Psychoanalytic
Psychoanalytic
Theories
Theories
The Neo-Freudians
The Neo-Freudians
Following in Freud’s
Following in Freud’s
Footsteps
Footsteps
Sigmund Freud’s ideas attracted many
Sigmund Freud’s ideas attracted many
followers who both agreed and disagreed
followers who both agreed and disagreed
with him
with him
Several of these psychoanalysts created their
Several of these psychoanalysts created their
own theories. Many psychoanalysts who
own theories. Many psychoanalysts who
followed Freud but created their own
followed Freud but created their own
theories are called neo-Freudians
theories are called neo-Freudians
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
Karen Horney (
Karen Horney (
Hor-NAY
Hor-NAY
) (1885-1952)
) (1885-1952)
Carl Jung (
Carl Jung (
Young
Young
)
)
At one point Carl Jung was Freud’s closest associate,
At one point Carl Jung was Freud’s closest associate,
but Jung disagreed with Freud on two key points of
but Jung disagreed with Freud on two key points of
the psychoanalytic theory and the two stopped
the psychoanalytic theory and the two stopped
speaking
speaking
The first point was Jung believed in a more positive
The first point was Jung believed in a more positive
view of human nature, believing that people try to
view of human nature, believing that people try to
develop their potential as well as handle their
develop their potential as well as handle their
instinctual urges
instinctual urges
The second point of disagreement was that Jung
The second point of disagreement was that Jung
distinguished between a personal unconscious
distinguished between a personal unconscious
(which was similar to Freud’s unconscious) and a
(which was similar to Freud’s unconscious) and a
collective unconscious
collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
Collective unconscious
: a storehouse of
: a storehouse of
instincts, urges and memories of the entire
instincts, urges and memories of the entire
human species throughout history.
Carl Jung
Carl Jung
ArchetypesArchetypes
ArchetypesArchetypes are inherited ideas based on the experiences are inherited ideas based on the experiences of one’s ancestors and shape one’s perception of the world
of one’s ancestors and shape one’s perception of the world
Archetypes are same in every person and reflect the Archetypes are same in every person and reflect the common experiences of humanity such as mothers,
common experiences of humanity such as mothers,
fathers, nature, and war
fathers, nature, and war
Jung spent a lot of time looking at different cultures by Jung spent a lot of time looking at different cultures by studying dreams, visions, myths, folk stories, religions,
studying dreams, visions, myths, folk stories, religions,
painting (and other art). He found that the same
painting (and other art). He found that the same
archetypes (themes) appeared again and again
archetypes (themes) appeared again and again
Jack and the Beanstalk/David and Goliath Jack and the Beanstalk/David and Goliath
Jung believed that these types of themes influenced our Jung believed that these types of themes influenced our thoughts and feelings, helping us build our personality
thoughts and feelings, helping us build our personality
Jung believed we used the concepts in our personal Jung believed we used the concepts in our personal
unconscious and collective unconscious to develop our
unconscious and collective unconscious to develop our
personality. By fitting our personality to these concepts we
personality. By fitting our personality to these concepts we
may hid our real feelings
"All the most powerful ideas in history
"All the most powerful ideas in history
go back to archetypes."
go back to archetypes."
-Jung in his book
-Jung in his book
The Structure of the Psyche
The Structure of the Psyche
Jungian Archtypes Quiz
Jungian Archtypes Quiz
http://www.playbuzz.com/benjaminbirely10/
which-jung-archetype-best-describes-you
Others to consider for entertainment purposes
Others to consider for entertainment purposes
only…not scientifically proven!
only…not scientifically proven!
http://
www.playbuzz.com/chelsead10/are-you-an-in
trovert-extrovert-or-ambivert
http://www.playbuzz.com/margottouitou10/
http://www.playbuzz.com/margottouitou10/
how-observant-are-you-really
how-observant-are-you-really
http://www.playbuzz.com/sammccarty10/can-
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler
Alder was also an associate of Freud. He left his
Alder was also an associate of Freud. He left his
teacher to begin his own approach to personality
teacher to begin his own approach to personality
theory
theory
Adler believed that the driving force in people’s lives
Adler believed that the driving force in people’s lives
is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority
is a desire to overcome their feelings of inferiority
Example: Napoleon (conquered Europe despite his
Example: Napoleon (conquered Europe despite his
height)
height)
Inferiority Complex
Inferiority Complex
: a pattern of avoiding feelings
: a pattern of avoiding feelings
of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their
of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their
source
source
Children first feel inferior because they are so little
Children first feel inferior because they are so little
and are dependent on adults
and are dependent on adults
As they gain the abilities to do things that adults
As they gain the abilities to do things that adults
do they begin to overcome their inadequacies
Alfred Adler
Alfred Adler
Adler also believed that the way parents treated their
Adler also believed that the way parents treated their
children influences the styles of life they choose
children influences the styles of life they choose
Over pampering a child tends to produce a self-
Over pampering a child tends to produce a
self-centered person who has little regard for others and
centered person who has little regard for others and
expects everyone else to do what he or she wants
expects everyone else to do what he or she wants
On the other hand, the child who is neglected by his or
On the other hand, the child who is neglected by his or
her parents may seek revenge by becoming an angry,
her parents may seek revenge by becoming an angry,
hostile person
hostile person
Both pampered and neglected children will grow up to
Both pampered and neglected children will grow up to
lack confidence in their ability to meet the demands of
lack confidence in their ability to meet the demands of
life
life
Adler refers to these patterns as
Adler refers to these patterns as
lifestyles
lifestyles
(plan for
(plan for
fulfillment)
fulfillment)
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/hstein/birthord.htm
How does the
How does the
lifestyle
lifestyle
differ
differ
in these two pictures?
in these two pictures?
How does Adler’s theory differ
How does Adler’s theory differ
from Freud?
Karen Horney
Karen Horney
Horney stressed the importance of
Horney stressed the importance of
basic
basic
anxiety
anxiety
, which a child feels because they are
, which a child feels because they are
helpless and basic hostility, a resentment of one’s
helpless and basic hostility, a resentment of one’s
parents that generally accompanies this anxiety
parents that generally accompanies this anxiety
Horney disagreed with Freud, stating that if a
Horney disagreed with Freud, stating that if a
child is raised in a loving and secure
child is raised in a loving and secure
environment the child can avoid Freud’s
environment the child can avoid Freud’s
psychosexual parent-child conflict
psychosexual parent-child conflict
Horney was the first woman to challenge Freud’s
Horney was the first woman to challenge Freud’s
ideas
ideas
Womb envy
Womb envy
She claimed that men fear the power women
She claimed that men fear the power women
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson
Erikson agreed with Freud’s basic ideas, but
Erikson agreed with Freud’s basic ideas, but
outlined his own 8 stages of psychosocial
outlined his own 8 stages of psychosocial
development
development
These stages stress the importance of
These stages stress the importance of
interaction and relationships with other
interaction and relationships with other
QUIZ: Are You an Introvert or an Extrovert?
QUIZ: Are You an Introvert or an Extrovert?
Published on March 9, 2011 by Susan Cain in Quiet: The Power of IntrovertsPublished on March 9, 2011 by Susan Cain in Quiet: The Power of Introverts
True or False? Choose the answer that applies to you
True or False? Choose the answer that applies to you
more often than not.
more often than not.
1. I prefer one-on-one conversations to group
1. I prefer one-on-one conversations to group
activities.
activities.
2. I often prefer to express myself in writing.
2. I often prefer to express myself in writing.
3. I enjoy solitude.
3. I enjoy solitude.
4. I seem to care about wealth, fame, and status
4. I seem to care about wealth, fame, and status
less than my peers.
less than my peers.
5. I dislike small talk, but I enjoy talking in-depth
5. I dislike small talk, but I enjoy talking in-depth
about topics that matter to me.
about topics that matter to me.
6. People tell me that I'm a good listener.
6. People tell me that I'm a good listener.
8. I enjoy work that allows me to "dive in" with few
8. I enjoy work that allows me to "dive in" with few
interruptions.
interruptions.
9. I like to celebrate birthdays on a small scale, with
9. I like to celebrate birthdays on a small scale, with
only one or two close friends or family members.
only one or two close friends or family members.
10. People describe me as "soft-spoken" or
10. People describe me as "soft-spoken" or
"mellow."
"mellow."
11. I prefer not to show or discuss my work with
11. I prefer not to show or discuss my work with
others until it's finished.
others until it's finished.
12. I dislike conflict.
12. I dislike conflict.
13. I do my best work on my own.
13. I do my best work on my own.
14. I tend to think before I speak.
14. I tend to think before I speak.
15. I feel drained after being out and about, even if
15. I feel drained after being out and about, even if
I've enjoyed myself.
16. I often let calls go through to voice-mail.
16. I often let calls go through to voice-mail.
17. If I had to choose, I'd prefer a weekend
17. If I had to choose, I'd prefer a weekend
with absolutely nothing to do to one with too
with absolutely nothing to do to one with too
many things scheduled.
many things scheduled.
18. I don't enjoy multi-tasking.
18. I don't enjoy multi-tasking.
19. I can concentrate easily.
19. I can concentrate easily.
20. In classroom situations, I prefer lectures
20. In classroom situations, I prefer lectures
The more often you answered True, the more
The more often you answered True, the more
introverted you probably are. Lots of Falses
introverted you probably are. Lots of Falses
suggests you're an extrovert. If you had a
suggests you're an extrovert. If you had a
roughly equal number of Trues and Falses, then
roughly equal number of Trues and Falses, then
you may be an "ambivert" - yes, there really is
you may be an "ambivert" - yes, there really is
such a word.
such a word.
Why does it matter where you fall on the
Why does it matter where you fall on the
introvert-extrovert spectrum? Because
introvert-extrovert spectrum? Because
introversion and extroversion lie at the heart of
introversion and extroversion lie at the heart of
human nature - one scientist refers to them as
human nature - one scientist refers to them as
"the north and south of temperament." And
"the north and south of temperament." And
when you make life choices that are congruent
when you make life choices that are congruent
with your temperament, you unleash vast stores
with your temperament, you unleash vast stores
Conversely, when you spend too much time battling your own Conversely, when you spend too much time battling your own
nature, the opposite happens - you deplete yourself. I've met
nature, the opposite happens - you deplete yourself. I've met
too many people living lives that didn't suit them - introverts
too many people living lives that didn't suit them - introverts
with frenetic social schedules, extroverts with jobs that
with frenetic social schedules, extroverts with jobs that
required them to sit in front of their computers for hours at a
required them to sit in front of their computers for hours at a
stretch. We all have to do things that don't come naturally -
stretch. We all have to do things that don't come naturally -
some of the time. But it shouldn't be all the time. It shouldn't
some of the time. But it shouldn't be all the time. It shouldn't
even be most of the time.
even be most of the time.
This is particularly important for introverts, who have often This is particularly important for introverts, who have often
spent so much of their lives conforming to extroverted norms
spent so much of their lives conforming to extroverted norms
that by the time they choose a career, or a calling, it feels
that by the time they choose a career, or a calling, it feels
perfectly normal to ignore their own preferences. You may be
perfectly normal to ignore their own preferences. You may be
uncomfortable in law school or in the marketing department,
uncomfortable in law school or in the marketing department,
but no more so than you were back in junior high or summer
but no more so than you were back in junior high or summer
camp.
camp.
How about you? How did you score on this quiz? Did your How about you? How did you score on this quiz? Did your
outcome surprise you? Did it cause you to re-think anything
outcome surprise you? Did it cause you to re-think anything
about the way you live your life?
Are you born an Introvert or Extrovert? Still being
Are you born an Introvert or Extrovert? Still being
researched!
researched!
http://simply-put.blogspot.com/2005/12/introvert-extrovert-difference-is-in.html http://simply-put.blogspot.com/2005/12/introvert-extrovert-difference-is-in.html
Introverted children enjoy the internal world of thoughts, feelings
Introverted children enjoy the internal world of thoughts, feelings
and fantasies, and there's a physiological reason for this.
and fantasies, and there's a physiological reason for this.
Researchers using brain scans have found introverts have more
Researchers using brain scans have found introverts have more
brain activity in general, and specifically in the frontal lobes. When
brain activity in general, and specifically in the frontal lobes. When
these areas are activated, introverts are energized by retrieving
these areas are activated, introverts are energized by retrieving
long-term memories, problem solving, introspection, complex
long-term memories, problem solving, introspection, complex
thinking and planning.
thinking and planning.
Extroverts enjoy the external world of things, people and activities.
Extroverts enjoy the external world of things, people and activities.
They have more activity in brain areas involved in processing the
They have more activity in brain areas involved in processing the
sensory information we're bombarded with daily. Because extroverts
sensory information we're bombarded with daily. Because extroverts
have less internally generated brain activity, they search for more
have less internally generated brain activity, they search for more
external stimuli to energize them.
external stimuli to energize them.
The information explains why it is so difficult simply to will yourself
The information explains why it is so difficult simply to will yourself
to behave more like an extrovert (or more like an introvert), contrary
to behave more like an extrovert (or more like an introvert), contrary
to your innate tendency. It also confirms Nicole's observation: if the
to your innate tendency. It also confirms Nicole's observation: if the
distinction is rooted in electrical activity in the brain, you are an
distinction is rooted in electrical activity in the brain, you are an
introvert (or an extrovert) even while you are still in utero.
5 Things Every Introvert Should Know about Extroverts (and
5 Things Every Introvert Should Know about Extroverts (and
Vice Versa)
Vice Versa)
March 22, 2010 by Nancy Ancowitz in Self-Promotion for
March 22, 2010 by Nancy Ancowitz in Self-Promotion for
Introverts
Introverts
Picture this: You arrive in a conference room bustling with your
Picture this: You arrive in a conference room bustling with your
colleagues and bosses. The meeting begins and everyone else is piping
colleagues and bosses. The meeting begins and everyone else is piping
up, pontificating, and jockeying for attention in a spirited discussion while
up, pontificating, and jockeying for attention in a spirited discussion while
you’re sitting there contemplating what you might add to the dialog. In
you’re sitting there contemplating what you might add to the dialog. In
fact, your best thoughts gel only after the meeting ends.
fact, your best thoughts gel only after the meeting ends.
Research suggests that your silence might cost you in the career
Research suggests that your silence might cost you in the career
department. But does it have to be that way? If you're an introvert, your
department. But does it have to be that way? If you're an introvert, your
preference to think before you speak can actually be an advantage. It
preference to think before you speak can actually be an advantage. It
means that when you do speak, you’re more likely to have something to
means that when you do speak, you’re more likely to have something to
say. However, you may find it challenging to speak up before you’re ready
say. However, you may find it challenging to speak up before you’re ready
to do so. Why not rest up and get ready beforehand so you’ll show up at
to do so. Why not rest up and get ready beforehand so you’ll show up at
meetings refreshed and with several key points already formulated?
meetings refreshed and with several key points already formulated?
REFERENCE:REFERENCE:
Cameron Anderson and Gavin J. Kilduff, "Why Do Dominant Personalities Cameron Anderson and Gavin J. Kilduff, "Why Do Dominant Personalities
Attain Influence in Face-to-Face Groups? The Competence-Signaling
Attain Influence in Face-to-Face Groups? The Competence-Signaling
Effects of Trait Dominance," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
Effects of Trait Dominance," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
2009, Vol, 96, No. 2, 491-503.
2009, Vol, 96, No. 2, 491-503.
Introverts working with
Introverts working with
extroverts
extroverts
1.Recognize extroverts’ need to interact
1.Recognize extroverts’ need to interact
and think out loud.
and think out loud.
2.Appreciate extroverts’ need for small
2.Appreciate extroverts’ need for small
talk; prepare a few light conversation
talk; prepare a few light conversation
topics.
topics.
3.Get on the agenda for meetings or chair
3.Get on the agenda for meetings or chair
them.
them.
4.Expect to brainstorm; do some thinking
4.Expect to brainstorm; do some thinking
in advance.
in advance.
5.Jump in; interject when necessary—in a
5.Jump in; interject when necessary—in a
Extroverts working with introverts
Extroverts working with introverts
1.Recognize introverts’ need for reflection time
1.Recognize introverts’ need for reflection time
before they state their views.
before they state their views.
2.Extroverts: get your social fix ahead of time.
2.Extroverts: get your social fix ahead of time.
3.Schedule meetings; don’t drop in on introverts.
3.Schedule meetings; don’t drop in on introverts.
4.Don’t interrupt; if you tend to do so, count to
4.Don’t interrupt; if you tend to do so, count to
three in your head before you speak.
three in your head before you speak.
