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Nanostructured Energy Conversion

Nanostructured Energy

 

Conversion

 

for

 

Low

power

 

Energy

 

Harvesting

 

De ices and Be ond for Hi h po er

Devices

 

and

 

Beyond

 

for

 

High

power

 

‘Sun

to

fiber'

 

Solar

 

Devices

Michael Oye and Nobuhiko “Nobby” Kobayashi

Advanced Studies Laboratories and 

Department of Electrical Engineering, 

University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) NASA A R h C t

NASA Ames Research Center, 

Moffett Field (near Sunnyvale/Mountain View), CA February 21 2013

(2)

M. Oye’s research acknowledgments

M.

 

Oye s research

 

acknowledgments

UC Santa Cruz

UC Sa ta C u

– Nobby Kobayashi, J. Varelas

Research and Educational

– Robert Cormia (Foothill College), W. Vercoutere (NASA), P. Minogue (UCSC), B. Le Boeuf (UCSC), T. 

Siegel (UCSC) G Ringold (UCSC) Siegel (UCSC), G. Ringold (UCSC)

NASA Ames Research Center

M Meyyappan J Koehne J Li

– M. Meyyappan, J. Koehne, J. Li

Others

(3)

Outline

Part

 

1:

 

Michael

 

Oye

y

– Activities in Advanced Studies Laboratories (ASL), @ NASA 

Ames in Silicon Valley

– Educational activities in ASL (research, training, and 

characterization equipment)

– Equipment in UCSC MACS FacilityEquipment in UCSC MACS Facility 

at NASA Ames Research Center

– Nanostructured energygy conversion for Low‐powerp  Energygy 

Harvesting Devices

• Piezoelectric Nanowires

Part

 

2:

 

Nobby Kobayashi

– Thermoelectric Nanowires

(4)

Welcome

 

to

 

the

 

Advanced

 

Studies

 

Laboratory

Advanced Studies Laboratory 

Wenonah Vercoutere, ASL Co‐Director for NASA Ames

Burney Le Boeuf, ASL Co‐Director for UCSC

Michael Oye Associate ASL Director for UCSC and

Michael Oye, Associate ASL Director for UCSC and 

Director of the Materials Analysis for 

Collaborative Science (MACS) Facility

Joseph Varelas, Lab Manager, MACS Facility

Peter Minogue, Marketing and Outreach, ASL

NASA Ames Research Center

Steven Zornetzer, Associate Center Director

Steven Zornetzer, Associate Center Director

University of California Santa Cruz Silicon Valley Initiatives

G d Ri ld Di t

4

March 2012

Gordon Ringold, Director

(5)

Advanced Studies Laboratory (ASL) Research Areas Life Sciences/ Astrobiology (e.g. Biomedical) Applied  Materials (e.g. Advanced E l ti ) Energy solutions)

MACS

Sensors &  Networks (e g Advanced

MACS Facility: (e.g. Advanced 

Electronics)

MACS Facility:

Materials Analysis and Characterization for new MATERIALS across

t diti l di i li d traditional disciplines and establishments

(6)

Purpose of ASL: Partnership between UCSC and NASA Ames to Advanced Studies Laboratory Mission Statement

Purpose of ASL: Partnership between UCSC and NASA Ames to

provide cohesive management and oversight for fostering collaborative research in Silicon Valley

The mission of ASL is to create an open and dynamic environment supporting research, technology development, and educational

opportunities to benefit both parties.

We are cross-disciplinary and cross-institutional.

Adapting to Changing Classroom Environment

Adapting to Changing Classroom Environment

Michael Oye (UCSC and SJSU) & Robert Cormia (Foothill College), with Wenonah Vercoutere (NASA), Nobby, Kobayashi (UCSC), Joey Varelas (UCSC), Peter Minogue (UCSC), and Burney Le Boeuf (UCSC) Varelas (UCSC), Peter Minogue (UCSC), and Burney Le Boeuf (UCSC)

(7)

“Adapting

 

to

 

a

 

Changing

 

Classroom

 

f

h

Environment”…

from

 

what

?

Interdisciplinary

 

Research

 

Activities

Subject

 

and

 

Equipment

Online

 

Course

 

Delivery

(8)

What

 

we

 

are

 

doing

 

in

 

the

 

Advanced

 

Studies

 

Laboratories

 

in

 

Silicon

 

Valley

 

to

 

address

 

the

 

changing

 

classroom

 

environment

:

Integrating

 

innovative

 

methods

 

for

 

Silicon

 

Valley

Teach what to do with information

Teach what to do with information

Be flexible (Subject & schedulingBe flexible  (Subject & scheduling  No “Typical” Student)No  Typical  Student)

Interactive engagement with hands‐on lab projects

Scalable (Infrastructure & model)

Place for new ideas to grow I2

Incubating Innovation Incubating Individuals Incubating Incubating Innovation, Incubating Individuals, Incubating 

Ideas, etc… 

(9)

Timeline

Spring  ’13 • UCSC EE293 Fall  ’13 • UCSC EE293, FutureIntegration of • UCSC EE293   Solid State 

class with lab 

component in  UCSC MACS UCSC EE293,  Semiconductor  Processing and  Characterization SJSU M tE 265 Integration of  Laboratory  components  to MS EE  Courses for UCSC MACS,  supported by  Foothill  College • SJSU MatE 265, Fundamentals of  Nanomaterials • Foothill College, Courses for  Silicon Valley  Professionals http://www.ee.ucsc.edu/g raduates/silicon‐valley g Summer  ’13 • Course  d l f Foothill College, Nanocharacterization • UCSC Extension 2014Expand  laboratory raduates/silicon‐valley development for  integration of  coordinated  courses between 

UCSC SJSU and

laboratory 

activities in 

courses with 

UCSC Extension, 

Foothill College, 

UCSC, SJSU, and 

Foothill College

g , and in 

(10)

http://macs.advancedstudieslabs.org/ moye@ucsc.edu

UCSC

 

MACS

 

Facility

has Materials Characterization 

instruments available, on a cost recovery, with on‐

y @

SEM

 

w/

 

EDS

 

(1

2

 

nm

 

resolution)

,

y,

site Technical Staff

/

(

)

TEM

 

w/EDS

 

(~0.1

 

nm

 

resolution)

Metal

 

and

 

Dielectric

 

sputtering,

 

and

 

others

Educational

 

Case

 

Study:

 

Students needed equipment for project 

Industry needed student interns and academic experience, 

d d f f

(11)

http://macs.advancedstudieslabs.org/ moye@ucsc.edu

Hitachi

 

S

4800

 

II

 

FE

 

SEM

• Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope  y @ with light element analysis and EDS. • 1‐2 nanometer range resolution.g • Dual Secondary Electron (SE) detector  system for high resolution imaging system for high resolution imaging.

• Backscatter electron (BSe) detector for  analysis of insulating samples

(12)

http://macs.advancedstudieslabs.org/ moye@ucsc.edu • Ultra high‐resolution microscope with  y @

Hitachi

 

H

9500

 

300kV

 

TEM

resolution of 0.10 nm. • High mag, high sensitivity bottom g g, g y mount camera for materials science  and diffraction studies. • High performance energy dispersive  X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS). • Magnification: 200 –1500kX.

(13)

Materials

 

characterized

 

in

 

UCSC

 

MACS

 

l

Facility

 

at

 

NASA

 

Ames

Nanowires

Nanowires

– Metal oxides & compound semiconductors

• SEM 

• TEM

• Ion Beam Sputtering for metals deposition

For Low‐Power Energy Harvesting

– Take “wasted” energy that would have otherwise been lost

• Vibrations  Mechanical to Electrical (Piezoelectric) • Thermal Heat to Electrical (Thermoelectric)

(14)

How

 

much

 

power?

Piezoelectric: ~330 µW/cm3

W ld

ti

it

4 t

tt

10

12

Piezoelectric:  330 µW/cm Thermoelectric: ~40 µW/cm3

World

 

generation

 

capacity

4

 

terawatts

10

12

Power

 

station

1

 

gigawatt

10

9

House

10

 

kilowatts

10

4

Person,

 

lightbulb

100

 

watts

10

2

Laptop,

 

heart

10

 

watts

10

1

Cellphone

p

1

 

watt

10

0

Wireless

 

sensor

1

 

milliwatt

10

‐3

Wristwatch

1 microwatt

10

‐6

Wristwatch

1

 

microwatt

10

(15)

Piezoelectric Effect http://bostonpiezooptics.com/images/content/Fig1‐DirectPiezoEffect.jpg Vout = h∆t h is piezoelectric constant ∆t is change in thicknessg

E

Area

Force

G. Wang and X. Li, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91,

231912 (2007).

Area

E is Elastic Modulus  is strain (or t) 231912 (2007). Tradeoff is P=iV;

(16)

Some

 

Examples

 

of

 

Low

Power

 

Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting

Piezoelectric

 

Energy

 

Harvesting

http://ecofriend.com/wp‐content/uploads/2012/07/piezo‐tree_1_pmPls_69.jpg

http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/

http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/wp‐

content/uploads/2011/04/01‐heart‐powered‐pacemaker‐insulin‐

pumping‐by‐nano‐generator.jpg gfx/news/2007/EnergyHarvestingB

ackpack.png

pumping by nano generator.jpg

http://itp.nyu.edu/~rcc273/spring 2007/itpenergy/images/shoeImag es/shoePlunger.jpg

(17)

Piezoelectric

 

Nanowire Device

 

Integration

Nanowire Growth

Some examples:

l

d

d

‐Template‐directed

‐Free standing (or horizontal growth)

• Vapor Liquid Solid (VLS)p q ( ) • Vapor Solid (VS)

Image from K.A. Dick, Progress in Crystal 

G th d Ch t i ti f

Device

 

integration

– Making electrodes

– Extracting electrical current

Growth and Characterization of 

Materials Volume 54, Issues 3–4, (2008)

(18)

Controlled

 

Growth

 

of

 

Vertical

 

ZnO

Nanowires on Copper Substrate

Nanowires on

 

Copper

 

Substrate

• T.‐T. Ngo‐Duc, J. Gacusan, N.P. Kobayashi, 

M Sanghadasa M Meyyappan M M Oye M. Sanghadasa, M. Meyyappan, M.M. Oye

Applied Physics Letters 102, 083105 (2013)  Growth of Nanowires with varying  diameters E i Pi l t i ‐Engineer Piezoelectric response ‐Engineer top electrode contact Oxygen concentration has an  impact

(19)

Multiple

 

segments

Zn flux constant Ngo‐Duc et al, APL 2013

Zn flux constant

More relative oxygen ‐> Gets narrower O arrives before Zn adatoms can migrate

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