CONTENTS
Fundamental Parts of Speech
What is... Article, Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Verb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection, Interrogative?
2
Remember Me
Things we practice and memorize together, How to make accent marks on your computer, Making the Grade
3
Verb List
List of common infinitives, English-Spanish and Spanish-English
5
Cartaverbos
Lists of verbs that we will learn this year and their various forms in the present tense
6
Fine Points of Grammar
Teacher notations, Ser and Estar usage, Possessive Adjective and Pronoun usage, Demonstrative Adjective usage
9
Sentence Writing Guide
How to write strong sentences and paragraphs in Spanish, Writing Goals and Rubric
10
Oral Rubric
How to measure your growth in speaking Spanish
12
Effective Group Work
How to work well in a group
Fundamental Parts of Speech
Article A word that precedes a noun, including a, an, the, some and numbers that indicate whether the noun is singular or plural. (The kitten is cute. Three fish are yellow.)
________________________________________________ Noun The name of a person, place, thing, or idea. There are two
kinds of nouns:
Common nouns refer to any person, place, thing, quality, or
idea. (girl, town, water, religion, fear, humility)
Proper nouns refer to particular persons, places, things, or
ideas and are capitalized. (Bob, Eiffel Tower, Wednesday, Carson City)
________________________________________________ Pronoun A word that takes the place of a noun. There are three kinds
of pronouns:
Nominative pronouns are used for the subject of the
sentence. (he, she, we)
Possessive pronouns indicate possession of something.
(mine, yours, his, hers, ours)
Objective pronouns receive the action of a verb or follow a
preposition. (him, her, us)
________________________________________________ Adjective A word that describes, or “modifies” a noun. It indicates size,
color, etc. (A small light shone through the upper window of the old factory.)
________________________________________________ Adverb A word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
and often ends with the letters -ly. It indicates how, when, where, and how much. (The sun rose slowly. I always study. He is very tall. She never sleeps.)
Verb A word that shows action or state of being, and often the time it occurs.
Infinitives identify the action but do not indicate who is
doing it or when. (to eat, to drink, etc.)
Reflexives are verbs whose actors and actees are the
same. (I bathe, he showers, we wash up, etc.)
Past tense verbs show us what has already happened. (She
waited in the car. She was waiting in the car.)
Present tense verbs show us what is happening right now.
(She waits in the car. She is waiting in the car.)
Future tense verbs show us what will happen. (She is going
to wait in the car. She will wait in the car.)
________________________________________________ Preposition A word that shows how a noun or pronoun is related to other
words in terms of time or space. A preposition may function as an adverb. (The cat sleeps under the table. The balloon goes up.)
________________________________________________ Conjunction A word that joins words or phrases, including:
Coordinating conjunctions connect words of equal
importance. For example: and, but, for, or, nor, either, neither, when, yet, so, so that. (I do not run nor jump.)
Subordinating conjunctions join two clauses––main and
dependent (subordinate). These are: although, because, since, until, while, etc. (I eat because I am hungry.)
________________________________________________ Interjection A short exclamation conveying emotion, followed by an
exclamation point. (Ouch! Oh! Wow!)
________________________________________________ Interrogative A word that indicates a question. (how, what, when, where,
1. Stick to Your Task
Stick to your task till it sticks to you; beginners are many, but enders are few. Honor, power, place, and praise
always come to the one who stays. Stick to your task till it sticks to you; bend at it, sweat at it, smile at it, too.
For after the bend, the sweat, and the smile come life's victories after awhile.
2. La Promesa de la Fidelidad Yo prometo la fidelidad a la bandera de los Estados Unidos de América y a la república que representa una nación bajo Diós indivisible con libertad y justicia para todos 3. Los Días de la Semana
Lunes, martes, miércoles, y jueves, gazpacho; viernes y sábado-mingo, ¡borracho!
4. Cumpleaños Feliz
Cumpleaños Feliz, Cumpleaños Feliz; Te deseamos mucho, Cumpleaños Feliz 5. Para Qué
¿Para qué, cuándo, dónde, por qué, con quién, cuántos, cuál, y cómo? Also note: adónde, de dónde, a/de quién(es), etc. 6. Poema de las Preposiciones
A la izquierda, derecha, delante, detrás, cerca y lejos y algo más;
abajo, arriba, enfrente encima,
y ahora, muchachos, ¡se acaba la rima!
7. Meditación
¡Oasá––amosaisán! ¡Oesé––emoseisén! ¡Oesé––imosisén! 8. Trabalenguas
Poquito a poco, Paquito empaca poquitas copitas en pocos paquetes.
Pablo Pino Pereira, pobre pintor portugués, pinta pinturas por poca plata, pateando por paris.
Paco Peco, chico rico, insultaba a su tío Federico, y ese dijo, poco a poco, ¡Paco Peco, poco pico!
En la plaza de Constantinopla hay una
esquina; en la esquina una casa; en la casa un balcón; en el balcón una estaca, en la estaca un loro. El loro está en la estaca en el balcón de la casa en la esquina de la plaza de Constantinopla.
_____________________________________ Yo vi en un huerto un cuervo cruento comerse el cuero del cuerpo de un puerco muerto. ¿Cómo quieres que te quiera, si al que quiero que me quiera no me quiere como quiero que me quiera?
No me mires, que miran que nos miramos, y verán en tus ojos que nos amamos. No nos miremos, que cuando no nos miren, nos miraremos.
El tomatero Matute mató al matutero Mota, porque Mota el matutero tomó de su tomatera un tomate. Por eso, por un tomate, mató el tomatero Matute al matutero Mota.
9. The One Semester of Spanish Love Song Hola, Señorita. ¿Cómo te llamas?
Me llamo Mike.
¿Dónde está el baño? ¡Feliz cumpleaños! ¿Qué hora es? ¿Qué hora es?
Me gusta la biblioteca. Vivo en la casa roja. Yo tengo dos bicicletas, muchas gracias y de nada.
¿Cuántos años tienes? Un momento, por favor––It's the "One Semester of Spanish Spanish Love Song."
Mi mamá es bonita. Mi gato es muy blanco. Perdóneme––¡perdóneme!
Uno, dos, tres, y cuatro, cinco, séis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez. No remembro how to say eleven.
Antonio Banderas, Nachos grandes y cinnamon twists––It's the "One Semester of Spanish Spanish Love Song."
10. Tema de Bob Esponja ¿Están listos, chicos?
¡Sí, Capitán, estamos listos!
No los escucho––.
¡Sí, Capitán, estamos listos!
Uu––vive en una piña debajo del mar
Bob Esponja
Su cuerpo absorba y sin estallar
Bob Esponja
El mejor amigo que podrías desear
Bob Esponja
Y cómo al pez, le es fácil flotar
Bob Esponja
¡Todos!
Bob Esponja... (3x)
11. Tema de Scooby Doo Scooby Dooby Doo, ¿dónde estás? Hay que trabajar ya. Scooby Dooby Doo, ¿dónde estás? ¡Queremos tu ayuda! Vamos, Scooby Doo, ¿puede ser
que tienes una astilla? No debes mentir; puedo ver
tus escalofrías.
Tú sabes que tenemos
un misterio que resolver–– ¿qué hacer? Y Scoob, cuando lo haces
tu merienda tú puedes tener (vas a ver). Scooby Dooby Doo,
ya verás,
con Shaggy a tu lado–– la suerte, Scooby Doo, que tendrás
de prender el malvado.
12. Yo Quiero Ser Un Oscar Mayer Wiener Tema Oficial
Cuando quiero algo bueno y sabroso Un hot dog Oscar Mayer pido yo y si me dan un hot dog Oscar Mayer Mi sonrisa les dirá que me gustó Tema Divertido
Yo quiero ser un Oscar-Mayer Wiener Verdaderamente quiero ser
Porque si fuera un Oscar-Mayer Wiener ¡Me daría fuego la mujer!
13. Adjetivos Song (Subway $5 tune) Ancho (two clicks)
Ancho (two clicks)
Ancho, estrecho (any, any, any...) Substitute vocabulary: ancho, estrecho largo, corto suave, duro grande, pequeno plano, profundo fácil, difícil
14. How to Make Spanish Characters PC: Press and hold the ALT key, then type the relevant code on your number pad: 0160 : á 0162 : ó 0164 : ñ 0167 : º 0130 : é 0163 : ú 0168 : ¿ 0166 : ª 0161 : í 0129 : ü 0173 : ¡
MAC: Press OPTION-E, then release and press the letter to accent. For capitals, you must also press the SHIFT key after release. Press SHIFT-OPTION-? and release for "¿" and press OPTION-! for "¡". GOOGLE: Press and hold the ALT key, then type the relevant code on your number pad: 0225 : á 0243 : ó 0241 : ñ 0186 : º 0233 : é 0250 : ú 0191 : ¿ 0170 : ª 0237 : í 0252 : ü 0161 : ¡
15. Making the Grade
How can you get the grade you really want? Here are some tips. Your work should be: APPROPRIATE
• right set of exercises or questions are done
• work is not just copied from someone else • no doodles, drawings, or personal notes • work is done in pencil and in on time • reports follow the teacher’s guidelines NEAT
• handwriting is easy to read
• errors lined through, not scribbled out • paper is not crumpled, torn, soiled,
wrinkled, or worn thin from erasures COMPLETE
• full name and period in upper right corner • exercises correctly labeled, in order, and
in full sentences ACCURATE
• answers follow the instructions provided • answers are at least reasonably correct • essays answers distinguish opinion from
fact and give credit to info sources INSIGHTFUL
• work shows personal reflection
• work free of careless or unecessary errors • any notes left for the teacher are
courteous
• work is thought-provoking or informative • work shows serious consideration of topic
answer
arrive
ask
ask for, order
be (char)
be (cond/loc)
be able, can
be acquainted
begin
believe
belong
break
bring
bring together
buy
call
carry, wear
change
choose
clean
close
comand, send
come
complete
construct
correct
cost
count
cut
dance
decide
describe
deserve
destroy
die
discover
contestar
llegar
preguntar
pedir*
ser°
estar°
poder*
conocer°
empezar*
creer
pertenecer°
romper
traer°
juntar
comprar
llamar
llevar
cambiar
escoger°
limpiar
cerrar*
mandar
venir*°
cumplir
construir°
corregir°
costar*
contar*
cortar
bailar
decidir
describir
merecer°
destruir°
morir*
descubrir
discuss, argue
do, make
doubt
draw
dream
drink
drive
earn, gain, win
eat
end, terminate
enter
explain
fall
fear
feel
find out
find, meet
fit
fix
fly
follow, continue
forget
get, take out
give
go
go out, leave
go up
grow
guess
hate
have (poss)
have [acted]
hear
help
hope, wait
include
insist
introduce
jump
discutir
hacer°
dudar
dibujar
soñar*
beber
conducir°
ganar
comer
terminar
entrar
explicar
caer°
temer
sentir*
averiguar
encontrar*
caber°
arreglar
volar*
seguir*
olvidar
sacar
dar°
ir°
salir°
subir
crecer°
adivinar
odiar
tener*°
haber°
oir°
ayudar
esperar
incluir°
insistir
introducir°
saltar
know (fact)
learn
lend
let, allow
let, leave alone
lie
listen
live
look for
look, watch
lose
love
lunch
measure
meet, reunite
move
need
offer
open
pay
play game
prefer
prepare
produce
protect
put
read
receive
recognize
remember
resove
rest
return
return
rob, steal
run
say, tell
see
seem
saber°
aprender
prestar
permitir
dejar
mentir*
escuchar
vivir
buscar
mirar
perder*
amar
almorzar*
medir*
reunir
mover*
necesitar
ofrecer°
abrir
pagar
jugar
preferir*
preparar
producir°
proteger°
poner°
leer
recibir
reconocer°
recordar*
resolver*
descansar
regresar
volver*
robar
correr
decir*°
ver°
parecer°
sell
serve
should
shout
show
sign
sing
sleep
smell
smoke
spend
stay, remain
struggle
study
suffer
suppose
swim
take
take off/away
talk
teach
think
throw, kick
touch
translate
travel
treat
try
turn in
turn off
turn on, light up
understand
unite
use
walk, move
want
wash
work
write
vender
servir*
deber
gritar
mostrar*
firmar
cantar
dormir*
oler*°
fumar
gastar
quedar
luchar
estudiar
sufrir
suponer°
nadar
tomar
quitar
hablar
enseñar
pensar*
tirar
tocar
traducir°
viajar
tratar
intentar
entregar
apagar
encender*
entender*
unir
usar
andar
querer*
lavar
trabajar
escribir
INFINITIVES
abrir
adivinar
almorzar*
amar
andar
apagar
aprender
arreglar
averiguar
ayudar
bailar
beber
buscar
caber°
caer°
cambiar
cantar
cerrar*
comer
comprar
conducir°
conocer°
construir°
contar*
contestar
corregir°
correr
cortar
costar*
crecer°
creer
cumplir
dar°
deber
decidir
decir°*
open
guess
lunch
love
walk, move
turn off
learn
fix
find out
help
dance
drink
look for
fit
fall
change
sing
close
eat
buy
drive
be acquainted
construct
count
answer
correct
run
cut
cost
grow
believe
complete
give
should
decide
say, tell
describir
dejar
descansar
descubrir
destruir°
dibujar
discutir
dormir*
dudar
empezar*
encender*
encontrar*
enseñar
entender*
entrar
entregar
escoger°
escribir
escuchar
esperar
estar°
estudiar
explicar
firmar
fumar
ganar
gastar
gritar
haber°
hablar
hacer°
incluir°
insistir
intentar
introducir°
ir°
jugar*
juntar
lavar
describe
let, leave alone
rest
discover
destroy
draw
discuss, argue
sleep
doubt
begin
turn on, light up
find, meet
teach
understand
enter
turn in
choose
write
listen
hope, wait
be (cond/loc)
study
explain
sign
smoke
earn, gain, win
spend
shout
have [acted]
talk
do, make
include
insist
try
introduce
go
play game
bring together
wash
leer
limpiar
llamar
llegar
llevar
luchar
mandar
medir*
mentir*
merecer°
mirar
morir*
mostrar*
mover*
nadar
necesitar
odiar
ofrecer°
oír°
oler°*
olvidar
pagar
parecer°
pedir*
pensar*
perder*
permitir
pertenecer°
poder*
poner°
preferir*
preguntar
preparar
prestar
producir°
proteger°
quedar
querer*
quitar
read
clean
call
arrive
carry, wear
struggle
comand, send
measure
lie
deserve
look, watch
die
show
move
swim
need
hate
offer
hear
smell
forget
pay
seem
ask for, order
think
lose
let, allow
belong
be able, can
put
prefer
ask
prepare
lend
produce
protect
stay, remain
want
take off/away
recibir
reconocer°
recordar*
regresar
resolver*
reunir
robar
romper
saber°
sacar
salir°
saltar
seguir*
sentir
servir*
ser°
soñar*
subir
sufrir
suponer°
temer
tener°*
terminar
tirar
tocar
tomar
trabajar
traducir°
traer°
tratar
unir
usar
vender
venir°*
ver°
viajar
vivir
volar*
volver*
receive
recognize
remember
return
resove
meet, reunite
rob, steal
break
know (fact)
get, take out
go out, leave
jump
follow, continue
feel
serve
be (char)
dream
go up
suffer
suppose
fear
have (poss)
end, terminate
throw, kick
touch, play mus.
take
work
translate
bring
treat
unite
use
sell
come
see
travel
live
fly
return
INFINITIVOS
Cartaverbos 1
andar
bailar
beber
cantar
comer
correr
descansar
escuchar
jugar*
mirar
nadar
saltar
Cartaverbos 2
aprender
contestar
dibujar
enseñar
entregar
escribir
estudiar
explicar
leer
levantar
pasar
preguntar
Cartaverbos 3
ayudar
buscar
cambiar
decidir
hacer°
preparar
quitar
sacar
terminar
tomar
trabajar
usar
Cartaverbos 4
abrir
apagar
arreglar
cerrar*
encender*
entrar
limpiar
llegar
poner°
salir°
regresar
romper
Cartaverbos 5
decir°*
entender*
empezar*
encontrar*
mostrar*
pedir*
poder*
pensar*
preferir*
querer*
recordar*
sentir*
Cartaverbos 6
conocer°
creer
dejar
escoger°
esperar
necesitar
odiar
olvidar
parecer°
reconocer°
saber°
suponer°
Cartaverbos 7
enviar
ir°
oler°*
oir°
quedar
seguir°*
tener°*
tocar
traer°
venir°*
ver°
volver*
Cartaverbos 8
comprar
costar*
dar°
deber
ganar
gastar
pagar
perder*
prestar
recibir
robar
vender
Cartaverbos 9
bajar
crecer°
dormir*
intentar
llevar
luchar
morir*
nacer°
subir
viajar
vivir
volar
Cartaverbos 10
acusar
discutir
dudar
llamar
mandar
mentir*
negar*
ofrecer°
pelear
percibir
repetir*
resolver*
andar
walk/move
ando, andas, anda, andamos, andáis, andan
bailar dance
bailo, bailas, baila, bailamos, bailáis, bailan
beber drink
bebo, bebes, bebe, bebemos, bebéis, beben
cantar sing
canto, cantas, canta, cantamos, cantáis, cantan
comer eat
como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comen
correr run
corro, corres, corre, corremos, corréis, corren
descansar rest
descanso, descansas, descansa, descansamos, descansáis, descansan
escuchar listen to
escucho, escuchas, escucha, escuchamos, escucháis, escuchan
jugar* play jue go, j ue gas, j ue
ga, jugamos, jugáis, j
ue gan mirar look/watch
miro, miras, mira, miramos, miráis, miran
nadar swim
nado, nadas, nada, nadamos, nadáis, nadan
saltar jump
salto, saltas, salta, saltamos, saltáis, saltan
aprender learn
aprendo, aprendes, aprende, aprendemos, aprendéis, aprenden
contestar answer
contesto, contestas, contesta, contestamos, contestáis, contestan
dibujar draw
dibujo, dibujas, dibuja, dibujamos, dibujáis, dibujan
enseñar teach
enseño, enseñas, enseña, enseñamos, enseñáis, enseñan
entregar
turn in/over
entrego, entregas, entrega, entregamos, entregáis, entregan
escribir write
escribo, escribes, escribe, escribimos, escribís, escriben
estudiar study
estudio, estudias, estudia, estudiamos, estudiáis, estudian
explicar explain
explico, explicas, explica, explicamos, explicáis, explican
leer read
leo, lees, lee, leemos, leéis, leen
levantar lift/raise
levanto, levantas, levanta, levantamos, levantáis, levantan
pasar pass
paso, pasas, pasa, pasamos, pasáis, pasan
preguntar ask
pregunto, preguntas, pregunta, preguntamos, preguntáis, preguntan
ayudar help
ayudo, ayudas, ayuda, ayudamos, ayudáis, ayudan
buscar look for
busco, buscas, busca, buscamos, buscáis, buscan
cambiar change
cambio, cambias, cambia, cambiamos, cambiáis, cambian
decidir decide
decido, decides, decide, decidimos, decidís, deciden
hacer° do/make
hago°, haces, hace, hacemos, hacéis, hacen
preparar prepare
preparo, preparas, prepara, preparamos, preparáis, preparan
quitar remove
quito, quitas, quita, quitamos, quitáis, quitan
sacar get
saco, sacas, saca, sacamos, sacáis, sacan
terminar end
termino, terminas, termina, terminamos, termináis, terminan
tomar take
tomo, tomas, toma, tomamos, tomáis, toman
trabajar work
trabajo, trabajas, trabaja, trabajamos, trabajáis, trabajan
usar use
uso, usas, usa, usamos, usáis, usan
abrir open
abro, abres, abre, abrimos, abrís, abren
apagar turn of f
apago, apagas, apaga, apagamos, apagáis, apagan
arreglar fix
arreglo, arreglas, arregla, arreglamos, arregláis, arreglan
cerrar* close cie rro, c ie rras, c ie
rra, cerramos, cerráis, c
ie rran encender* light enc ie ndo, enc ie ndes, enc ie
nde, encendemos, encendéis, enc
ie nden entrar enter
entro, entras, entra, entramos, entráis, entran
limpiar clean
limpio, limpias, limpia, limpiamos, limpiáis, limpian
llegar arrive
llego, llegas, llega, llegamos, llegáis, llegan
poner° put/set
pongo°, pones, pone, ponemos, ponéis, ponen
salir° go out
salgo°, sales, sale, salimos, salís, salen
regresar return
regreso, regresas, regresa, regresamos, regresáis, regresan
romper break
rompo, rompes, rompe, rompemos, rompéis, rompen
decir°* say d igo°, d ices, d
ice, decimos, decís, d
icen entender* understand ent ie ndo, ent ie ndes, ent ie
nde, entendemos, entendéis, ent
ie nden empezar* start emp ie zo, emp ie zas, emp ie
za, empezamos, empezáis, emp
ie zan encontrar* find/meet enc ue ntro, enc ue ntras, enc ue
ntra, encontramos, encontráis, enc
ue ntran mostrar* show m ue stro, m ue stras, m ue
stra, mostramos, mostráis, m
ue stran pedir* ask for p ido, p ides, p
ide, pedimos, pedís, p
iden poder* be able to p ue do, p ue des, p ue
de, podemos, podéis, p
ue den pensar* think p ie nso, p ie nsas, p ie
nsa, pensamos, pensáis, p
ie nsan preferir* prefer pref ie ro, pref ie res, pref ie
re, preferimos, preferís, pref
ie ren querer* want qu ie ro, qu ie res, qu ie
re, queremos, queréis, qu
ie ren recordar* remember rec ue rdo, rec ue rdas, rec ue
rda, recordamos, recordáis, rec
ue rdan sentir* feel sie nto, s ie ntes, s ie
nte, sentimos, sentís, s
ie nten CARTAVERBOS 1 * stem-changing ° irregular CARTAVERBOS 2 CARTAVERBOS 3 CARTAVERBOS 4 CARTAVERBOS 5
conocer°
get to know
conozco°, conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocen
creer believe
creo, crees, cree, creemos, creéis, creen
dejar let
dejo, dejas, deja, dejamos, dejáis, dejan
escoger° choose
escojo°, escoges, escoge, escogemos, escogéis, escogen
esperar wait
espero, esperas, espera, esperamos, esperáis, esperan
necesitar need
necesito, necesitas, necesita, necesitamos, necesitáis, necesitan
odiar hate
odio, odias, odia, odiamos, odiáis, odian
olvidar forget
olvido, olvidas, olvida, olvidamos, olvidáis, olvidan
parecer° seem
parezco°, pareces, parece, parecemos, parecéis, parecen
reconocer°
recognize
reconozco°, reconoces, reconoce, reconocemos, reconocéis, reconocen
saber° know
sé°, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
suponer° suppose
supongo°, supones, supone, suponemos, suponéis, suponen
enviar send
envío, envías, envía, enviamos, enviáis, envían
ir° go
voy°, vas°, va°, vamos°, vais°, van°
oler°* smell h ue lo°, h ue les°, h ue
le°, olemos, oléis, h
ue len° oir° hear
oigo°, oyes, oye, oimos, oís, oyen
quedar stay
quedo, quedas, queda, quedamos, quedáis, quedan
seguir°* follow/cont. s igo, s igues°, s
igue°, seguimos°, seguís°, s
iguen° tener°* have tengo°, t ie nes, t ie
ne, tenemos, tenéis, t
ie nen tocar touch
toco, tocas, toca, tocamos, tocáis, tocan
traer° bring
traigo°, traes, trae, traemos, traéis, traen
venir°* come vengo°, v ie nes, v ie
ne, venimos, venís, v
ie nen ver° see
veo°, ves, ve, vemos, véis, ven
volver* return vue lvo, v ue lves, v ue
lve, volvemos, volvéis, v
ue lven comprar buy
compro, compras, compra, compramos, compráis, compran
costar* cost cue sto, c ue stas, c ue
sta, costamos, costáis, c
ue stan dar° give
doy°, das, da, damos, dáis, dan
deber should
debo, debes, debe, debemos, debéis, deben
ganar earn/win
gano, ganas, gana, ganamos, ganáis, ganan
gastar spend
gasto, gastas, gasta, gastamos, gastáis, gastan
pagar pay
pago, pagas, paga, pagamos, pagáis, pagan
perder* lose p ie rdo, p ie rdes, p ie
rde, perdemos, perdéis, p
ie rden prestar lend
presto, prestas, presta, prestamos, prestáis, prestan
recibir receive
recibo, recibes, recibe, recibimos, recibís, reciben
robar rob/steal
robo, robas, roba, robamos, robáis, roban
vender sell
vendo, vendes, vende, vendemos, vendéis, venden
bajar lower
bajo, bajas, baja, bajamos, bajáis, bajan
crecer° grow
crezco°, creces, crece, crecemos, crecéis, crecen
dormir* sleep d ue rmo, d ue rmes, d ue
rme, dormimos, dormís, d
ue rmen intentar try
intento, intentas, intenta, intentamos, intentáis, intentan
llevar
carry/wear
llevo, llevas, lleva, llevamos, lleváis, llevan
luchar struggle
lucho, luchas, lucha, luchamos, lucháis, luchan
morir* die m ue ro, m ue res, m ue
re, morimos, morís, m
ue ren nacer° be born
nazco°, naces, nace, nacemos, nacéis, nacen
subir go up/raise
subo, subes, sube, subimos, subís, suben
viajar travel
viajo, viajas, viaja, viajamos, viajáis, viajan
vivir live
vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivís, viven
volar* fly vue lo, v ue las, v ue
la, volamos, voláis, v
ue lan acusar accuse
acuso, acusas, acusa, acusamos, acusáis, acusan
discutir argue
discuto, discutes, discute, discutimos, discutís, discuten
dudar doubt
dudo, dudas, duda, dudamos, dudáis, dudan
llamar call
llamo, llamas, llama, llamamos, llamáis, llaman
mandar send
mando, mandas, manda, mandamos, mandáis, mandan
mentir* lie m ie nto, m ie ntes, m ie
nte, mentimos, mentís, m
ie nten negar* deny n ie go, n ie gas, n ie
ga, negamos, negáis, n
ie gan ofrecer° of fer
ofrezco°, ofreces, ofrece, ofrecemos, ofrecéis, ofrecen
pelear fight
peleo, peleas, pelea, peleamos, peleáis, pelean
percibir perceive
percibo, percibes, percibe, percibimos, percibís, perciben
repetir* repeat rep ito, rep ites, rep
ite, repetimos, repetís, rep
iten resolver* resolve res ue lvo, res ue lves, res ue
lve, resolvemos, resolvéis, res
ue lven CARTAVERBOS 7 CARTAVERBOS 8 CARTAVERBOS 6 CARTAVERBOS 9 CARTAVERBOS 10
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Demonstrative Adjectives
Sentence Writing Key
* these must match gender & number of nouns they describe
Possessive Adjectives
(describe nouns) mis nuestros (as)
tus vuestros (as)
sus sus
Possessive Pronouns
(replace nouns) míos (as) nuestros (as) tuyos (as) vuestros (as) suyos (as) suyos (as)
SER WHO OR WHAT YOU ARE
(characteristcs)
ESTAR HOW OR WHERE YOU ARE
(conditions • location) soy eres es somos sois son estoy estás está estamos estáis están • physical appearance • race or nationality • personality or nature • favorites or preferences • labels or identity • existence • physical condition • mental condition • spiritual condition • social condition • location of person/thing • action in progress
allá
(over there)allí
(there)aquí
(here)aquél (aquellos)
that (those) over thereese (esos)
that (those)este (estos)
this (these)aquella (-s)
that (those) over thereesa (-s)
that (those)esta (-s)
this (these) la caja el globo* these must match gender & number of nouns they describe
EXCELLENT Me encantan los sabores de Taco Bell. OMIT LETTER Yo quieros Taco Bell.
OMIT WORD Yo quiero Del Taco Bell. INSERT WORD Yo quiero Bell.
MOVE WORD Yo Taco Bell quiero.
SWAP WORDS Yo quiero un delicioso taco. SPLIT WORDS Yo quiero comerlos tacos. COMBINE WORDS Yo quiero comer los.
COMBINE SENTENCES Yo como muchos tacos. Me gustan. ADD/DELETE ACCENT Yo comi todos los tacós.
SENTENCE FRAGMENT En Taco Bell. TOO SHORT Yo como tacos.
UNCLEAR Hay tacos frescos ese gustar fresco. GEN. NUM. DISAGREE El taco es deliciosa.
SPELLING ERROR Yo quiero Taco Bel.
PUNCTUATION ERROR no quiero tacos quiero burritos ok CONJUGATION ERROR Yo querer Taco Bell.
USAGE ERROR Yo quiero beber tacos. WRONG WORD Yo lata comer muchos tacos. WRONG VERB TENSE Ayer yo voy a Taco Bell.
WORD OPTIONAL Yo quiero Taco Bell. NO CREDIT - SEE ME Yo quiero Taco Bell.
sh
?
agr
punt
sp
yes
frag
con
prob
ten
nc - see me
Spanish Sentence Writing Guide
1. Simple and Complex Sentences (and Compound Verbs)
Simple sentences have one active (conjugated) verb; complex sentences are simple sentences connected by conjunctions.
Simple: Yo como tacos.
Complex: Yo como tacos y bebo pepsi.
Compound: Yo prefiero comer tacos y beber pepsi. 2. Variety of Vocabulary
Little repetition is used to convey a message.
Good variety: Me gusta ir a la escuela. En la clase de inglés, escribo ensayos y leo novelas. Aprendo mucho. Poor variety: Me gusta la escuela. Yo voy a inglés. Yo leo en inglés. Yo escribo en inglés. Yo estudio mucho. 3. Appropriate Vocabulary
Words specific to the topic are used to convey an elaborate message. Appropriate: Tengo muchas clases. En la mañana, voy a la
clase de inglés. Necesito un bolígrafo para hacer mis tareas.
Inappropriate: Tengo muchas clases. Mucho, mucho trabajo en inglés. Necesito pens y muy, muy long essays. 4. Correct Spelling and Punctuation
There is no misspelling or melding of languages (Spanglish) and punctuation is used to communicate, not just separate sentences. Strong: Nosotros tenemos muchas actividades
interesantes en la clase de español; tenemos juegos, concursos, y presentaciones.
Weak: Nostros tenemos muchos actividados,
interesantos en la classe de espanyol. Tenemos huegos, concursos, y presentationes.
5. Subject-Verb Agreement
The correct verb form (conjugation) is used with each subject (person, place, thing, or idea doing the action).
Correct: Yo voy a la escuela. Nosotros bebemos agua. Incorrect: Tú voy a la escuela. Nosotros beber agua.
6. Correct Conjugation of Irregular Verbs (including stem-changers) The correct verb forms (conjugations) are used.
Correct: Yo sé que vienes a mi fiesta. Incorrect: Yo sabo que venes a mi fiesta.
7. Gender & Number Agreement of Articles, Nouns & Adjectives Any words that identify or describe a particular noun match it in gender and number.
Correct: La chica gorda come muchos tacos grandes en la tarde porque ella tiene mucha hambre. Incorrect: Un chica gordo come muchas tacos muy grande
en el tarde porque tiene mucho hambre. 8. Correct Noun-Adjective Order (and uses exceptions correctly)
Nouns come before adjectives with only a few exceptions.
Correct: Ella es una chica guapa y una estudiante buena. Ella es una chica guapa y una buena estudiante. Incorrect: Ella es una guapa chica y una buena estudiante. 9. Correct Use of Objects
Indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, etc.) and direct objects (lo, la, los, las) always precede the active verb and are in the correct order. Correct: Hoy no te pago porque no tengo el dinero.
Mañana te lo doy.
Incorrect: Hoy no pago tú porque no tengo el dinero. Mañana yo doy lo a tú.
10. Nuanced Use of Verb Tenses for Precision in Wording Appropriate tenses are used to elevate meaning and tone.
Strong: La semana pasada, hice la tarea a tiempo, pero hoy no puedo porque tengo un juego. La haré mañana. Medium: Yo siempre hago mi tarea, pero no hoy porque tengo
un juego. Voy a hacer mi tarea mañana.
Weak: Yo hago mi tarea mucho. No hago tarea hoy porque tengo un juego. Estoy haciendo mi tarea mañana.
Spanish Writing Rubric
1 - BEGINNING 2 - IMPROVING 3 - FUNCTIONAL 4 - PROFICIENT 5 - MASTERFUL
SPELLING & PUNCTUATION
Many or major errors in punctuation or spelling
Errors in punctuation or spelling inhibit message
Errors in punctuation or spelling do not inhibit message
Very minor errors in spelling or punctuation
Punctuation and spelling and enhance clarity and flow
VERBS
Many or major errors in verb choice, conjugation or tense
Many or major errors in verb choice, conjugation or tense; no compound verbs
Some errors in verb choice, conjugation or tense; at least one compound verb
Very minor errors in verb choice, conjugation or tense; several compound verbs
Nuance in verb choice, conjugation and tense with ample compound verbs
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
Obvious absence of articles, adjectives or adverbs
Incorrect word order; blatant gender/number disagreement
Some errors in word order and gender/number agreement
Very minor errors in word order and gender/number agreement
No errors in word order and gender/number agreement
ANCILLARY PARTS
Obvious absence of
conjunctions, interrogatives, possessives or prepositions
Many or major errors in use of conjunctions, interrogatives, possessives, prepositions, etc.
Some erroneous conjunctions, interrogatives, possessives or prepositions, etc.
Very minor errors in use of conjunctions, interrogatives, possessives, prepositions, etc.
Accurate and ample use of conjunctions, interrogatives, possessives, prepositions, etc.
SENTENCE
No attempt to use indirect objects; run-on, short or fragmented sentences
Uses few indirect objects and only simple sentences; lists terms in order to add length
Some errors in use of indirect objects; attempts sentence variety by listing some items
Has noticeable sentence variety, including both simple and complex sentences
Develops a distinctive voice through effective use of both simple and complex sentences
VOCABULARY
Repetition of basic words and phrases; some English used
Very little on-topic vocabulary used to convey message
Adequate amount of on-topic vocabulary, coherent message
Good variety of on-topic vocab clearly conveys message
Wide variety and precision in vocabulary, effective message
MESSAGE
Very short, includes English, and has major errors that make it hard to understand
Somewhat short with many or major errors that impede flow and intended message
Adequate length that manages to convey intended message but errors inhibit flow
Good length with minor errors that do not inhibit flow or cloud intended message
Substantial and conveys a clear message with a natural flow and distinctive voice
World Language Oral Rubric
1 - BEGINNING 2 - IMPROVING 3 - FUNCTIONAL 4 - PROFICIENT 5 - MASTERFUL
READINESS
Shows great reluctance or refuses to listen and speak altogether.
Understands and responds to familiar language when coaxed or led.
Understands, responds, and risks error in order to convey intended message.
Engages in discussion of different topics with few prompts or questions.
Confidently initiates and eagerly engages in discussion on a wide variety of topics.
PACING
Takes long pauses to interpret or answer questions.
Takes short but frequent pauses to interpret or answer questions.
Pauses only occasionally to interpret or answer questions.
Rarely pauses; asks questions to buy time and sustain conversation.
Deftly uses verbal pauses or questions to foster a natural exchange of ideas.
LANGUAGE VARIETY
Repeats the same few words or phrases.
Noticeably relies on particular words and phrases.
Uses common words and simple phrases as a scaffold for new ones.
Noticeably attempts to use a variety of words and avoids unecessary repetition.
Employs a wide variety of verbs and vocabulary to create detailed sentences.
STRUCTURE
Does not create any correct complete sentences.
Struggles to create a few correct simple sentences.
Readily creates correct simple sentences.
Creates both simple and complex sentences correctly.
Readily uses compound verbs, creates complex sentences and self-corrects.
SYNTHESIS
Struggles to remember words and cannot convey an
intelligible message.
Relies on rote memory or "canned" phrases to convey message.
Uses memorized phrases blended with new ones generated on the spot.
Generates original phrases with a natural flow that reflects understanding.
Uses precise, original phrases and improvises in ways that reflect intuitive grasp of the target language.
PRONUNCIATION
Mispronounces words in a way that makes intended message unintelligible.
Pronounces most words correctly but still retains heavy English accent.
Approximates target accent and rarely mispronounces.
Correctly pronounces and often reproduces authentic target accent.
Exhibits an authentic accent that contributes to a natural flow of speech.
EXPRESSION
Speaks in monotone or abandons ideas that are difficult to express.
Only occasionally uses gesture and tone to clarify or enhance intended message.
Regularly uses gesture and tone to clarify or enhance intended message.
Consistently uses gesture and tone to clarify and enhance message and attempts circumlocution.
Prevents listener confusion by using gesture, tone, and circumlocution to convey complex ideas.
Effective Group Work
STEP ONE: GET TO KNOW EACH OTHER
Discuss each person's knowledge, skills, and resources.
1. Choose a person to lead meetings. All should take notes. 2. Share contact information with everyone in the group.
STEP TWO: REVIEW THE INSTRUCTIONS
1. Thoroughly discuss the assignment to make sure that everyone understands it. Focus on the purpose of the assignment.
2. Always ask the teacher for clarification and make sure the group has correctly interpreted the instructions.
STEP THREE: ESTABLISH GENERAL RULES
We know that it's natural to disagree but agreeing just to get along doesn't work. Everyone must contribute. So, we may disagree, but:
• we don't waste time or energy • we are courteous, open, and honest • we carefully listen to everyone's ideas
• we ask questions instead of passing judgment • we distribute the work as equally as possible,
according to each person's skills, resources, etc.
We have a "three strikes" rule. If you fail to attend, participate in discussion, cooperate, and/or follow through on commitments, we notify the teacher. If things don't improve, you're out.*
* Note: If someone is not doing their part, let the teacher know right away. He may be able to help solve the problem. If the group can't work with you, ask to be reassigned or for an alternate assignment or you will not earn any credit. You may lose points for lateness, so don't wait.
STEP FOUR: ESTABLISH DISCUSSION PROCEDURES
1. Use the "pass the baton" method and proceed in order to guarantee everyone a chance to introduce ideas, ask questions, or provide feedback without interruptions.
2. Alternate between "pass the baton" and "free for all" rounds. 3. Address ideas rather than people. Avoid using names or the
words "you" and "I" in connection with the ideas presented.
STEP FIVE: ORGANIZE MEETINGS
Agree on a basic agenda for each meeting. For example: 1. Take a few minutes to get reacquainted.
2. Have someone read the rules and consequences aloud.
3. Have discussion: brainstorming, decision-making, or follow-up. 4. Briefly review any changes or decisions made.
5. Set the next meeting time/deadline to get work done.
Group Meetings
PHASE 1 • BRAINSTORM
Each person should take a minute to write down ideas or things they would like to talk about, then proceed with discussion.
PHASE 2 • MAKE DECISIONS & DISTRIBUTE WORK
1. Briefly review assignment instructions and ideas presented. 2. In voting, have each person pick their 1st, 2nd, and 3rd choices. 3. Reconsider each person's knowledge, skills, and resources. 4. Divide the work into (as many as necessary) logical pieces. 5. Ask for volunteers to do each until all work is equally
distributed.
PHASE 3 • FOLLOW UP
Regularly meet to check your progress. Each person should report (and show, if possible) what they have done since the last meeting.
1. Each should explain what they will do next or ask for help. 2. Determine how the group can help those having difficulty.