This is a repository copy of
Improved parallel mesh generation through dynamic
load-balancing
.
White Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1659/
Proceedings Paper:
Touheed, N. and Jimack, P.K. (1997) Improved parallel mesh generation through dynamic
load-balancing. In: Topping, B.H.V., (ed.) Advances in Computational Mechanics with
Parallel and Distributed Processing. The First Euro-Conference on Parallel and Distributed
Computing for Computational Mechanics, 26th April-1st May 1997, Lochinver, Scotland.
Civil-Comp Press , Edinburgh , pp. 105-111. ISBN 0-948749-47-4
[email protected]
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/
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This is an author produced version of a paper published in
Advances in
Computational Mechanics with Parallel and Distributed Processing.
White Rose Repository URL for this paper:
http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1659/
Published paper
Touheed, N. and Jimack, P.K. (1997) Improved parallel mesh generation through dynamic
load-balancing. In: Topping, B.H.V., (ed.) Advances in Computational Mechanics with
Parallel and Distributed Processing. The First Euro-Conference on Parallel and
Distributed Computing for Computational Mechanics, 26th April-1st May 1997, Lochinver,
Scotland. Civil-Comp Press , Edinburgh, pp. 105-111. ISBN 0-948749-47-4
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