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Analysis of voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current under DC line-to-earth fault

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Figure

Table 1.  Possible Earthing points of DC Converter System
Fig.  1.  Two-terminal VSC-HVDC system with DC cable line-to-earth Fault, with AC transformer earthed on the (a) Converter side, and (b) the grid side
Fig.  2.  Simplified system layout during a line-to-earth fault with: (a) Earthing configuration S1; (b) Earthing configuration S2; (c) Single sub-module for MMC; (d) Equivalent Converter layout of blocked MMC
Fig.  3 Simulated waveforms during line-to-earth fault: DC link unearthed/AC transformer earthed (S1), with freewheeling diode current through (g) top diode group (D1, D3, and D5 ), and  (h) bottom diode group (D2, D4, and D6)
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