople}_{a strategically located}

city at a crossroads of Europe and Asia • Adopts Christianity at Edict of Milan

• Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire to dominate western Europe

(missionaries, roads, peace, common language (latin) appeal of religion and caring God)

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Unit 2: The Medieval World

•

Byzantine Empire

– Had been Eastern Roman Empire

•

influenced by Rome

•

Justinian= greatest ruler ,

•

Justinian’s code (Law Code)

•

Hagia Sophia (Church of Heavenly Wisdom) used Roman

domes

and archs

•

Hippodrome

– large colisseum-style

•

The Byzantines influenced Russia

• Traded with Kiev,

• _{Cyrillic alphabet, Eastern Orthodoxy (Form of Christianity), onion dome, and}

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•

Islam

•

Monotheistic, founder is Mohammad, holy text is Qur'an

•

Main Beliefs/Guide = 5 pillars of Islam (fasting, praying 5 times/day, charity,

submission, hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca = Holy City)

•

Islamic Expansion

=

Golden Age of Islam

•

Spread

Arabian Peninsula, to North Africa, Central Asia, Anatolia

(turkey) and Spain (by warfare, conquest, trade, and conversion due to

appeal)

•

Built

mosques

(influenced by Byzantine domes)

•

Advances in math, Medicine, Science,

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• Middle Ages/Medieval Period in Western Europe

• Dark Ages – After Fall of Rome (476 CE)

• Charlemagne Conquers France, Northern Italy, and Germany 9th century

• First Holy Roman Emperor, spreads Christianity

• Christian Church, centered in Rome under Pope is the unifying force in medieval western Europe

• Manorialsim middle ages meets peoples economic needs

• Self-sufficient communities

• Land is greatest commodity

• Feudalism: Political system of obligations land in exchange for service (military – Lords and Knights) or Labor (sers/peasants)

• Crusades Holy Wars. Christians try to retake “holy land” from Muslims multiple views (crusade is righteous to Christians, an invasion to Muslims)

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•

Gupta Empire

•

Golden Age of

India

• Mathematics (concept of zero, decimal system, astronomy)

• Medicine (vaccines, medical texts, medical schools, plastic surgery, fixed broken bones)

• Caste system revival and expansion (untouchable Caste added)

• Indian ocean trade expanded. Traded with China, Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa

•

Tang and Song Dynasties in China

• Golden Age

• Expand Silk Road Trade

• Confucianism, Scholar gentry, Civil Service and Exam System

• Gunpowder

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Unit 3: Global Interactions

•

African Trading Kingdoms

•

Gold and salt trade (

Trans-Saharan trade)

made

kingdoms wealthy

•

Ghana – founded gold and salt trade

•

Used oasis and knowledge of Sahara desert to control trade

•

Mali Kingdom: Converts to Islam, King

Mansa Musa

undertakes pilgrimage to Mecca, spreads Islam in Africa

•

Cultural city of Timbuktu (center of Islamic learning)

•

Songhai – continues Gold and Salt Trade, Muslim

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•

Japan

•

Archipelago – collection of islands, Few natural resources, Mountains

= terracing

•

Location

near Korea

= cultural bridge of ideas from China

(Confucianism, Buddhism, silk, writing system)

•

Shintoism – native nature religion

•

Feudalism

Shoguns at top of hierarchy, more

centralized

than

European

• Samurai have warrior code of bushido (like European Chivalry/knights)

• Low social mobility, rigid classes

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•

Mongols

•

Nomadic horse-warriors, conquer massive empire in Asia

and eastern Europe (Russia)

•

Conquer China later to become Yuan Dynasty

•

Used the

stirrup

, compound bow, psychological warfare,

siege weapons, horse skills to conquer massive empire

•

Pax Mongolia

– Mongolian Golden Age, Protected Silk

Road Trade

•

Cultural diffusion expanded (exchanged ideas across

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• Renaissance: Rebirth of European Culture –secularism, classicism, individualism

• Humanism = individual improvement through learning, classics

• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote The Prince about the use of political power “The end justifies the means”

• Art expanded (Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo)

• Commercial Revolution Birth of capitalism 1200-1600s

• _{banking, joint stock companies, guilds, insurance, credit, loans} • Expansion of Europe’s eoncomy

• Black Death

• Spreads to Europe through trade with Asia

• Kills 1/3 population, worse in urban areas (cities)

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•

Protestant Reformation

•

Monk

Martin Luther

write

95 Theses

to protest Church’s sale of

indulgences

(forgiveness of sins), nails to Church Door in

Wittenberg 1517)

•

Ideas spread quickly through

Printing Press

of Johannes

Gutenberg

•

Bible in vernacular, everyone reads,

solo fide

, no indulgences)

•

Breaks up

unity

of Church in Europe, questions authority of

Pope and Church

•

Henry VIII

– English King who breaks with the Catholic

Church creating Anglican Church 1534 CE

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Unit 4: Gunpowder, The Sail, and Absolute Rule

•

Ming Dynasty- China

•

Early Ming,

•

restore Chinese rule,

•

Admiral Zheng He led tribute ships and explored Indian Ocean

•

Traded because silk and porcelain in high demand in Europe (favorable

balance of trade)

•

Later Ming

isolated

by banning ship construction 1433

•

Mughal Empire in India

•

Akbar

the great

• Religiously tolerant

• Absolute rule

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•

Ottoman Empire

•

Spread to Control Eastern

Mediterranean Sea

•

Conquered Constantinople in 1453 renaming it

Istanbul

•

Diverse empire of many peoples Muslims Greeks, Eastern

Orthodox Christians, Jews, Egypt, etc.

•

Suleiman The Magnificent

•

Conqueror – brought Islam to Balkans

•

Law-giver

•

Religiously tolerant

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•

European Absolutism

• Total control of laws, religion, and people in nation

• Centralize power

• Backed by Divine Right Theory that God appoints Kings to rule and rule in God’s name

•

Ivan IV

of Russia, created standing army, became Tsar (Czar), created secret

police, ruled through terror

•

Philip II

of Spain – New world Colonies, Golden Age of Spain, Spanish Armada

•

Louis XIV

of France – Built palace of Versailles, Sun King, “I am the state”,

expensive wars, persecuted Huguenots (French protestants)

•

Peter the Great

of Russia,

westernized & modernized

Russia

• Gained a warm-water port

• Modernized army and built navy

• Western clothes and technology

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•

Puritan Revolution/English Civil War

•

Magna Carta

of 1215 had limited the powers of the monarchy

•

Charles I tries absolutism = Civil War -



loses and beheaded

•

English Bill of Rights

1688 signed by William and Mary

•

Parliament

is the ruling body of England and controls taxes

•

Basic rights

outlined

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Unit 5: The Age of Sail

•

Age of Exploration/Discovery

•

Late 1400s-1600 by

Europeans

•

Why-

• to find new trade routes to Asian Spice trade

• New technologies allowed exploration (compass, astrolabe, caravel, lateen sail, maps)

• All-water route to India discovered

•

1492 turning point

(discovery of the New World [Americas])

•

Columbian exchange

foods, products, religion, animals, people, and

diseases move from Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New (Americas)

•

The Encounter

between Mesoamericans and Europeans, Cultural

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• Mesoamerican Civilizations

• Corn/maize agriculture

• Advanced civilizations (cities, markets, empires, written language), religion

• Mayans

• Calendar track seasons, cities, human sacrifice,

• We don’t know why they ended

• _{Aztec Empire}₌_chinampas_{adaptations to geography, cities, human sacrifice}

• Inca Empire = In Andes Mountains- Terrace-farming to grow food in mountains.

Built roads to communicate, move armie and trade

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•

Triangle trade:

Trade between Europe, Africa, and New World.

Manufactured goods sent to Africa for slaves-



New world to

work plantations-



natural resources and cash crops (sugar

trobacco, cotton) -



back to Europe

•

Atlantic Slave Trade

– forced migration of enslaved Africans aka

African diaspora

•

Mercantilism

= Economic system in which

colonies

provide raw

materials and markets for finished goods from, the “mother