What is the Internet?
a network of networks – an inter-network, or Internet
What are Internet protocols?
the rules for transferring information between programs HTTP - hypertext transfer protocol
FTP - file transfer protocol
SMTP – simple mail transfer protocol
What is the World Wide Web?
a set of HTML pages accessible using the HTTP protocol
How does a Web Browser (Firefox) fit in this picture? - your browser connects, using the HTTP protocol, to a web server
- the web server fetches an HTML web page and sends the HTML to your browser - your browser turns the HTML page into a nice-looking page on your screen
How the WWW Works
Your computer, Your web browser
Internet
connection
Internet Routers
Text file containing Their computer,
Their web server (an HTTP server)
e.g. Apache
Hyper Text Markup Language - HTML
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) Basics
HTML is a “mark-up language”
You add the mark-up tags to your text document
Now follows a published standard via http://w3c.org/
HTML is a language of mark-up “tags” in angle brackets: <>
each tag has a name and may have one or more quoted attributes
eg. <p class=”thesis” style=”color: red”>
Tags usually come in pairs (with some exceptions)
<html>...</html>, <body>...</body>, <p>...</p>, <hr>, <br>
Web pages are free-form input; line breaks can be used most
anywhere and don't affect the appearance of the document
<html> … </html> (Required!)
Basic tag to identify portion of file that contains HTML <html> is an opening tag
</html> is a closing tag (note the direction of the slash!)
text between the opening and closing tag is called the “element”
<head> … </head> (Required!)
placed at the top of document immediately after the <html> tag tags information about the document, e.g. author, style, etc. contains the required document <title>...</title> tag
HTML – Required Tags
<title> … </title> (Required!)
included as an element inside the <head>…</head> section
element of this tag is the title displayed in title bar of the browser may also be used as title of page when page is bookmarked
should be meaningful and uniquely identify the page
<body> … </body> (Required!)
included as the second element inside the <html>…</html> tags. follows the <head>…</head> portion of the document
HTML – Required Tags
<p> … </p> (Required!)
included as an element inside the <body>…</body> section Surrounds a paragraph of text
DOCTYPE (Required!)
Must be the very first line of your file, before <html> NOT an HTML tag; it is an instruction to your web browser Tells the browser what version of HTML to expect
In this course we use only the “strict” HTML version 4.01 type:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
HTML – Required Tags
That's all you need for a basic web page!
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC
"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <html>
<head>
<title>My Title</title> </head>
<body>
<p>This is my first web page.</p> </body>
HTML - Basic Tags
More useful basic tags:
<br> (no closing tag needed)
put a line break in the text (starts a new line)
<h1> … </h1> through <h6> ... </h6>
used to identify text as a Level 1 (major) to Level 6 (minor) heading
Comment Tag
<!-- comments here -->
notice that the comment is typed as an attribute inside the tag
comments may be one or multiple lines long (HTML is free-form)
text within this tag will not be displayed or processed by your browser
comments do not nest! No comments inside comments!
--HTML - Basic Tags
The Anchor Tag – Hyper Linking - making the web a web
<a> … </a>
one major attribute – the location of the hyperlink:
href=”string”
element is clickable/selectable as a document hyperlink
browser attempts to load the page specified by the href= attribute the href= string can be a relative URL on the same server:
without the leading http://host/ it is in the same directory structure:
e.g. <a href=“page2.html”>Click here to continue</a>
e.g. <a href=”images/box.jpg”>See the box here.</a>
HTML - Basic Tags
<a>…</a> anchor tag continued
The href= string can be an absolute URL on any server:
string can be any HTTP URL (web address) you like:
e.g. <a href=“http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/”>Free Software</a>
The href= string can be an email address:
string can be an email address preceded by “mailto:”
e.g. <a href=”mailto:[email protected]>Ian! D. Allen email</a> Attempts to open an email client (specified in the web browser's
HTML - Basic Tags
<img> (no closing tag needed)
used to display graphics (.jpeg, .png, .gif) in your web pages
you must specify the URL for the image source, and an alt= text the basic attributes of <img> are:
src=”string” - the absolute or relative location of the image file
alt=”string” - Alternate Text for people who don't see images
height=”string” - image height, percent or absolute pixels (optional)
width=”string” - image width, percent or absolute pixels (optional)
title=”string” - mouse-over title of the image (optional)
Etc….
specifying height= and width= lets your browser reserve space in
HTML - Basic Tags
• <hr> (no closing tag needed)– Hard/Horizontal Rule – draw a horizontal line
– rule appearance can be changed with styles
• <blockquote> … </blockquote> – block quotation, indented • <q> … </q>
– a short, in-line “quotation as part of running text” • <pre> … </pre>
– preformatted text (e.g. computer code or output)
– fixed-width font (e.g. Courier fixed width)
• Font-style tags – for more control, use CSS instead
• <b> … </b> and <i> … </i>
– bold and italic text (in-line)
• <tt> … </tt>
– Teletype Text: fixed-width font (e.g. Courier)
• <big> … </big> and <small> … </small> – bigger and smaller text (in-line)
HTML - Phrase Tags
Phrase tags – often better done using CSS• <em> … </em> and <strong> ... </strong>
– text to be emphasized and strongly emphasized
– browser decides how: usually italicized, made bold
Less often used:
• <code>...</code>, <samp>...</samp>, <kbd>...</kbd>
– computer code, sample code, keyboard text
– usually rendered in Courier fixed-width
The <style> element and the style= attribute
• The style= attribute can be used on most tags
– defines features for a single HTML element, e.g.
<p style=”text-align: center”>Center me.</p>
• The <style> element: <style type=”text/css”> ... </style> – <style> tag always goes in the <head> section
– defines style information for the whole HTML page – requires the type=”text/css” attribute
– more details to come in the description of CSS
– to link to a separate CSS style sheet, use instead:
<link rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” href=”string”>
<ul> <li>Apple</li> <li>Pear</li> <li>Kiwi</li> <li><ul> <li>Big</li> <li>Small</li> </ul></li> </ul> <ol> <li>Apple</li> <li>Pear</li> <li>Kiwi</li> <li><ul> <li>Big</li> <li>Small</li> </ul></li> </ol>
HTML - Lists
List attributes
•
UNNUMBERED AND NUMBERED LISTS
BEGIN WITH
•
<UL> </UL> AND <OL></OL> TAGS
•
AND THEN USES <LI>
•
TYPE= CIRCLE
•
TYPE=SQUARE
•
TYPE=DISC
•
START=5 TYPE=‘i’
HTML - Basic Tags
• <li>…</li>– List Item: surrounds each list item inside a list – used inside both <ul> and <ol> list types
• <ul>…</ul>
– surrounds an unordered list – no numbering – <li>...</li> items each indented and bulleted
– use styles (style= attribute) to change type of bullet: – CSS style: list-style-type: string
• string can be: circle, disc, square
• e.g. <ul style=”list-style-type: square”> ... </ul>
HTML – Ordered Lists
• <ol> … </ol>– surrounds an ordered list
– items are indented and numbered (or alphabetized)
– use styles (style=) to change type of numbering: – CSS style: list-style-type: string
• examples of string: decimal, lower-alpha, upper-roman • e.g. <ol style=”list-style-type: upper-latin”> ... </ul>
– the start= attribute determines first item's value
• e.g. <ol start=“3”> - begin numbering at 3 (or c, or iii)
HTML – Definition List
• <dl>…</dl>– definition list containing <dt> and <dd> items – <dt>...</dt> definition title
– <dd>...</dd> definition description
• Example definition list containing two definitions: <dl>
<dt>Hacker</dt>
<dd>An expert or enthusiast of any kind.</dd> <dt>Cracker</dt>
HTML - <meta> - Page Attributes
• <meta> (no closing tag needed)– used only inside <head> section of page
– gives details about page, e.g. author, keywords
– search engines may ignore keywords, since many
pages use fake keywords to boost search results
<head>
<title>Web Design Course Homepage</title>
<meta name="Keywords" content=”Fundamentals, HTML, CSS”> <meta name="Description" content=”An introductory course
dealing with computer and Internet fundamentals."> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Arachnophilia 5.4">
HTML - <meta> - continued
• elements of <meta> include:
– name=string identifies what type of meta content will follow
– content=string details relating to the name
• <meta> can also be used to have your page automatically load another web page after a short delay:
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="10; url=index.html">
– note the attribute name: http-equiv=”refresh”
– the content= string begins with number of seconds before next page is loaded, followed by a
Identifying and Grouping elements (e.g. for CSS) • <div>...</div>
– division or section
– groups and identifies one or more block-elements – usually causes a line break before and after
• <span>...</span>
– groups and identifies in-line elements (e.g. words) – no visual change by itself (no line break)
– used to apply styles to parts of a text line, e.g.
This <span style=”color: red”>red</span> apple.
HTML Entities – for special characters, accents, foreign
– starts with ampersand and ends with semicolon
non-breaking-space – acts like a letter
– words connected with will not separate
across a line break; they stay together as one word – e.g. Mr. Ian! D. Allen < (less than) = < > (greater than) = >
" (double quote) = " ' (apostrophe) = ' & (ampersand) = &
– many, many others!
Tag Attributes
• The structure of an HTML tag may contain one or more attributes like this:
– <tag>
– <tag attribute=“value”>
– <tag attribute=“value” attribute=“value”>
• To display a horizontal line
Align Attribute
<P align="center">
– Centers a paragraph
<P align="right">
– Right-aligns a paragraph
<P align="left">
– Left-aligns a paragraph (the default setting)
Align works the same on header tags
<H1 align="center"> <H2 align="center">
And so on
<p><font size="5" face="arial" color="red">
Page Properties
Attributes for BODY Tag
– text• Color for the text in the page
– bgcolor
• Background color for the page
– Foreground
• <body text=color>
– link
• Color for the hypertext links
– vlink
• Color for the visited links
– alink
• Color for the active link
BACKGROUND=“URL”
LEFTMARGIN=“n”
Specifies the width (in pixels) of a margin of white space along the left edge of the entire document.
TOPMARGIN=“n”
Specifies the size (in pixels) of a margin of white space along the top edge of the entire document.
SCROLL=“YES, NO”
Colors in HTML
• Common names: “red,” “purple,” “gray,” etc • Hexadecimal triplets
• Red, Green, and Blue are written as:#RRGGBB
• For example:
