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Roles of retinoic acid receptors and of Hox genes in the patterning of the teeth and of the jaw skeleton

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Fig. 3. Effect of a syntheticretinoid(Ch55) at a finalconcentrationof 10.9M on toothmorphogenesisin a chemically-definedculturemedium.Frontalhistological sectionsthrough13.0dpc first lower molars insitu(a), and after 10 days inculture (b and c) Bither in t
Fig. 3a-c.). Italso permits the normal asymmetricaldevelopmentthe lingual and labial sides in incisor explants (Bloch-Zupan1994b)
Fig. 5. Schematicrepresentationthe 2nd pharyngealparedrespectively;orthotopic and ectopic tympanic bone; X
Fig. 6, Medial(a,b)computerstapedialpossessesandcaudalIc)aspectsofthree-dimensionalreconstructionsfrom serial histologicalsectionsof the leftincudo-mallearcomplexin 18,5dpc wildtype(a) andHoxa-2nullmutantmice(b andcl.The mutantincudesarefusedonlyat thetipof theirprocesses(SI and 512) andthuseachmoietyof the doubleincusits ownbody(BI and B12) and caudalprocess(CI andCI2).In (c),wehaverepresentedthecaudal-mostportionofthepterygoquadrate(upperjaw)element(PO)to showits proximityto the caudalincus.The twomutantmalleiare fusedatthe levelof theirmanubrium(MM)andthuseachmoietyof the doublemalleuspossessesits ownhead(HMand HM2) andneck(NMandNM2)butlackstheprocessusbrevis(PB).Themutantdoublemalleusis continuousrostrallywiththeorthotopicMeckel'scarti-lage(MC,notethatonlythe caudal-mostportionof the Meckel'scartilagehas been reconstructed)andcaudallywithan ectopictruncatedMeckel'scartilage(MC2),reconstructedcompletely.The arrowpointsrostrally(i.e.towardsthe snout);the openarrowpointsventrally(i.e.towardsthe neck).
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