Claudia Cassatella • Attilia Peano
Editors
Landscape Indicators
Assessing and Monitoring Landscape Quality
ISBN 978-94-007-0365-0 e-ISBN 978-94-007-0366-7 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0366-7
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Cover illustration: Isola Bella seen from Stresa (Italy). Photo Giacomo Chiesa
Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Editors
Dr. Claudia Cassatella, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio Politecnico and Università di Torino Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39 10125 Torino
Italy
Prof. Attilia Peano
Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio Politecnico and Università di Torino Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39 10125 Torino
Italy
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Foreword
Landscape policies and planning have been developed increasingly in Europe over the last decade, especially due to the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 20 October 2000). The ELC promotes landscape knowledge, assessment, policies, planning and the creation of Observatories or Centres for the landscape. Conse-quently, the need for indicators to evaluate and monitor the effects of landscape policies and plans is pressing. As a matter of fact, studies concerning landscape in-dicators are rare and recent. This book presents an exploration of the issues and op-tions for landscape assessment and monitoring, bringing together the results of the research carried out by our experts and key findings from other important works.
The contents of the book are the result of academic research carried out by the Inter-University Department of Urban and Regional Studies (Diter) of the Poly-technic and University of Torino (Italy) under the scientific direction of Prof. Attilia Peano and the patronage of the European Network of Local and Regional Authori-ties for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention (ENELC). The research was made possible through funding of Fondazione CRT Torino—Progetto Alfieri; additional support for the project was provided by the Piemonte Regional Authority—Landscape Planning Department.
The volume deals with the definition and use of specific indicators for landscape assessment and monitoring. In order to deal with the complexity of the landscape, the subject was developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts in landscape ecol-ogy, landscape history, landscape perception, territorial planning, strategic envi-ronmental assessment and envienvi-ronmental impact assessment procedures, and multi criteria assessment methods.
The book is addressed, in particular, to European researchers, scholars, prac-titioners in landscape and territorial planning, and regional and local government officials who are responsible for landscape and planning, Strategic Environmen-tal Assessment, and EnvironmenEnvironmen-tal Impact Assessment. Moreover, it provides key references for studying landscape from a multidisciplinary perspective. Book and research scientific direction by Prof. Attilia Peano.
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Contents
1 Landscape Assessment and Monitoring ... 1
Attilia Peano and Claudia Cassatella
2 Indicators Assessment Systems ... 15
Marta Bottero
3 Indicators Used for Landscape ... 31
Claudia Cassatella and Angioletta Voghera
4 Landscape Assessment: The Ecological Profile ... 47 Francesca Finotto 5 Indicators for the Assessment of Historic Landscape Features ... 77 Mauro Volpiano 6 Assessing Visual and Social Perceptions of Landscape ... 105 Claudia Cassatella 7 Land Use Indicators for Landscape Assessment ... 141 Angioletta Voghera 8 Assessing the Economic Aspects of Landscape ... 167 Marta Bottero 9 Proposal for a Set of Indicators ... 193
Attilia Peano, Marta Bottero and Claudia Cassatella
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Contributors
Dr. Marta Bottero, PhD Dipartimento Casa-Città, Politecnico di Torino, viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Claudia Cassatella, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Francesca Finotto, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Prof. Attilia Peano Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Angioletta Voghera, PhD Dipartimento Interateneo Territorio, Politecnico ed Università di Torino, Viale Pier Andrea Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
Dr. Mauro Volpiano, PhD Dipartimento Casa-Città, Politecnico di Torino, viale Mattioli 39, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Abbreviations
AAA Association of Environmental Analysts ADBPO Basin Authority of Po River
APAT Italian Environmental Protection Agency and Technical Services
ARPA Regional Environmental Protection Agency BTC Biological and Territorial Capacity
CATAP Co-ordination of Technical and Scientific Associations for Environment and Landscape
CBCP Italian Cultural Heritage and Landscape Code
CED-PPN European Documentation Centre on Natural Park Planning CIVILSCAPE Civil Society Network for the European Landscape Convention CMEF Common Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
CNR Italian National Research Centre
CoE Council of Europe
CORINE Coordination de l’Information sur l’Environnement CQC Countryside Quality Counts
CTN-NEB National Thematic Centres, Nature and Biodiversity DESDA-CSD Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Commission
on Sustainable Development
DPSIR Driving Forces, Pressure, State, Impact, Response
ECC European Economic Community
ECI European Common Indicators
ECNC European Centre for Nature Conservation
EEA European Environment Agency
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ELC European Landscape Convention
ELCAI European Landscape Character Assessment Initiative ELISA EnvironmentaL Indicators for Sustainable Agriculture ELPEN European Livestock Policy Evaluation Network
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ENELC European Network of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of European Landscape Convention ENRISK Environmental Risk Assessment for European
Agriculture
ESDP European Spatial Development Perspective
ESL European Statistical Laboratory
ESPON European Spatial Planning Observation Network
EU European Union
EUROSTAT Statistical Office of European Communities
GIS Geographical Information Systems
IFEN Istitut Français de l’Environnement
INEA Italian National Institute of Agrarian Economy
IRENA Indicator Reporting on the Integration of Environmental Concerns into Agricultural Policy
ISTIL Italian Institute of Science and Technology on Light Pollution
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JCR Joint Research Centre of the European Commission
JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee
LCA Landscape Character Assessment
MCPFE Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe
MiBAC Italian Ministry on Cultural Heritage and Activities
MTT Agrifood Research Finland
NIJOS Norsk Institutt for Jord Og Skogkartlegging
OCS Turin Polytechnic Observatory on Sustainable Cities
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development
PECSRL Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape
PPR, PTR, PTPR Regional Landscape Plan, Regional Territorial Plan, Regional Territorial and Landscape Plan
PSR Rural Development Plan
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SIC Site of Community Importance
SPA Special Protection Area
SPES (NORDREGIO) Study Programme on European Spatial Planning TEPI Towards Environmental Pressure Indicators for the
European Union
UN United Nations
UNCHS United Nations Centre for Human Settlements
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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UNISCAPE European Network of Universities for the Implementation of European Landscape Convention
USDA United States Department of Agriculture USDI United States Department of Interiors
VALSAT Environmental and Territorial Sustainability Assessment WHS World Heritage Sites