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A Source Book in the History of Psychology
Description: This is a source book unique in its scope, clarity, and general interest. Its 116 excerpts range in time from Epicurus (ca. 300 B.C.) to the turn of the present century and sometimes, when continuity requires, a little beyond (as to K. S. Lashley, 1929). It includes excerpts from Kepler (1604) on the inverted retinal image, Descartes (1650) on the soul's interaction with the machine of the body, Newton (1675) on the seven colors of the spectrum, Locke (1700) on association of ideas, Whytt (1751) on the spinal reflex, Weber (1834) on Weber's law, Darwin (1859) on evolution, Sechenov (1863) on reflexology, Hughlings Jackson (1884) on nervous dissolution, William James (1890) on associationism, Thorndike, Pavlov, Wertheimer, Watson, and 70 other great figures in the history of psychology.
Arranged by topic rather than in the usual strict chronological order, each of the first fourteen chapters traces the development of one important subject in experimental and quantitative psychology. The final chapter discusses the history of thinking about the nature of psychology itself. The editors provide an introduction to each chapter and each excerpt, indicating the significance of the content to follow and establishing historical continuity.
Contents: PART I: SENSORY SPECIFICATION Aristotle on the Five Senses, ca. 350 BCE
Isaac Newton on the Seven Colors of the Spectrum, 1675 Isaac Newton on the Color Circle, 1704
Thomas Young on Newton and the Excitation of the Retina by Colors, 1802 John Locke on Primary and Secondary Qualities, 1690
Charles Bell on Spinal Nerve Roots, 1811 François Magendie on Spinal Nerve Roots, 1822 Charles Bell on the Specificity of Sensory Nerves, 1811 Johannes Muffler on the Specific Energies of Nerves, 1838
Ernst Heinrich Weber on the Sense of Touch and Common Sensibility, 1846
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz on the Three-Color Theory of Vision and Visual Specific Nerve Energies, 1860
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz on the Resonance Theory of Hearing and Auditory Specific Nerve Energies, 1863
Max von Frey on the Four Cutaneous Senses, 1904
Edward Bradford Titchener on the Number of Sensory Elements, 1896 PART II: PSYCHOPHYSICS AND SENSORY MEASUREMENT
Pierre Bouguer on the Differential Threshold for Illumination, 1760
Charles Eduard Joseph Delezenne on the Differential Threshold for the Pitch of Tones, 1827 Ernst Heinrich Weber on Weber's Law, 1834
Gustav Theodor Fechner on Fechner's Law, 1860
Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau on the Measurement of Sensation, 1872
Joseph Rémi Leopold Delboeuf on Sensed Contrast as the Measure of Sensation, 1883 Edward Bradford Titchener on the Sense Distance as the Measure of Sensation, 1905 PART III: THE RETINAL IMAGE AND THE ORIENTATION OF PERCEIVED OBJECTS
Epicurus on Perception of Objects as Mediated by the Images that Emanate from the Objects, ca. 300 BCE Johannes Kepler on the Crystalline Humor as a Lens and the Inversion of the Retinal Image, 1604
William Molyneux on the Inverted Retinal Image, 1692
Johannes Miller on Subjective Visual Size and Position in Relation to the Retinal Image, 1826 George Malcolm Stratton on Visual Localization and the Inversion of the Retinal Image, 1897 PART IV: THE VISUAL PERCEPTION OF SIZE AND DISTANCE
René Descartes on the Visual Perception of Size, Shape, and Distance, 1638 George Berkeley on the Visual Perception of Distance and Magnitude, 1709
Charles Wheatstone on Binocular Parallax and the Stereoscopic Perception of Depth, 1838 PART V: NATIVISTIC AND EMPIRISTIC THEORIES OF SPACE PERCEPTION
Immanuel Kant on the A Priori Nature of Space, 1781
Rudolf Hermann Lotze on Local Signs in Their Relation to the Perception of Space, 1852 Ernst Heinrich Weber on Sensory Circles and Cutaneous Space Perception, 1852
Ewald Hering on the Nativistic Theory of Visual Space Perception, 1864 Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz on Empiricism in Perception, 1866
Max Wertheimer on the Phi Phenomenon as an Example of Nativism in Perception, 1912 PART VI: OBJECTIVE REFERENCE
George Berkeley on the Role of Association in the Objective Reference of Perception, 1709 Thomas Reid on the Distinction between Sensation and Perception, 1785
Thomas Brown on Sensation, Perception, and the Associative Explanation of Objective Reference, 1820 John Stuart Mill on the Permanent Possibilities of Sensation, 1865
Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz on Perception and the Unconscious Conclusion, 1866 Edward Bradford Titchener on the Context Theory of Meaning, 1910
Edwin Bissell Holt on Response as the Essence of Cognition, 1915
Max Wertheimer on Objects as Immediately Given to Consciousness, 1923 PART VII: CEREBRAL LOCALIZATION
René Descartes on the Interaction of Mind and Brain, 1650
Franz Joseph Gall on Phrenology, the Localization of the Functions of the Brain, 1825 Pierre Jean Marie Flourens on the Functions of the Brain, 1824
Paul Broca on the Speech Center, 1861
Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig on Cerebral Motor Centers, 1870 John Hughlings Jackson on Dissolution of the Nervous System, 1884 Shepherd Ivory Franz on the Variability of the Motor Centers, 1915 Karl Spencer Lash!ey on Cerebral Equipotentiality and Mass Action, 1929 Henry Head on Vigilance, 1926
PART VIII: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ISOMORPHISM
Ewald Hering: Anticipation of Psychophysiolgical Isomorphism, 1878 Georg Elias Muller on the Psychophysical Axioms, 1896
Max Wertheimer on the Isomorphic Relation between Seen Movement and Cortical Short Circuit, 1912 Wolfgang Kohler on Isomorphism, 1920
PART IX: THE REFLEX
René Descartes on Mechanism in Human Action, 1662
Julien Offray de la Mettrie on the Extension of Mechanism to the Human Soul, 1748 David Hart!ey on Voluntary and Involuntary Action, 1749
Robert Whytt on Empirical Reflexology, 1751 George Prochaska on the Nervous System, 1784 Marshall Hall on the Spinal Nervous System, 1843, 1850
Ivan Miehailovieh Seehenov on Reflexology and Psychology, 1863 John Dewey against Reflexology, 1896
PART X: ASSOCIATION
Aristotle on the Associative Nature of Memory, ca. 350 BCE Thomas Hobbes on the Train of Thought, 1651
John Locke on Disorders of the Mind, 1700
George Berkeley on Arbitrary Connections among Ideas, 1733 David Hume on a Psychological Analogue of Gravitation, 1739
David Hartley on Association: Successive and Simultaneous, Simple and Complex, 1749 Thomas Brown on the Secondary Laws of Association, 1820
James Mill on Mental Mechanics, 1829 John Stuart Mill on Mental Chemistry, 1843 Herbert Spencer on Intelligence, 1855
William James on the Limitations of Associationism, 1890
Wilhelm Wundt on Psychological Analysis and Creative Synthesis, 1896 PART XI: EVOLUTION AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Charles Robert Darwin on the Theory of Evolution, 1859 Francis Galton on the Inheritance of Intelligence, 1869 Francis Galton on Mental Capacity, 1883
James McKeen Cattell on Mental Tests, 1890
Alfred Binet and Victor Henri on the Psychology of Individual Differences, 1895 Hermann Ebbinghaus on the Completion Test, 1897
Stella Emily Sharp on a Test of Mental Testing, 1899 Clark Wissler on the Inadequacy of Mental Tests, 1901 Charles Edward Spearman on General Intelligence, 1904 William Stern on the Mental Quotient, 1912
PART XII: COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
George John Romanes on Comparative Psychology, 1882 Conwy Lloyd Morgan on Lloyd Morgan's Canon, 1894
Jacques Loeb on Associative Memory, 1899
Herbert Spencer Jennings on the Continuity of Psychological Processes, 1906 PART XIII: FUNCTIONALISM
William James on the Function of Consciousness, 1890 James Mark Baldwin on the Psychology of Children, 1895 James Rowland Angell on Functionalism, 1906
John Broadus Watson on Behaviorism, 1913 PART XIV: LEARNING
Hermann Ebbinghaus on the Learning of Nonsense Syllables, 1995 Mary Whiton Calkins on the Learning of Paired Associates, 1896 Edward Lee Thorndike on Animal Learning, 1898
Robert Mearns Yerkes on the Intelligence of the Turtle, 1901 Willard Stanton Small on the Maze, 1901
Edward Lee Thorndike and Robert Sessions Woodworth on Transfer of Training, 1901 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov on Conditioned Reflexes, 1904
Wolfgang Kohler on the Insight of Apes, 1917 PART XV:
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