Project Paper Presentation
Cost optimization in green buildings by innovation in
materials
Prepared by:
Megha Saxena (090280106054) &
Identification of Topic
A green building, also known as a sustainable building, is a structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource-efficient manner. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives such as protecting occupant health; improving employee productivity; using energy, water, and other resources more efficiently while reducing the overall impact to the environment.
Green Buildings are environmentally responsive due to their lower impact on environment. They use less energy, so they contribute less greenhouse gases and therefore considered to have less of an impact on global warming. They promote the use of natural building materials that require less processing. Now days, contribution of the building industry to global warming can no longer be ignored. And thus, constructing the green buildings can serve the purpose of reducing the effect of global warming very well. Some green materials and equipments are readily available from domestic sources, such as recycled aluminum, bamboo based products, fly-ash cement, fly-ash block, low VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) paints and adhesives, high efficiency cooling systems, building controls, green roof materials and recycled wood.
Disadvantages
Higher ownership costs
Additional costs: although usually balanced by the energy savings, it is still extra money coming out of the pocket
We, Megha and Pooja, having known these facts, wanted to know about the additional costs and benefits involved in green buildings compared to conventional buildings and thereby, research and suggest ways of cost-optimization in green buildings by innovation in construction materials. We‘ve also studied the Indian scenario in the field of green construction. These all factors led us to choose this topic and research on it as a part of our final year project.
Historical Background
The extinction of natural resources and pollution in the environment has brought our planet to a worsened condition. People have started thinking about our environment subsequently revered as a way of life.
Green Buildings began to rise in 1990‘s. One of the first milestones for green movement was in 1989 in the United States. In 1998, United States Green Building Council (USGBC) launched the LEED Program and helped to contribute to the future of green buildings.
The green buildings concept came into existence in India in 1990‘s and was incorporated in 2001 by IGBC-LEED. But it was in 2002 that the green buildings started materializing with support of many external agencies, governmental bodies, financial institutions, real estate companies, investment companies, construction firms, architectural firms etc.
Advantages of Green Buildings (Nicmar survey 2010)
Buildings consume energy and are one of the reasons in causing damage to the natural environment. Green buildings can play a major role in contributing in the movement to conserve environment for our future generations. Besides, there are tangible benefits that can be derived from Green Buildings, like as follows: Operational Savings: Green buildings consume at least 40-50 % less energy and 20-30 % less water vis-à-vis a conventional building. This comes at an incremental cost of about 5-8 %. The incremental cost gets paid back in 3-5 years time.
Daylights & Views: Working in environment with access to daylight and views provides connection to the exterior environment. This has a soothing effect on the mind. Various studies prove that the productivity of people who have access to day lighting and views is at least 12-15 percent higher.
Air Quality: Green buildings are always fresh and healthy. Every green building will have to purge continuous fresh air to meet the ASHRAE 62 requirements. The green buildings use interior materials with low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. A typical office building would require purging of fresh air of about 15 cfm (cubic foot per minute)/person which provides a fresh ambience inside the building.
Operational Savings
Energy Savings: 40% - 50% Water Savings: 20% - 30% Daylight & Views
Increase in productivity: 12% - 15% Fresh Air Quality
Air availability: 15 cubic feet per minute/person Operational Savings
Benefits of Green Buildings Ali & Nashrat, 2009
1) Considers true costs of building and site impacts on the local, regional and global environment through life cycle costing and assessment
2) Uses natural resources efficiently, maximizes the use of local materials and eliminates waste
3) Reduces building ecological footprints allowing ecosystems to function more naturally
4) Optimizes climatic conditions site orientation and design 5) Uses energy-efficiency systems and materials
6) Integrates natural daylight and ventilation and improves indoor air quality 7) Plans for future flexibility, expansion and building demolition
8) Reduces, reuses and recycles materials in all phases of construction and deconstruction
9) Minimizes the use of mined rare metals and persistent systematic compounds
10) Conserves and reuses water and treats storm water runoff on-site 11) Encourages a transit, bicycle and pedestrian oriented project
12) Includes advanced telecommunications technology allowing electronic access and reducing the need to travel
Environmental benefits:
1) Enhances and protects biodiversity and ecosystems 2) Improves air and water quality
3) Reduces waste streams
4) Conserves and restores natural resources Economic benefits:
1) Reduces operating costs
2) Creates, expands and shapes markets for green products and services 3) Improves occupant productivity
4) Optimizes life-cycle economic performance Social benefits:
1) Enhances occupant comfort and health 2) Heightens aesthetic qualities
3) Minimizes strain on local infrastructure 4) Improves overall quality of life
Perceptions and Realities (Nicmar survey, 2010)
People have different perceptions on green buildings; some are correct and some are otherwise. It is important to look at these. There is a trend of decrease in the incremental cost over the years.
Perception 1: Green buildings are costlier
Reality: Considerable research and analysis has been carried out with regard to the cost impacts of a green building. The cost could be slightly higher than a conventional building. But then, this needs to be seen with a different paradigm. The question is how do we compare the costs? There needs to be a baseline cost for all comparisons to be alike. The incremental cost is always relative and depends on the extent of eco-friendly features already considered during design. The incremental cost would appear small if the baseline design is already at a certain level of good eco-design, it would appear huge if the base design has not considered green principles.
The second critical paradigm is to look at the incremental cost in relation to the life cycle cost. Buildings would last for a 50 years or 60 years or 100 years. Over its life cycle, the operating cost would work out to 80-85 % while the incremental cost which is a onetime cost is only 8-10 %.
The table below captures the typical payback period in the recently constructed green buildings in India.
Table Payback Period for Green Buildings Building Built-in Area (Sqft) % increase in cost Payback (yrs)
CII - Godrej GBC 20,000 20% 7 years
ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon
1,70,000 15% 6 years
Wipro, Gurgaon 1,75,000 8% 5 years
Grundfos Pumps, Chennai
Perception 2: Green buildings have to be air-conditioned
Reality: Green building concepts can be applied for non-air conditioning buildings. It has been applied on three such buildings in India viz., IGP office, Gulbarga, the Royal Engineering College, Hyderabad and LIC office and Shimoga. While performing the energy analysis using software tools, such buildings will input the same cooling system both in the baseline and the proposed design. This ensures that the building is recognized for any of the other energy efficiency measures incorporated, for example - the envelope, lighting, roof insulation etc. This kind of an approach also ensures that an apple-to-apple comparison is made while evaluating two green buildings, whether conditioned or not.
Perception 3: Green buildings take more time
Reality: There is a general perception that going the green way may affect the project schedules. This was perhaps the case for the CII-Godrej GBC building when it was the first time that a green building rating tool was being applied in the country. The design in this case took about one-and-half years while the construction was completed in about 9 months. Now, there is absolutely no difference in the time involved in constructing a green building vis-à-vis a normal building. The time schedule for the rating can be synchronized with that of the building. This has been amply demonstrated in buildings like the Wipro in Gurgaon and Grundfos in Chennai.
Elements of Green Building Design which make it a smart building and different from a conventional building
1) Site design
Works with natural features, protects trees, streams, soils and parks, has effective drainage and energy saving shade
Buildings grouped together to conserve energy, space and cost
Covering soil with woodchips or plywood
2) Community
Encourages neighborhood interaction and establishes safe and healthy living conditions
Public spaces for residents
o Large front porches, balconies, lobbies, playgrounds and community gardens, meeting rooms, fitness and childcare facilities
o Laundry areas, shopping and entertainment close to houses
o Wide sidewalks, speed bumps and tree plantations alongside roads near the houses
Transportation
o Good access to transit
o Secure bicycle parking and bike lanes connecting to local bike routes
Security
o Outdoor areas and pathways within sight from windows and balconies o Hallways and stairways with windows or openings into common areas o Lighting covering pathways and adjacent areas
o Barbed shrubbery, like raspberry, along exterior walls can deter break-ins
o Installing bars can secure ground floor units
o Secure construction site and landscape in front of graffiti-attracting walls
3) Indoor air quality
Excluding pollutant sources o Design
Let in fresh air by keeping vents away from exhausts Directly vent heating equipments, ovens, bathrooms etc. Non-smoking policy
o Construction
Cover ductwork during construction, vacuum it and install new filters before turning on the central heating/ cooling system Clean the site during and after construction
Expose building to outside air for at least 30 days as furniture, equipments etc are installed
Pest control measures before residents move in
Choose non-polluting materials
o Choose less-or-no VOC (volatile organic compounds) options for paints, sealants and wallpapers
o Avoid products containing formaldehyde o Minimize carpeted area. Use green label or 3rd
party certified carpet, pad and adhesives
o Choose non-toxic cleaning products
Manage moisture and humidity
o Install bathroom exhaust controls that use a timer or humidistat o Use quite fans (the quieter they are, the more they will be used) o Protect moisture-sensitive construction materials with just-in-time
delivery and dry storage
o Keep plumbing supply lines out of exterior walls
Ventilate effectively o Design
Constantly ventilate preferably with balanced exhaust and supply fans or with a heat-recovery or energy-recovery ventilator
Opt for operable windows
Establish constant air barriers between each unit and ventilate them separately
o Equipment
HVAC equipment delivering quality air to each room under full and partial loads
Keep water out with rainproof louvers and lower air-intake velocities
Economizer cycles bring fresh air and effective cooling Consider radiant heating
Transfer grilles or heat exchangers can improve system efficiency
o Maintenance
Regular maintenance and calibration of HVAC systems Educate maintenance staff and residents about: healthy pest
control and cleaning methods
Teach residents how to operate ventilation systems and incorporate natural ventilation
Avoid water waste. Inspect leakage.
Care in repair and renovation. When material removal, painting, sanding, and other disruptive activities are anticipated, consult the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors‘ National Association (SMACNA) IAQ Guidelines for Occupied Buildings under Construction
4) Energy
Reduce buildings energy requirements
o Reduce building‘s energy requirements
o Passive solar heating: stores heat and keep temperatures where required
o Passive cooling allows for natural ventilation o Effective insulation and foundation to roof o Avoid thermal bridging at structural joints
o Install reflective or light colored roofing to keep cool in summer
Efficient integrated systems
o Integrated and effective design of heating, cooling, ventilation and plumbing systems
o Consider a computerized energy management system that can track loads and system response, and then make adjustments to maintain
efficiency. HVAC balancing will work best if you go one room at a time
o Adaptable systems like modular boilers, variable air volume
ventilation systems, and independent mechanical rooms let improve performance
o Water-saving showerheads and faucets, in coordination with efficient hot water heating and delivery, also offer considerable energy savings
Encouraging energy efficient living
o Meter each unit so that residents know their electricity and gas usage, and give them smart controls to adjust heat and AC and make it easy to switch off lights and electrical outlets
o Educate how to make most out of natural ventilation and window shades
Clean energy and renewable
o Pairing solar water heater system with efficient central boiler cuts up to 70% water heating energy use
o Geothermal heat pump reduces heating and cooling costs even more o Generating electricity onsite with photovoltaic panels can cut costs for
a single family home
5) Materials
Green materials strategy: Reduce the amount used and to reuse existing buildings or deconstruction debris
Recycled and resource efficient products
o Buy durable materials and products that can be reused and recycled at the end of their useful lives
o Examples: Recycled rubber and polymer roofing reduces weight and maintenance; recycled latex paint (made from unused paint) can cut costs; recycled steel framing can replace lumber and increases strength, durability, and workability
o Select materials that don‘t require on-site finishing
o Pre-cut/assembled components can save 15% of overall construction cost
Avoid toxic products like arsenic and chromium that seep into soil. Less-toxic products like vinegar and baking soda should be used for cleaning by residents
6) Waste
Reducing construction waste
o Use recycled materials to reduce waste o Educate workers
o Debris from deconstruction can be donated to a non-profit organization and a tax-reduction can be received
o Set up bins on-site and bring in a grinder to reduce transportation costs
o Minimize hazardous wastes like motor oil, solvents and paint. Develop procedures for separation, handling and legal disposal for them.
o Timely delivery and storage will prevent theft and damage
Design for reuse and recycling
o Practices for keeping out water and precipitation can be: Water resistive barriers or drainage plane system Foundation waterproofing
Gutters diverting water 5 feet from the foundation o Using termite-resistant materials for walls, decks etc. o Include features for residents with disabilities
o Flexible spaces allow for addition of units and converting ground floor units to retail or classrooms etc.
Setting up food waste composting areas near gardens
Water savings by using water efficiently during construction and also by installing fitting systems which help to save water usage in excess once the building is in use.
7) Water
Water efficiency
o Installing water-efficient appliances and plumbing fixtures
o Taking advantage of rainwater and grey water to irrigate or flush toilets
o Steps to raise indoor water use efficiency:
Minimize distance between water heaters and kitchen/ bathrooms
Install low-flow showerheads
Install HET‘s (high efficiency toilets)
Use automatic shut-off faucets and composting toilets for common areas
o Steps to raise outdoor water efficiency
Plant drought-resistant varieties and supplement soils to improve water retention
Bubblers, soaker hose, and stream-rotator spray heads are efficient irrigation options
Storm water management
o Put up trees and vegetation to soak rainwater and intercept runoff streams
o Consider a Green Roof: soaks up rainfall, saves energy, and lasts longer than the traditional one
o reduce treatment systems that filter out pollutants
o installing tap filters help achieve the highest quality water for cooking and drinking
8) Commissioning
It‘s the process of making certain that a building works as it has been designed. Its various components are:
Systems
o It expands on testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) of standard inspection
o Includes heating, cooling, ventilation and automation systems, plumbing, electrical equipments etc.
Benefits
o Costly change orders and delays can be reduced by constantly involving commissioning agents
o Improved thermal comfort and reduced air quality reduces resident complains
Process and responsibilities
o Check design documents against initial design intent and to see that they equate with performance
o Maintain key building statistics and contact numbers for all firms on the building team
o Help operations and management staff make adjustments to optimize systems performance
9) Marketability
Ultimate goal is to build homes that residents would be proud of owning
Just the low utility bills and high quality indoor air doesn‘t sound impressive. Attractive designs and comfort are most important.
Natural ventilation, open space, ease of use, lesser maintenance, trees, overhangs etc. become attractive features
LEED
As all the buildings have been certified by LEED - The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is intended to encourage adoption of sustainable green building practices through the use of universally understood performance criteria. Their goal is to make LEED the primary standard in this area. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in March 2000, LEED provides building owners and operators with a framework for identifying and implementing practical and measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions.
LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in five key areas of human and environmental health. There is a rating scale in each area and points are assigned to the building in each category. The overall score determines the LEED rating of Certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum.
The LEED Green Building Rating Systems are consensus-based, market-driven programs that are intended to be voluntary. LEED is a whole building rating system, looking at the environmental impacts of the building from design through occupancy. There are five main categories to the LEED rating system and they include;
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy & Atmosphere
Materials & Resources
Indoor Environmental Air Quality
LEED for Homes has added two additional categories, Locations & Linkages and Awareness & Education. LEED for Homes is geared toward single-family homes, low-rise residential, production homes, affordable homes, manufactured & modular homes as well as major (gut) rehab projects on existing homes.
A building must meet certain prerequisites in each of these categories to earn points in each category. Once all of the prerequisites have been achieved, the total number of credits earned determines if a building is LEED certified and at what rating. There are four levels of certification, each signifying a higher level of sustainable design; certified, silver, gold and platinum.
The Green Building Rating Standard According to LEED:
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System was promulgated to improve the environmental and economic performance of new and existing commercial, institutional, and high-rise residential buildings.
The rating system consists of the following 6 major categories, and maximum points:
· Sustainable Sites: 14 · Water Efficiency: 05
· Energy and Atmosphere:17 · Materials and Resources:13 · Indoor Environmental Quality:15 · LEED Innovation Credits: 05
· Total Maximum Possible Points: 69 Certification Levels:
· LEED Certified: 26-32 points or >37% of max. · LEED Certified Silver Level: 33-38 points or >47% of max. · LEED Certified Gold Level: 39-51 points or >56% of max. · LEED Certified Platinum Level: 52-69 points or >75% of max.
Raw Materials Used in the Construction of Conventional Building:
1. Building Stones (or Dimension Stones)
Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources.
Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most commonplace now.
Most widely used rocks are sedimentary limestone and sandstone, the igneous rock granite, the metamorphic rocks marble and slate (and sometimes gneiss).
2. Crushed Rock, Sand and Gravel
The primary use of crushed rock is as an aggregate for concrete and as a base for streets and roads. Sand and gravel are usually taken directly from stream beds, glacial out wash, beaches. 3-4 billion tonnes/yr (~20 billion $)
3. Cement
Cement is a mix of minerals that when water is added it becomes hard and strong. It is usually made from a mixture of limestone and clay or shale, or from an impure limestone with high clay content. The raw materials go through a multi-step process to meet certain specifications before entering the market as a binder.
4. Clay
Clay can be molded into a desired form and heated to produce bricks, porcelains, tiles, ceramic pipes, etc. The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being used. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses. Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; now forms and mechanical pneumatic compressors are used.
Soil and especially clay is good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer.
5. Plaster
It is used mainly for a wall-surface material, most commonly found in pre-fabricated sheets. Gypsum is the primary raw material.
6. Glass
Glass has many uses. Quartz is the main mineral content. The supply is plentiful - sandstone or unconsolidated sand deposits. The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass "curtain walls" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a "space frame". These uses though require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by it.
7. Asbestos
It is used as an electrical and thermal insulator. It is also very resistant to corrosion. It is used in brake linings and fire resistant suits. The main source of mineral is chrysotile. Some forms of asbestos have been linked to lung cancer.
8. Wood
A natural material for building dwellings for thousands of years, wood was also used to make Churches in the past. The main problems with wood structures are fire risk and durability. Wood is an aesthetically pleasing material that never goes out of trend completely, though the current popularity of plastic is taking its place in many construction sites.
9. Concrete
Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term concrete.
Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent advancements, such as Insulating concrete forms, combine the concrete forming and other construction
steps (installation of insulation). All materials must be taken in required proportions as described in standards.
10. Metal
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty items today.
It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building industries.
Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, and silver. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.
11. Plastic
Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today.
12. Foam
More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structural insulated
panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood and cement or insulating concrete forms, where concrete is sandwiched between two layers of foam.
Raw Materials Used in the Construction of Green Building:
1. Flyash Concrete
Flyash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee 116) as ―the finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal, which is transported from the firebox through the boiler by flue gases.‖ Flyash is a by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants.
Two classifications of flyash are produced, according to the type of coal used. Anthracite and bituminous coal produces flyash classified as Class F. Class C flyash is produced by burning lignite or subbituminous coal. Class C flyash is preferable for the applications presented in the Green Building Guide and is the main type offered for residential applications from ready-mix suppliers.
Flyash is one of three general types of coal combustion byproducts (CCBP‘s). The use of these byproducts offers environmental advantages by diverting the material from the waste stream, reducing the energy investment in processing virgin materials, conserving virgin materials, and allaying pollution. Although flyash offers environmental advantages, it also improves the performance and quality of concrete. Flyash affects the plastic properties of concrete by improving workability, reducing water demand, reducing segregation and bleeding, and lowering heat of hydration. Flyash increases strength, reduces permeability, reduces corrosion of reinforcing steel, increases sulphate resistance, and reduces alkali-aggregate reaction. Flyash reaches its maximum strength more slowly than concrete made with only portland cement. The techniques for working with this type of concrete are standard for the industry and will not impact the budget of a job.
Talking about the cost of this Flyash concrete, it is of the same price as ordinary concrete without flyash. Flyash is also used to produce bricks. Flyash mainly helps to reduce the cement use content by 30% in any building.
2. Gypsum:
Gypsum offers a number of opportunities to go green—from recycled content to local manufacturing credits to long-term durability. Gypsum board, or drywall, is typically made with 100% recycled, unbleached paper facings that are bonded without adhesives onto a gypsum core. Recycled gypsum board is derived from in-plant scrap and some clean construction waste; advances in recycling technology allow separation of the paper from the core so that each may be recycled separately. Synthetic gypsum may replace up to 100% of the natural gypsum in drywall. Reducing waste is an important consideration in green projects.
3. Structural Insulated Building Panel
A marriage of engineered wood and foam, the building monolithic panel uses EPS (expandable polystyrene) insulation, similar to the foam coffee cup, but 6 to 12 inches thick, sandwiched between two panels of oriented strand board (OSB or engineered wood panel). Both products are environmentally friendly. The OSB uses fast growing trees once considered "trash trees" or unusable to dimensional lumber specifications. With a uniform thickness and construction, all walls are sound without the voids common in wood framing. Many times the panels are finished away from the construction site allowing straighter walls.
Distinguishing factors between green and conventional building
Paul & Taylor, 2007
Solar energy contributes 30% in green homes whereas it counts only 0.70% in a conventional one. Also, it contributes 45% wind energy in green homes and 0.40% in conventional.
Percentage distribution of Energy Consumption in conventional building Conventional Building Green Building
0.70% Solar energy 30% Solar energy
0.40% Wind energy 45% Wind energy
No standards for recycled renewable materials
25-80% Recycled materials 6% Wood (renewable resources) used 50% Wood used
30% Local materials 50% Local materials are extracted + 20% manufactured= 70% Local materials
Green building facts as compared to conventional (As per U.S. Department of Energy‘s Building Technology Program)
1) 35% reduction in potable water use
2) 50% savings in overall energy consumption 3) 88% reduction in lighting consumption
4) 80% of materials used are either recycled or recyclable
5) 20% of the building‘s energy requirement is provided by photovoltaics 6) 15-20% less load on AC due to aerated concrete blocks used in facades 7) Zero water discharge building
8) 90% of building daylight
9) 75% of occupants have outside view
Costs associated with green buildings
Good green buildings often cost only a few percentage points or no more to build than a conventional design. Integrated design processes that identify the most efficient and holistic approaches to building green can reduce initial costs. There may also be green products and materials that cost the same or even less than conventional ones.
Savings due to green building ranges from 35% to 70% with different factors related to it. Savings from carbon emissions contribute 35% in green buildings, water use 40%, energy use 50% and solid waste contributes 70% in green buildings.
Green Buildings in India- Emerging trends
In recent years India has emerged as one of the world‘s top destinations for green buildings and has implemented a number of home-rating schemes and building codes, which open up a wide range of opportunities in construction, architecture and engineering design, building materials and equipment manufacture.
Year Projected certified green
buildings per year
LEED-rated green buildings estimated market potential in A$M
2007 50 250
2008 150 625
2012 1000 5000
Source: Indian Green Building Council
India, the seventh largest country, is a leading economy and home to over one billion people living in various climatic zones. The country‘s economy has been growing at a fast pace ever since the process of economic reforms started in 1991. Construction plays a very important role in its economy, contributing an average 6.51% of the GDP. Commercial and residential sectors continue to be a major market for construction industry.
People are becoming more environmental conscious nowadays as media is highlighting the phenomenon of global warming. Construction Industry is witnessing growth and both these factors provide for huge scope for Green buildings in India.
From 20,000 sq. ft of green footprint in the country in the year 2003 to 725.22 million sq. ft till date, green buildings can see growth projection in coming years. Today, a variety of green building projects are coming up in the country - residential complexes, exhibition centers, hospitals, educational institutions, laboratories, IT parks, airports, government buildings and corporate offices. There is a tremendous potential for construction of Green Buildings in India. This could open up a plethora of opportunities for several stakeholders in construction industry like architects, material, equipment manufacturers etc in India and abroad. An estimated market potential of USD 4000 million is expected out of green buildings in India by the year 2012.
Today‘s scenario of construction industry shows a big step of development towards green building. There have been many projects implemented and registered by many companies reflecting immense participation of private companies in improving the deteriorating state of India and contributing its part.
In order to encourage such a step towards green development there has been a council actively participating and encourage such development ―INDIAN GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL‘‘. This committee or council has been aiming towards becoming one of the world leaders in green building by 2015.
IGBC has been involved in the following projects:
IGBC Green Homes
IGBC Green Townships
IGBC Green SEZs
IGBC Green Factory Building
This committee consists of 1318 members (104 founding members), 1241 registered buildings and 187 certified buildings. The following is the list of all certified green buildings:
IGBC - Green Homes Projects
Project Location Rating
Mahindra Lifespace Developers Limited - Mahindra Splendour
Mumbai Pre - Certified,
Platinum Aliens Developers - Aliens Space
Station -1
Hyderabad Pre - Certified, Platinum Shree Ram Infrastructure Ltd. -
Palais Royale
Mumbai Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Mahindra Chloris Faridabad Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Mahindra Royale Pune Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Green Grace Hyderabad Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Kalpataru Riverside Mumbai Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Srishti Mumbai Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Megapolis Pune Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Avani Residence Hyderabad Platinum
Raisina Residency Gurgaon Pre-Certified,
Gold
Kalpataru Pinnacle Mumbai Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Aquila Heigths Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold
BCIL T ZED Homes Bangalore Platinum
Viswa Syamalam Chennai Platinum
Kalpataru Hills Thane Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Park Infinia Pune Pre - Certified,
Platinum
Aqua Lily Chengulpet Pre - Certified,
August Park Bangalore Pre-Certified, Gold
NOEL Greenature Kochi, Kerala Pre-Certified,
Gold
La Residency Mumbai Pre-Certified,
Gold
Camelot Kansal-Mohali – Punjab Pre-Certified,
Gold
Nitesh Columbus Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold
Springs Chennai Pre-Certified,
Gold
Shem Park Chennai Gold
Trimurtys Aurum Jaipur Precertified Gold
Planet Green Vadodara Precertified
Platinum
Nautilus - E5 Vadodara - Gujrat. Precertified
Silver
Ecociti Noida Precertified
Platinum
Soudhamini Bangalore Precertified Gold
Mahindra Eminente, Building A & C
Mumbai Precertified Gold
Windermere Koregaon Park, Pune. Precertified
Platinum Godrej Garden Enclave - B type
Towers
Mumbai Precertified
Platinum
Purva Atria Platina Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold
One Avighna Park Mumbai Precertified
Platinum
Orion Mumbai Pre-Certified,
Gold
Godrej Palm Grove Chennai, Tamil Nadu Pre-Certified, Gold
Dosti Ambrosia Wadala-Mumbai Pre-Certified,
Tirumala Habitats Mulund, Mumbai Precertified Platinum
czar's Greenways road at
Chennai.
Precertified Platinum
Renaissance Nature Walk Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold Bhuvana Greens Kasavanahalli, Sarjapura
road, Bangalore
Pre-Certified, Gold
Ackruti Greenwoods Mumbai Pre-Certified,
Gold
Mantri DSK Pinnacle Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold
Rustomjee Urbania Mumbai Pecertified Silver
Brigade Exotica Bangalore Pre-Certified,
Gold
X'czar Mumbai Precertified
Platinum
Signature Estates Guwahati Pre-Certified,
Gold INORA Park, TATA Housing Dev.
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Pune Pre-Certified,
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Hebron Enclave KR Puram, Bangalore Precertified
Platinum IGBC Green Factory Building Projects
Project Location Rating
Pennar Engineered Building Systems Limited
Sadashivpet, Hyderabad
Gold
Tata Motors Ltd. Pimpri, Pune Gold
Mainetti (India) Pvt. Ltd. Sriperumbudur, Chennai
Platinum
Orient Craft Ltd Rajasthan Silver
Cummins Generator Technologies India Ltd. Plant 2
G-06
,MIDC,Ranjangaon
Gold Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd Thoraipakkam,
Chennai
LEED Rated Green Buildings in India
Project Location Rating
CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre
Hyderabad Platinum
ITC Green Centre Gurgaon Platinum
Wipro Technologies Gurgaon Platinum
Grundfos Pumps India Pvt Ltd Chennai Gold
NEG Micon India Pvt Limited, (Vestas India)
Chennai Gold
Technopolis Kolkata Gold
L & T EDRC 1 Chennai Silver
Olympia Technology Park Chennai Gold
Hiranandani BG Building Mumbai Platinum
IGP Office Gulbarga Gold
Hyderabad Institute of Technology & Management
Hyderabad Silver
ABN Amro Bank - Central Enterprises
Chennai Gold
Spectral Services Consultants Pvt Ltd Noida Platinum
ETL BPO Park Chennai Gold
World Bank Building Chennai Silver
Rane Institute for Employee Development
Chennai Silver
Wipro Technologies SDB1 Kochi Gold
Haworth Pune India Regional Office Pune Gold
ABN Amro Bank N.V. Ahmedabad Platinum
HSBC GSC Hyderabad 1 Hyderabad Silver
K Raheja Corp C 30 BKC Mumbai Gold
InterfaceFLOR Bangalore Gold
Enercon India Pvt Ltd Mumbai Gold
Microsoft Building 3 Hyderabad Gold
IMTMA's Banglore International Center
Bangalore Certified
RMZ Millenia Business Park Chennai Gold
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad Silver
TECCI PARK Chennai Silver
Minestone Green Diamonds Gujarat Gold
Patni Knowledge Center Noida Platinum
Motorola Manufacturing Facility Sriperumbudur, Chennai Silver
Turbo Energy Chennai Platinum
Technology Block, L&T Hazira Platinum
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Ashok Leyland Corporate Office Chennai Gold
TCS Technopark Chennai Gold
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Infinity Benchmark Kolkata Platinum
Spectral Services Consultants Pvt Ltd Hyderbad Gold
Green Boulevard Noida Platinum
Modine Thermal Systems Pvt. Ltd. - Office
Sriperumbudhur Gold
Modine Thermal Systems Pvt. Ltd. - Factory
Sriperumbudhur Silver
Odyssey Building - GE India Technology Centre Pvt. Ltd
Fast Track Building 1 & 2, Wipro Technologies
Noida Gold
Software Development Block 3 Pune Gold
Wipro Chennai Development Center- SEZ
Chennai Silver
247 Park Mumbai Gold
Bagmane World Technology Center Bangalore Gold
Thermax Corporate House Pune Silver
Hotel Fortune Select Dasve LAVASA City Silver
Cognizant Green Campus Coimbatore Gold
Kohinoor Hospital Mumbai Platinum
Yamuna - Corporate office Kirloskar Brothers Limited
Pune Platinum
Cisco VTV Banglore Platinum
CII - Suresh Neotia Centre of excellence for leadership
Kolkatta Silver
ITC Royal Gardenia Bangalore Platinum
Xylem Bangalore Gold
Wipro Special Economic Zone (EC) Tower "S2"
Bangalore Silver
Wipro Special Economic Zone, Gopannapally,S1 & S2
Hyderabad Gold
Electrical Systems & Equipment, Electrical & Automation Operating Company, Larsen & Toubro Limited
Ahmednagar Gold
ABN AMRO - KRM Towers Chennai Gold
Burt Hill India Office Interiors Ahmedabad Platinum
DBAG Nirlon Deutsche Bank Mumbai Gold
Frontier Business Systems Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore Gold
Leadership Development Institute, TCS
Thiruvananthapuram Silver
M Moser Delhi Certified
Nothern Operating Services Pvt Ltd Bangalore Gold
Nokia India Private Limited Gurgaon Gold
Sabarmati Gas Limited Gujarat Gold
Shell Business Service Center - Phase 1
Chennai Platinum
Space Matrix Office New Delhi Platinum
Pre-Clinical R & D Laboratory VIMTA Life Sciences Campus, Genome Valley, Hyderabad
Gold
Wipro Special Economic Zone (SR) - Tower S3
Banglore Silver
SNQS Internationals Avinashi Silver
Mindspace Airoli, Building No 8 Mumbai Gold
Aquamall Water Solutions Limited Dehradun Gold
Wipro Special Economic Zone Pune Gold
Suzlon One Earth Pune Platinum
Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Chennai Gold
DuPont Knowledge Center Hyderabad Silver
Wipro Technologies Vizag Gold
Max Super Speciality Hospital New Delhi Gold
Cement House Mumbai Gold
Wipro Technologies, BHDC Bhubaneshwar Silver
Technology Centre II, L&T Chennai Certified
HSBC House - Finance COE, Phase-1
Cognizant Green Campus Kolkata Silver
Cisco B4 Bangalore Platinum
Logix Cyber Park Noida Silver
YCH DistriPark India Chennai Chennai Gold
Nirlon Knowledge Park (Phase I) Mumbai Gold
Anna Centenary Library Building Chennai Gold
Oracle India Pvt. Ltd., Phase 3 Building
Hyderabad Gold
PS Srijan Tech Park Kolkata Gold
Unitech Commercial Tower Gurgaon Gold
Wipro Technologies (Tower - 4) Kolkata Gold
Wipro Limited (Infotech Division) Kotdwar Silver
Infosys Technologies Jaipur Platinum
Shriram The Gateway Chennai Gold
Godrej Waterside IT Park Kolkata Gold
American Embassy School New Delhi Gold
HSBC Baroda Vadodara Platinum
Great Lakes Institute of Management Manamai Platinum
CDPL Corporate Office Hyderabad Silver
Commerzone Building No.4 Pune Gold
Dabur Corporate Office Gurgaon Gold
Nokia Siemens Networks, Phase II Noida Gold
Net Magic Chennai Data Centre Chennai Gold
K Raheja Corp.- Novartis Building, Mindspace
Hyderabad Platinum
CA Technologies India Hyderabad, Building 2
Hyderabad Gold
Cognizant MEPZ Campus Chennai Gold
ING Vysya Bank Mumbai Gold
IDFC Bank Chennai Gold
Mudra House Mumbai Gold
Kohinoor City Mall Mumbai Gold
Express Avenue Mall Chennai Gold
CRISIL House Mumbai Platinum
Navins WSS Towers Chennai Gold
Admin Building, HED-Talegaon Complex
Pune Platinum
HCL Green Data Centre Noida Platinum
ITC Maurya Hotel New Delhi Platinum
Project OII - RBS Chennai Certified
Scope International Pvt. Ltd. Chennai Gold
Indira Gandhi International Airport, Terminal 3
New Delhi Gold
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Ahill Apparel Tirrupur Gold
Software Development Block 1, Infosys Technologies Ltd
Thiruvananthapuram Platinum Central Control Room (CCR),
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Platinum Dr.Reddy's Laboratories Ltd -
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Delta Power Solutions India Pvt. Ltd. Rudrapur, Uttarakhand Gold Pune Marriott Hotel & Convention
Centre, A Panchshil Project
Senapati Bapat Road Gold Cooling Tower Cafe Nirlon Knowledge Park,
Goregaon – East
Gold
Nirlon Knowledge Park, Phase 2 Mumbai Gold
Heritage Madurai Hotel & Resort Madurai Gold Yahoo Software Development India
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Bangalore Gold
Symantec Pune India Pune Gold
Citibank N A Mumbai Platinum
ITC Windsor Bangalore Platinum
ITC The Mughal Agra Platinum
ITC Sonar Kolkata Platinum
ITC Kakatiya Hyderabad Platinum
ITC HOTEL - The Maratha Mumbai Platinum
Menon Eternity Chennai Platinum
Paharpur Business Center New Delhi Platinum
ITC The Grand Central Platinum
Godrej Bhavan Mumbai Gold
EMC BECP Bangalore Gold
Deutsche Bank Ludhiana Branch. Ludhiana Silver
CB Richard Ellis South Asia Pvt Ltd. Mumbai Silver
Syntel Global Development Center Chennai Gold
Tecpro Towers Chennai Silver
Wipro Enterprise Data Center, Wipro Limited, SEZ,Knowledge Park IV,
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Patni Computer System, Block B. Noida Gold
TSI Waverock - Phase I Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Gold NUCLEUS - Mall and Office NH 49, Maradu, Kochi,
KERALA
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Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) Platinum Wadia International Centre, C II Worli, Mumbai - 400025. Gold Commercial Building at Kalina Santacruz (West), Kalina,
Mumbai
Gold
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Wipro Enterprise Data Center,Wipro Limited, SEZ,Knowledge Park IV, Greater Noida
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Government Projects of Green Buildings in Ahmedabad
The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation is going green, not with envy but with eco-friendly buildings. In what is being touted as the first-of-its-kind initiative in the state and probably in the country, the AMC is planning to build four green buildings.
Mark Ginsberg, senior executive adviser to the office of secretary of state for renewable energy, USDoE from the US is working on the project to make these public utility buildings green."We are working on some projects in Ahmedabad to make the buildings certified green," said Ginsberg.
Confirming the news, a highly placed source in the corporation said that they are converting the new dental college near Anupam Cinema, LG Medical College in Maninagar, corporation building at Danapith in the eastern part of the city and the new west zone corporation office in Bodakdev into green buildings.
The source added that CEPT University faculties will also provide technical
support to the project. Chairman of Indian green building council (IGBC) -Gujarat chapter, Sameer Sinha said such an effort will motivate others to come up with green buildings.
Green Buildings in Gujarat (focusing Ahmedabad)
Shapath V, being developed by the Rs 600-crore Savvy Infrastructures Ltd on Ahmedabad‘s SG Highway, will be the first green building in Gujarat. The building, worth Rs 300 crore occupies 20,000 sq yards of land.
Top soil removed while excavating for a foundation of Shapath V will be used in the terrace gardens of the building. This will insulate the building from direct heat cutting down cooling cost by a sharp 25-30 per cent. Materials being used include fly ash bricks and high performance glass that absorbs light but reflects heat. This glass has a unique property with which it selectively allows the light to come inside the building minus the heat. The heat gained by a building made of fly ash is less than other buildings, which reduces the use of air-conditioning in the room. The building will also have water harvesting tanks and an inbuilt sewage treatment plant.
Shapath-5 will be a ‗gold-certified‘ green building. The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has 69 credits to assess buildings. If one has 48-59 credits without interiors or 45-55 credits with interiors, it will be certified a gold building. The buildings under the green architecture plan are certified under LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) with Platinum, Gold and Silver ratings. This is a UK based certification. The LEED ratings are given according to the amount of energy a building can save. This encourages the developers to use energy efficient measures like the rainwater harvesting, waste management etc.
Savvy Infrastructure is investing about Rs 400 crore in developing ‗green‘ commercial and residential projects over the next two years. Apart from Shapath V green project, Savvy has also begun construction on Solaris-a 400-flat ‗green‘ residential complex in Ahmedabad entailing a cost of Rs 100 crore.
Developers like Savvy Infrastructure Ltd. and Parshwanath Developers Ltd. are coming up with commercial complexes which are energy efficient.
Touted as a green project, Shapath Hexa is under construction on S G Highway. The building will have 2.5 lakh sq. ft. constructed area. According to its developer, an office of around 1000 sq. ft. with 10 occupants will have Rs. 1,12,000 per sq. ft. annual bill, considering electric supply charge at Rs. 6/KWH. While in a simple structure the bill will be around Rs. 1,90,000 annually.
Savvy‘s Shapath-5 project promotes green building concept. The Rs. 250-crore project on 20,000 sq. yards of land will house Crown Plaza, an intercontinental hotel chain.
Shree Parshwanath Corporation Ltd. is also coming up with a 12-storey building with 2.5 lakh sq. ft. of constructed area. Rushabh Patel, MD of the company said ―We are using double glance glass to keep the temperature down. This will also lead to less consumption of light and air conditioner.‖
In Ahmedabad, there are developers like the Savvy Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd, Manpasand Builders Pvt. Ltd (Sangath group) and few other developers as well who have started green projects. There are people who have their homes built in a green concept too.
The ABN Amro Bank branch in Ahmedabad has become the 1st LEED commercial interiors project outside the U.S. to achieve LEED Platinum certification and only the 8th in the world. En3 along with architect Karan Grover and Associates have made this 8000 square feet branch into one of the greenest
interiors possible. The branch has energy efficient lighting systems that save 34% over conventional systems and HVAC systems that consume 20% less than standard systems. Low flow fixtures that consume 38% less than regular fixtures have been used as well. Also more than 40% of the materials used have high recycled content, only certified wood products have been used and over 50% of the materials used are locally and regionally procured thereby reducing the impact of environmental pollution through transportation. Also more than 75% of the interiors have natural day lighting thereby considerably reducing the artificial light consumption.