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Some factors affecting magnesium uptake by citrus leaves : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Horticultural Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

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SOME FACTORS AFFECTIIW !lA.GNESIUH UPTAKE BY CITRUS LEAVES

A thasi s pr e;scnte:~ in l)r.;rtial fulfilment of the r oquircments for tho Deer oc of

Master of Horticultural Science at Massey University

Palmerston North New Zoalan0.

by

Shnli0re .. m Ku1:1ar Thapa

(3)

A B S T ,h A C T

Pineap~le sweet oran~e seedlings and rooted leaf bud

cuttings of Meyer lo~ons were used to investigate the effects of some cf the factors affecting mac:;nesium u1.:;take by leaves. Magnesiun was cteterrnined by thiazol e yellow nethot of Drosdoff and Nearpass ( 1948) anc1 u:,take was usually m0asured 24 hours after spray treat• ent.

It was shown that the addi t ion of wetting a5ents to

nacnesiuD nitr2.te sprays si t;nificant1.y increased the u1)tako of mac;nesiun '.)y l eaves. The nonionic wetter (Terrie GN9) at the very l ow (0.01% a.i.) anr~ high (0.08 - 0.1% a.i.) concentratio.ns di e~ not affect nc1.c;nesiu,:1 uptake, whereas at interi11ediate

con-centrations, ma5nesium uptake was increased.

Use of the humectant clycerine at 1 or 2 percent sie

nif-icantly increase,, the uptake of nagnesiu1a by leaves, compared

with sprays to which no: slycerine was added, but had no bene-ficial effect o,ver sprays which contained a nonionic wetter

(Te·rric GN9).

Magnosium uptake by leaves grown in 100% relative humidity

for two weeks was greater than the uptake by leaves grown in

(4)

Both morning ar.d tho evening sprays resulted in great er

uptake of magnesium by :!_oavos, compared with afternoon sprays.

A significant increase in l eaf magnesium concentration occurred after 2 hours of a magnosiur:1 nitrate spray appli ca-tion. Loaf magnesium concentration rose steeply for 24 hours after spraying, thereafter remaining constant. (Becaus;) it was not possible to measure the degr ee of magnesium transport out of the l eaf, it i s not cl ear whether m&gnesium uptake, in fact, stopped after 24 hours).

Of the three magnesium salts used, magnesium nitrate and magnof;ium c hloridG sprays rGsll.ll t ed in groa tor magnesium upta.i..:e by l 0aves, compar ed with magnesium sulphate sprays.

Uptake varied wi th tho cone entra.tion of magnesium in. the l eaves. The lower the concentration of ~agnesium in the leaves, the l oss the uptake of magnesiur:;i by loaves, and tho hie;hcr the cone entration o.f magnesium, the higher tho uptake of magnesium.

(5)

Thus the incroo.w in the % l eaf cone ontration · of i:lai:)1Gsium

in the high nitros2n ; lants waE dcubl o that of tho low nitrogen

pl ants. This may to a direct effect of the low l oaf nitroccn

or an inc1.irec t one .h1c to tho in:uc cc'. low lce.f ;-1ac;nosim1 in

those plants.

(6)

-A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

I gratefully ecknc~lotl~G tho continuous

assistanc0 ant guidance of Hr D.A. Slaie of the

Dopartucnt of Horticulture, Massey University in

conplotinc this project. My sincere thanks also go to Professor J.A. Veale of the Department of Horticurlture for his nsGful sugiestions and ac1.vico.

This stutly was made possibl e by financial

assistance from t~e Ne~ Zoal anJ Department of

External Affairs under the Colonbo Plan. I ac very

(7)

1 •

2.

INTRODUCTION

.'f'ABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAFER 1

CHAPTER 2

FOLIAR APPLICATION OF NUTRIENTS

· CHAPTER 3

LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1. Pathways of ponetrc..tion of nutrients,

her:Jie.i.dos and other substances into the

leaf.

3.

1. 1.

3.

1. 2.

3

.1.3.

3. 1.5.

Entry through stomata

Structure of tho cuticle

3.1.2.1. 3.1.2.2. 3.1.2.3. St:r-ucturo wa.11 Structure Mechanisms

3.1.5.1.

3.1.5.2.

3.1.5.3.

Physical nature of tho

pl:mt cuticle

Chemical nature of tho

plant cuticle

Tho role of the cuticle

anc1.. na.ture of the. col l

of the plasma-mem :Jr ane

of foliar penetra.tion

Mechanism.s of po

netra-tio.n in tho cuticle

Mech2..nism.s· o,f pe

netra-tion in the cell wall

Mechanisms of

penetra-tion in the p

lasma-membrane

(8)

3.2 .. Fae tors .3.f f cc tinr 11011otr.:-, ti •_,n an'.l

3.2. 1. Pl.s.nt factors

3.2.1.1.

l.il.0Vornont 30 30

of tho ~lant cuticle 30

3.2. 1.2. AGO C• f the l oaf

3

.

2

.1.

3

.

Leaf surfaces and

rJorpholocy

3.2.1.4. Mineral status of tho

lc:i.f

3.2.2 .. External factors

3

.

2

.

2

.1.

3

.

2

.

2

.

2

.

3

.

2

.

2

.

3

.

3.2.2.4.

3

.

2

.

2

.

5

.

3.2.2.6.

3

.

2

.

2

.7.

The citrus leaf U12tak.e of ma.c;nesium anr_~, other crops

3.4. 1. Glasshouse 3.4.1.1.

3

.

4

.1.

2

.

Licht

Temperature

Humidity

pH of the s~r~y so lu-tions

Surfactants Humectants

Solute characteristics

b;:t: 1-oaves of citrus

and luborator;:t: studios Tho effect of different magnesium s.:1.l ts on magnesium absorption The effect of differ-ant spreaders and hygroscopic aeonts on

ma.gnes ium abs ori)tion

(9)

ThG r~to of O~OGiULl

ahaorption

Tho effect of sprc.l.ying

at different hours of

the d~y

Tho effect of nitrogen

lovol

The effect of macncsiun 53

55

57

level 60

Plant responses to fi 81.d concU t ions 62

3

.

4

.

2

.

1

.

3.4.2

.

2.

3

.

4

.

2

.

3

.

Responses to citrus

Miscellaneous responses

The effect of nitrogen

level

Tho effect of magnesium

lovel

M~rne.sium nobility studies

Literature review Summary

62

66

69

71

(10)

CHAPTER 4

MATERIALS AND KCTH0DS

4. 1 • 'rhe experi1:1ents

4,2. Con11Josition an~l ;,reraration of concentratecl

nutrient stock solution for experiments

4

.

3

.

.

Techniques usorl_ in crowinc pinea;;ple sweet

oranee seedlings

4

.

6

.

4

.

7.

Sowin5 of seeds

Planting out

Fcojin3 the ~lents

0rowi n,:; ?_!__!'1_eyer l oaon l eaf bud. cuttine;s

Exeerimontal ncthods

4.5,1.

4.5.2.

Spraying techniques

Ex1Jerimental desi gn

Leaf sampl es and analysis

4.6.1.

4.

6

.

2

.

4

.

6

.

3

.

4.6.4,

Sampling techniques

Cloanin

g-Ashing

Techniques of leaf magnesium

analysis

Statistics

(11)

CHAPTER

5

5. 1. Ex~eriment I

Tho effect of different wetting a~ents on the uptako of m~~nosiuw by l eaves.

5.2. Ex~erirnont II

Tho effect of :iiffercmt concentrations of a

noni onic wetter (Terrie GN9) on tho uptake of

magnesium by leaves.

5

.

3.

Ex]'cffirirnnt III

93

93

96

Tho eff0ct of different concentrations of

cl ycorine on tho uptake of rna~nesius by l eaves. 101

5

.

4

.

Ex?erinont IV

The effect of hm-:1.idi ty on tho uptake o-f

magncsiu• by l eaves.

5

.

~

.

~xp~riment V

The effect of srraying at different times of the

d~y on the uptake of magnosiun by l eaves.

5

.

6

.

Exuerinent VI

103

105

The rat e of uptake of ma[';nesium by l eaves. 107

5

.

7

.

~ _periment_~II

The effect of different 3aGnesium salts on tho uptake o-f mac;nosiun by leaves.

5

.

8

.

Experiment VIII

The effect of l eaf magnesium l evel on the uptake of magnesium by leaves

110

(12)

6.

7.

5

.9.

Expcrirucnt IX

Tho ofL:c t of l eaf ni troGon l.evel on the

CHAFER 6

DISCUSSION OF THE DATA

CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER

7.

115

117

(13)

TABLE

LIST OF TABLES

Sto~atal pore si zes of citrus l oaves

(Turrell,

1

94

7).

2 Th8 effect of tlifforent raacnosium salts

on na5nesium absorption

(Fi.sher anc Walker,

1

9

55).

3 Th~ effect of three spreaders an magnesium

atsorption from a 5 per cent Mgso

4.7H2o spray applic~tion (Fisher and Walker,

1955)

4 The effect of glycerine, carbowax and m2thyl

cel losolve on cagnesium atsorption fro• a

5 per cent Msso

4.?H2

o

spro.y applicati on (Fisher end Walker,

(1955)

5 The rat o of e1acnosi.um al:sorpti.on over a 12

day period (Fi.sher and Walkeri

1955)

6 Tho effect of Mgso

4.?H2o solution applied at

different hours 6urinB the day

(OlGnd and Opiand,

19

56

).

7 Moan concentration of elements(% dry weight)

in l oaves (Ford,

196?).

8 Effects o-f mat;nesium treahi.ents on the

concentration of magnesiun in the l eaves of

PAGE

48

50

52

53

55

57

62

Valoncict orange (Embl eton anc1 Jones,

1959)

65

9 Magnesium concentration in grape leaves as

affected :.)y spray and soi l application of

Mgso

(14)

Ti1.:3LE

(ForE:hey,

1

95.9

)

.

7

0

1 1 ~-~0 an con contra t ion of clo:-:ieot:__: (% dYIY •-,;,,1· .',ht) Jo• L ' . . J . D

in l eovcs, stc1.TIE.i :--:nrJ root::. (Fora,

1966)

.

7.

3

t M ( ..,-,, ) ~r O 1 · t ·

cen . g ~u

3 2.b~2

pray

pp 1ca 10n.

9~

-12a Tho effect of different ~ctting agents usca

~t 80~ wettability of th~ loaf area.

13 The effect of rJifferent concontro.t iono of D

nonionic wettorr (Torrie GN9) on the upta}:o of

i:nar;nosi um by l eaves from a 2.5 per cont

13a The visual nsscfJ;::iii1ent of the ,,ottine of tho

upper surface of the citrus leaves by

To rric GN9.

14

The effect of different concentrations of

97

99

gl ycerine on ths uptako of ma~nasium by l eaves

from a

2

.

5

per cent

hl

g(No

3

)

2

.

6E

2

0

spray application.

15

The effect of humidity on the uptcko of

mari:nosium by leaves from n

2

.

5

per cent

102

(15)

TABLE

1 6 The effect of s::raying at ,1iffcrent tiri1os of

the day on the u11take 0f ::1a1:.,nesiw,1 by leaves

frorn a 2.5 percent

Mg(No

3)2.6H2

o

spray

PAGE

a~plication. 106

17

The rate of uptake of ~asnesiu• by l eaves

from a 2.5 percent Mc,(~m

3)2.6H20 srray

a~plication. 108

18 The effect of different TiaGnesiug salts on the

uptake of • aGnesium by l oavos.

19 Th(: effect of leaf ;:1aGnesiu::1 l ovel on the

uptake of ua~nesiuc by leavos frora a 2.5

por-cent

Mc

(

No

3)2.6H2

o

sprny application. 20 The effect of leaf nitroeen level on tho

uptake of nacnesium by leaves from a 2.5

per-1 per-1 per-1

113

(16)
[image:16.542.79.492.91.798.2]

LIS'I' OF FIGURES AND PLA'I1ES ...

-

~----

..

FIGURE

rrjpothotical structure of tho functional

asject s nf the rlant cuticle (Foy et al; 1967) , 10

1 a A c1.i asrai7! showin:.c, the su~stances th2.t r1ny compose tho cell wall (Miller,

1

938)

.

2 Tho level of P32 activity found in the ;otiol e

fol lowinc, a 4-hour l}ericc' of trn.nslocation fron tho blac'l,) as a function of pH of tho an-'lie,~

solutisn (Sv.r-.:i_nson am1. \'/hitney,

1

953

)

3

The rate of a~sorJt ion of nitrocen, ;hosfborus

4

and macnosiu• from s}rays applieC to tho l ower sur fac '..: ,:: f McIntosh a~:_;_-·le leaves

(Fisher an~ Valker,

1

955

)

,

Standard wettins chart for citrus l oav0s

5

The standarf curve of wettability of tho upper

surface of the citrus l eaves fer different

vret tin~: at~onts .

6 The effect 8f different concontruticns of a nonionic wetter (Torrie GN9) on ~ho uptake of uagnesiura by l eaves.

6a The effect of different concentrations of a

nonionic wetter (Terrie

G

N9

)

on the wettinG 0£ the uprer surface of the citrus l e&ves.

7

The rate of uptake of macnesium by l eaves.

8

Tho effect of l oaf magnesium 1cvol on the

uptake of m,:1,.enesiu1.1 by l oaves.

PLATE

Pinoappi o sweot orange seodlinG supflied with

hich and low lGvel of nitrocen.

1

8

38

54

83

84

98

100

1

09

114

88

(17)

APPENDIX

LIST OF APPENDICES

Comi)ositio:n cf concentrated. nutric,nt stock solution for exJerirnonts I, II, III, V, VI, VII -?tlllt VIII.

2 Couposi tio,n of cone ontrated nutrient stock solution for experiment IX.

3 Quan ti tati ve r.iicro c.~eterminntion o,f ;nacnesium in plant tissue and soil extracts.

4

5

A rapid colorimetric method. Nitr'Jge:n analysis.

Analysis of vnriance of the eff0ct of diffo r-ont '!lotting agents on the uptake of magnosiur.1 by leaves.

6

Analysis of variance of the effect of diffe

r-ent wettinc agents used on the uptake of

magnesium by l eaves, at

80%

wettability of tho l eaf area.

7 Analysis of variance of tho effect of diffe

r-ent concentrations of a n,.,nionic (Terrie GN9)

on the uptake of magnesium by leaves.

7a Analysis of variance o·f the visual assessment

of the wettins of the upper surface of the citrus loaves hy Terrie GN9.

8 Analysis of variance of the effect of d

iffer-ent concentrations of vlycerino on the uptake

of magnesium by leaves.

PAGE

134

.

135

136

13

9

142

142

143

143

(18)

APPENDIX

9 Analysis of variance of tho effect of humid

-i ty on tho uptake ,::,f m?.cnesium ty l oaves.

10 Analysis cf varianc0 of the effect 0f spray

-ins at differunt times of the day.

11 Analysi s of varianc o of the r:1 te of uptake of

JQ[uosium by leaves.

12 Analysis 0f variance of th& effect of differ

-ent mnEnesium. salts on the uptake of me.cnesium

ty leaves.

1

3

Analysi s of variance of the effect of l eaf

rnagnosiu• lovol on the uptake of magnesium

l,y l0aves.

14

Analysis of variance of the effect of l oaf

nitrogen Level on the uptclrn of ma6nosium

cy leaves.

PAGE

14

6

1

4

6

1

47

148

(19)

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

Nutrient sprays, these days, are becoming increasingly

important to supplement the mineral requirements o:f the

crops to increase crop production.··

Nutrient sprays may be important in two directions.

(i) Where soil application of fertilizers is not responsive

or very slow.

(ii) To prevent the development of a deficiency symptom vary

sonn before the trouble is expected or immediately it

has app€ared.

1

But the responses of nutrient sprays are influenced by

environmental factors (both physical and chemical) and plant

!actors. Magnesium absorption is not an exception to these

factors. Leaves of same plant species do not sho,w responses

to magnesium sal.t sprays, while o.thers do • . Soil application

of magnesium salts on the other hand, has been slow. in action

or has not been effective or partially effective. Foliage

application of magnesium sal.ts appears to be superior to soil

application in increasing the concentration of magnesium in

the leaves and in reducing deficiency syptoms. But the

respoilS'es are not consistent.

The present study, therefore, was undertaken to

(20)

2

affect the magnesium absorption by citrus leaves. The

Figure

FIGURE rrjpo thotic al structure of tho functi onal

References

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