JJeennyyccaa DDeellooss SSaannttooss DDrr.. de Ala de Ala G Gmmgg22 CCoouunnsseelliinngg Theories Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
–emphasis: importance of early childhood development in determining later psychological –emphasis: importance of early childhood development in determining later psychological
functioning– functioning– *History and Proponent
*History and Proponent
Sigmund Freud (Sigismund) Sigmund Freud (Sigismund)
-born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia -born May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia
-was brought to Vienna at the age of 4 by his parents -was brought to Vienna at the age of 4 by his parents
-eldest son of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud but has 2 older stepbrothers -eldest son of Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud but has 2 older stepbrothers -g
-grerew w up up fefeelelining g fafavovorered d by by hihis s momoththerer: : lelead ad hihim m to to obobseservrve e ththat at momoththerer/s/sonon relationship was the most perfect of human relationship
relationship was the most perfect of human relationship
-when he was 1 and ½ years old, his mother gave birth to a second son; Sigmund was -when he was 1 and ½ years old, his mother gave birth to a second son; Sigmund was filled with hostilityn to wards his brother and harbored an unconscious wish for his death. filled with hostilityn to wards his brother and harbored an unconscious wish for his death. When Julius died (6 months), Sigmund felt guilt at having caused his brother’s death (he When Julius died (6 months), Sigmund felt guilt at having caused his brother’s death (he carried the feelings until middle age)
carried the feelings until middle age)
-was drawn to medicine by his curiousity of human nature -was drawn to medicine by his curiousity of human nature
-in 1885, he received a travelling grant and decided to study in Paris with Jean-Martin -in 1885, he received a travelling grant and decided to study in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot; there he learned
Charcot; there he learned the hypnotic technique of the hypnotic technique of treating hysteria (disorder charactertreating hysteria (disorder characterizedized mostly by paralysis)
mostly by paralysis) -in
-in memed d schschoolool, , he he memet t JosJosef ef BreBreueruer, , who who tataughught t him him ababout out cacathatharsirsis s (re(remomovivingng hysterical symptoms by talking them out)
hysterical symptoms by talking them out) -in
-in his his prapractctice ice of of cacathatharsirsis, s, FreFree-e-asassocsociatiation ion wawas s dedevelvelopeoped d and and thithis s repreplalacedced hypnosis as his principal technqiue
hypnosis as his principal technqiue -he and Breuer published
-he and Breuer published Studies on HysteriaStudies on Hysteria that features the account of Anna O; inthat features the account of Anna O; in this book, the term “psychical analysis “ was introduced and during the following year, he this book, the term “psychical analysis “ was introduced and during the following year, he called his approach “psycho-analysis”
called his approach “psycho-analysis”
-late 1890’s: Freud experienced personal crises and begun analyzing his own dreams -late 1890’s: Freud experienced personal crises and begun analyzing his own dreams -he embarked on the investigation of the unconcious fantasy-life which produced the -he embarked on the investigation of the unconcious fantasy-life which produced the Interpretation of Dreams
Interpretation of Dreams (1899), and(1899), and Jokes and their Relations to the Unconsious Jokes and their Relations to the Unconsious (1905)(1905)
-from there he developed psychoanalysis as a therapeutic technique and a theory of -from there he developed psychoanalysis as a therapeutic technique and a theory of the unconscious which underwent many mutations, both in Freud’s work and in that of the unconscious which underwent many mutations, both in Freud’s work and in that of fo
follllowowerers, s, frfrom om JuJung ng ononwawardrds, s, whwho o susuccccesessisivevely ly esestatablblisishehed d inindedepependndenent t scschohoolols s of of psychoanalytic thought and treatment
psychoanalytic thought and treatment
-Freud died in exile in Hampstead in 1939 -Freud died in exile in Hampstead in 1939 *View of the Human Nature
*View of the Human Nature Deterministic
Deterministic – People are determined by irrational forces, onconscious motivations,– People are determined by irrational forces, onconscious motivations, biological and stinctual drives, and certain psychosexual events during the first 5 years of biological and stinctual drives, and certain psychosexual events during the first 5 years of life.
life.
Humans as energy systems
Humans as energy systems – dynamics of personality consist of the ways in which– dynamics of personality consist of the ways in which psychic energy is distributed to the id, ego and
psychic energy is distributed to the id, ego and super ego and because of the super ego and because of the limit in thelimit in the available energy, only one of the systems could gain control at a time.
available energy, only one of the systems could gain control at a time. –
– types of types of psychic energy: psychic energy: Eros and Eros and ThanatosThanatos Eros
–
– nanamemed by d by FreFreud ud as as LibLibidoido –
– servserve the pe the purposurpose of sure of survivavival of the il of the indivndividuaiduall
–
– oriented towards growth, development and creativityoriented towards growth, development and creativity Thanatos
Thanatos – energy associated with death and aggression– energy associated with death and aggression –“death instinct
–“death instinct” (a ” (a manifesmanifested unconscious wish to die or ted unconscious wish to die or to hurt others)to hurt others) LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE
LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE Unconscious
Unconscious – contains all the drives, urges, or – contains all the drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness butinstincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions.
that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings and actions.
–unconscious process often enter in our consciousness but only after being disguised or –unconscious process often enter in our consciousness but only after being disguised or distorted enough to elude
distorted enough to elude censorshipcensorship
Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious: Clinical evidence for postulating the unconscious:
1.
1. Dreams, wishes and conflictsDreams, wishes and conflicts 2.
2. Slips of the tongue and Slips of the tongue and forgettingforgetting
3.
3. PosPosthythypnopnotic sugtic suggesgestitionsons 4.
4. MatMateriaerial frol from frm free-aee-assocssociatiationion
5.
5. Material from projective techniquesMaterial from projective techniques
Preconscious
Preconscious – contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become– contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty
conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty – sources of
– sources of contents: conscious and unconsciouscontents: conscious and unconscious Conscious
Conscious – mental elements in awareness at any given point at a time– mental elements in awareness at any given point at a time – the only level of mental life directly available to us
– the only level of mental life directly available to us STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY Id
Id EgoEgo Super EgoSuper Ego
•
• ththe e ororigigininal al sysyststemem o
of f ppeerrssoonnalaliitty y aanndd seat of instincts
seat of instincts •
• lacks organization, islacks organization, is b
blliinndd, , ddeemmaannddiinngg,, and insistent
and insistent •
• avavoioids ds papainin, , drdrivivenen by the aim of gaining by the aim of gaining p
pleleasasuure re [d[doeoes s nnotot think. Only wishes or think. Only wishes or acts]
acts]
•
• govgovernerns, s, concontrotrols, ls, andand rreegguullaattees s tthhee personality
personality •
• medmediatiates es betbetweeween n thethe iinnssttiinncctts s aannd d tthhee surrounding
surrounding en
enviviroronmnmenent: t: crecreatateses anxiety, thus the need anxiety, thus the need ffoor r ddeeffeennssee mechanisms
mechanisms •
• ddooees s rreeaalliissttiic c aanndd llooggiiccal al tthhiinnkkiinng g aanndd ffoorrmmuullaattees s ppllaanns s oof f ac
acttioion n fofor r sasatitissfyfyiningg needs
needs
•
• moral or judicial branch of moral or judicial branch of personality
personality
•
• rreepprreesseenntts s tthhe e iiddeeaall
ra
ratthher er tthahan n ththe e rerealal, , && st
stririveves s nonot t fofor r plpleaeasusurere b
buut t ffoor r ppeerrffeeccttiioonn ((ttrraaddiittiioonnaal l vvaalluuees s && iiddeeaalls s oof f ssoocciieetty y aass h
haannddeed d ddoowwn n ffrroomm parents to children)
parents to children)
•
• ppssycychholologogicical al rerewwararddss
((pprriidde e & & sseellff--lloovvee) ) && p
puunniisshhmmeenntts s ((gguuiilltt &inferiority)
&inferiority)
Anxiety
Anxiety – state of tension that motivates us to do something– state of tension that motivates us to do something – develops out of
– develops out of a conflict between the id, ego, & a conflict between the id, ego, & superego over control of availablesuperego over control of available energy
energy
– function: warn of
– function: warn of impending evilimpending evil
– when ego cannot control anxiety by rational & indirect methods, it employs ego – when ego cannot control anxiety by rational & indirect methods, it employs ego defense mechanisms
defense mechanisms 3 KINDS OF ANXIETY 3 KINDS OF ANXIETY Reality
Reality – fear of danger from the external world, the anxiety level is proportionate to the– fear of danger from the external world, the anxiety level is proportionate to the degree of threat
Neurotic
Neurotic – fear that the instincts will get out – fear that the instincts will get out of hand & of hand & cause one to do cause one to do something for whichsomething for which one will be punishied
one will be punishied Moral
Moral – fear of one’s own conscience– fear of one’s own conscience EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
– helps individuals cope with anxiety and defend the wounded ego – helps individuals cope with anxiety and defend the wounded ego
– can have an adjustive value if does not become a style of life to avoid reality – can have an adjustive value if does not become a style of life to avoid reality – depends on the degree of anxiety and level of development
– depends on the degree of anxiety and level of development
– 2 characteristics: (a) deny or distort reality, (b) operate on unconscious levels – 2 characteristics: (a) deny or distort reality, (b) operate on unconscious levels
Defense Defense Mechanism Mechanism Characteristics Characteristics Repression
Repression •• basis of other ego basis of other ego defenses and neurotic disordersdefenses and neurotic disorders •
• threatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded fromthreatening or painful thoughts and feelings are excluded from awareness involuntarily
awareness involuntarily Denial
Denial •• simplest of all simplest of all defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms •
• generally operates at preconscious levelsgenerally operates at preconscious levels •
• distorting what the individual thinks, feels/perceives in adistorting what the individual thinks, feels/perceives in a traumatic situation traumatic situation Reaction Reaction Formation Formation •
• developing conscious attitudes and behaviors that aredeveloping conscious attitudes and behaviors that are diametrically opposed to disturbing desires
diametrically opposed to disturbing desires Projection
Projection •• attributing to others one’s own unacceptable diseres andattributing to others one’s own unacceptable diseres and impulses impulses Displacemen Displacemen tt •
• directing energy toward another object or directing energy toward another object or person when theperson when the original object or person
original object or person is inaccessibleis inaccessible Rationalizati
Rationalizati on
on
•
• manufacturing good reasons to explain away manufacturing good reasons to explain away a bruised egoa bruised ego •
• explaining away failures and losses; justifying specific explaining away failures and losses; justifying specific behaviorsbehaviors and softens the blow
and softens the blow connected with disappointmentsconnected with disappointments Sublimation
Sublimation •• diverting sexual energy into socially adiverting sexual energy into socially acceptable channelscceptable channels •
• [usually in creative forms][usually in creative forms] Regression
Regression •• in face of in face of severe stress or extreme challenge, individuals maysevere stress or extreme challenge, individuals may attempt to cope with anxiety by clinging to immature and
attempt to cope with anxiety by clinging to immature and inappropriate behaviors
inappropriate behaviors •
• returning to a time in returning to a time in your life when there was security [theyour life when there was security [the demands are not so great]
demands are not so great] Introjection
Introjection •• taking in and “swallowing” the values and taking in and “swallowing” the values and standards of othersstandards of others •
• [could also be positive][could also be positive] Identification
Identification •• can enhace self-worth and protect one from being a failurecan enhace self-worth and protect one from being a failure •
• being part of a socially acceptable/stronger groupbeing part of a socially acceptable/stronger group Compensatio
Compensatio n
n
•
• masking perceived weaknesses or developing\certain positivemasking perceived weaknesses or developing\certain positive traits to make up for limitations
traits to make up for limitations Ritual and
Ritual and Undoing Undoing
•
• using methods to right a wrong or to take away the guilt felt forusing methods to right a wrong or to take away the guilt felt for some perceived misdeed
some perceived misdeed •
• performing elaborate rituals as a way of undoing acts for whichperforming elaborate rituals as a way of undoing acts for which they feel guilty
they feel guilty *Development of Personality
*Development of Personality STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
– provides the counselor with the conceptual tools for understanding trends in development, – provides the counselor with the conceptual tools for understanding trends in development, key developmental tasks at various stages, normal and abnormal functioning, critical needs, key developmental tasks at various stages, normal and abnormal functioning, critical needs,
origins of faulty personality development that leads to adjustment problems and health and origins of faulty personality development that leads to adjustment problems and health and unhealthy ego defense mechanisms
unhealthy ego defense mechanisms First year of Life: Oral Stage First year of Life: Oral Stage
C
Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccs s PsPsyycchhoosseexxuuaal l IImmpplliiccaattiioonns s PPssyycchhoossoocciiaal l Implications Implications – the mouth and
– the mouth and the lips are the the lips are the sensitive sensitive erogenous zones erogenous zones – sole presence – sole presence of an Id, of an Id, demanding for demanding for instant instant gratification (by gratification (by sucking) sucking) – Infants obtain – Infants obtain life-sustaining life-sustaining nourishment nourishment through the oral through the oral cavity
cavity
Sub-phases: Sub-phases:
Oral incorporative – focal points Oral incorporative – focal points points of gratification start with points of gratification start with thethe mouth then gradually move to
mouth then gradually move to otherother areas of the body
areas of the body
– deprivation of oral gratification – deprivation of oral gratification due to scheduled feedings result to due to scheduled feedings result to problems in adulthood (oral fixation: problems in adulthood (oral fixation: excessive talking, chewing, eating, excessive talking, chewing, eating, smoking, drinking)
smoking, drinking)
Oral aggressive – characterized by Oral aggressive – characterized by emergence of teeth
emergence of teeth – infants respond to o
– infants respond to others by biting,thers by biting, closing their mouth, smiling and
closing their mouth, smiling and crying
crying
– adult characteristics such as – adult characteristics such as
sarcasm, hostility, aggression, gossip, sarcasm, hostility, aggression, gossip, & making biting comments to others & making biting comments to others are related to this developmental are related to this developmental period
period
– greed may develop – greed may develop as a result of not as a result of not
getting enough food or getting enough food or love during the early love during the early years of life
years of life
– major developmental – major developmental task: developing trust task: developing trust (children who felt
(children who felt loved have little loved have little difficulty accepting difficulty accepting themselves) themselves) – personality problems – personality problems that could stem from that could stem from this age: fear of
this age: fear of
reaching out to others, reaching out to others, rejection of affection, rejection of affection, fear of loving
fear of loving
&trusting, low &trusting, low self-esteem, isolation and esteem, isolation and withdrawal, or inability withdrawal, or inability to form or maintain to form or maintain intense relationship intense relationship Ages 1– 3: Anal Stage
Ages 1– 3: Anal Stage C
Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccs s PsPsyycchhoosseexxuuaal l IImmpplliiccaattiioonns s PPssyycchhoossoocciiaal l Implications Implications – highlight: toilet – highlight: toilet training training – children – children continually face continually face parental parental demands, demands, frustrations in frustrations in handling handling objects, objects, exploring the exploring the environment, environment, and are and are expected to expected to master control master control over their over their bowels bowels
– children attempt to control
– children attempt to control theirtheir parents
parents by eithby either wer withholding ithholding theirtheir feces/defecating at inappropriate feces/defecating at inappropriate times: leads to compulsivity
times: leads to compulsivity Types of Personality:
Types of Personality:
Anal-aggressive – leads to
Anal-aggressive – leads to extremeextreme disorderliness
disorderliness, cruelty, , cruelty, inapproproateinapproproate displays of anger
displays of anger
Anal-retentive – leads to extreme Anal-retentive – leads to extreme orderliness, hoarding,
orderliness, hoarding, stubbornessstubborness,, and stinginess
and stinginess
– results from fulfillment of the
– results from fulfillment of the givengiven task; addressing the need to be
task; addressing the need to be productive productive – tasks to be – tasks to be mastered: learning mastered: learning independence, independence, personal power, personal power, autonomy, and autonomy, and
learning how to deal learning how to deal with negative feelings with negative feelings – if parents do so much – if parents do so much for their children,
for their children,
children feel incapable children feel incapable of self-functioning
of self-functioning
Ages 3 – 5: Phallic
Ages 3 – 5: Phallic StageStage C
Implications Implications – characterized – characterized by increase in by increase in motor and motor and perceptual perceptual abilities as well abilities as well as development as development of interpersonal of interpersonal skills skills – focus of – focus of attention is on attention is on the genitals the genitals – children – children become curious become curious of their bodies, of their bodies, they desire to they desire to explore them explore them and discover the and discover the difference difference between the between the sexes sexes
Male phallic stage – boy craves the Male phallic stage – boy craves the attention of the mother, feels
attention of the mother, feels
antagonistic towards the father, & antagonistic towards the father, & develops fear that the father will develops fear that the father will punish him by cutting off the punish him by cutting off the
offending organ (castration anxiety) offending organ (castration anxiety) him for having these feelings towards him for having these feelings towards the mother (Oedipus complex)
the mother (Oedipus complex) – if the conflict is successfully – if the conflict is successfully
resolved, the boy develops strong resolved, the boy develops strong identification with the father
identification with the father
Female phallic stage – characterized Female phallic stage – characterized by emergence of the Electra
by emergence of the Electra complexcomplex and penis envy (the girl’s love for her and penis envy (the girl’s love for her mother is transferred to her father mother is transferred to her father when she discovers the absence of a when she discovers the absence of a penis)
penis)
– the girls competes with her
– the girls competes with her mothermother for the father’s attention & when she for the father’s attention & when she realizes that she cannot win, she
realizes that she cannot win, she begins the identification process by begins the identification process by adapting some of the the
adapting some of the the mother’smother’s behavior behavior – period of conscience – period of conscience development (learning development (learning moral standards) moral standards) – if children’s – if children’s experimentations experimentations (initiatives) are (initiatives) are
punished for (regarded punished for (regarded as evil), it will result to as evil), it will result to guilt; leads to rigidity, guilt; leads to rigidity, severe conflicts, guilt, severe conflicts, guilt, remorse, low
remorse, low self-esteem, and self esteem, and self condemnation condemnation
Ages 5 – 12: Latency Stage Ages 5 – 12: Latency Stage
C
Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccs s PsPsyycchhoosseexxuuaal l IImmpplliiccaattiioonns s PPssyycchhoossoocciiaal l Implications Implications – new interests – new interests replace infantile replace infantile impulses impulses – socialization – socialization takes place takes place
– the sexual drive is subliminated to – the sexual drive is subliminated to some extent to activities in school, some extent to activities in school, hobbies, sports, and
hobbies, sports, and friendships withfriendships with members of the same sex
members of the same sex
– midlle childhood – midlle childhood
years: turning outward years: turning outward toward relationships toward relationships with others & interest with others & interest in external world in external world prevails prevails – basic task is to – basic task is to achieve a sense of achieve a sense of industry- to set and industry- to set and attain personal goals. attain personal goals. Failure to do so results Failure to do so results in a sense of in a sense of inadequacy. inadequacy. Ages 12 – Adulthood: Genital Stage
Ages 12 – Adulthood: Genital Stage C
Chhaarraacctteerriissttiiccs s PsPsyycchhoosseexxuuaal l IImmpplliiccaattiioonns s PPssyycchhoossoocciiaal l Implications Implications – during – during adolescence, adolescence, many of the old many of the old themes during themes during the phallic stage the phallic stage are revived
are revived
– adolescents develop interest in the – adolescents develop interest in the opposite sex, engage in some sexual opposite sex, engage in some sexual experimentation
experimentation, and , and begin tobegin to assume adult responsibilities assume adult responsibilities
– they learn to be free of parental – they learn to be free of parental influence, and develop capacity to be influence, and develop capacity to be interested with others (“freedom to interested with others (“freedom to
– during this period, – during this period, adolescents learn to adolescents learn to test limits, break test limits, break dependent ties, dependent ties,
establish new identity, establish new identity, form intimate
form intimate
relationships, and have relationships, and have
love and to work” and to derive love and to work” and to derive
satisfaction from loving and working) satisfaction from loving and working)
a basic sense of a basic sense of productivity
productivity *Sources of Difficulty or Maladjustment
*Sources of Difficulty or Maladjustment •
• Human development suppression of childish impulsesHuman development suppression of childish impulses
*Goals of
*Goals of CounselingCounseling •
• Probing the unconsciousProbing the unconscious
•
• Working toward radical personality transformationsWorking toward radical personality transformations
•
• Working through unresolved developmental stagesWorking through unresolved developmental stages •
• Ability to cope more effectively with the demands of the society in which they liveAbility to cope more effectively with the demands of the society in which they live
*Counseling Techniques and
*Counseling Techniques and ProceduresProcedures Free Association
Free Association
– central technique in psychoanalytic therapy – central technique in psychoanalytic therapy
– leads to recollection of past experiences and release of feelings that has been blocked off – leads to recollection of past experiences and release of feelings that has been blocked off – the analyst instructs the client to clear their minds of day-to-day thoughts and
– the analyst instructs the client to clear their minds of day-to-day thoughts and
preoccupations, and as much as possible, say whatever comes to mind, reagrdless of how preoccupations, and as much as possible, say whatever comes to mind, reagrdless of how painful, silly, trivial, illogical, or irrelevant it may be.
painful, silly, trivial, illogical, or irrelevant it may be.
– clients lie down on a couch with the analyst behind them so as not to distract them during – clients lie down on a couch with the analyst behind them so as not to distract them during the free flow of associations
the free flow of associations
– analyst’s task: identify the repressed material; blockings or disruptions indicate – analyst’s task: identify the repressed material; blockings or disruptions indicate anxiety-arousing material
arousing material
– silence of the analyst is a sign of “empathy”; not to disturb the patient – silence of the analyst is a sign of “empathy”; not to disturb the patient
– most of the material brought up are “childhood experiences” but disguised as common – most of the material brought up are “childhood experiences” but disguised as common things (random things recalled randomly)
things (random things recalled randomly)
– long term treatment is important to be given ample time to talk and to explore the – long term treatment is important to be given ample time to talk and to explore the unconscious
unconscious Interpretation Interpretation
– basic procedure in a analyzing free associations, dreams, resistance and transferences – basic procedure in a analyzing free associations, dreams, resistance and transferences – pointing out, explaining and even teaching the meaning of the client’s behavior that is – pointing out, explaining and even teaching the meaning of the client’s behavior that is manifested by dreams, free association, resistances, and transferences
manifested by dreams, free association, resistances, and transferences – Rules in
– Rules in interpretiinterpreting:ng: 1. interpretat
1. interpretation should only be ion should only be presented when the phenomenon to be interpreted is closepresented when the phenomenon to be interpreted is close to the client’s conscious awareness (what they are capable of tolerating)
to the client’s conscious awareness (what they are capable of tolerating)
2. interpretation starts from the surface and go only as deep as the clients are able to go 2. interpretation starts from the surface and go only as deep as the clients are able to go while experiencing the situation emotionally
while experiencing the situation emotionally 3. order of
3. order of interpretainterpretation: resistance, then conflict or tion: resistance, then conflict or emotionemotion Dream Analysis
Dream Analysis
– important procedure in uncovering unconscious material – important procedure in uncovering unconscious material – basic assumption: nearly all dreams are wish fulfillments – basic assumption: nearly all dreams are wish fulfillments –
– 2 levels of content 2 levels of content ::
latent content – the hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives latent content – the hidden, symbolic, and unconscious motives manifest content – how the dream appears to the client
manifest content – how the dream appears to the client –
– dreamwork dreamwork –the dream content is transformed to less threateing manifest content (when–the dream content is transformed to less threateing manifest content (when dreaming)
dreaming)
– analyst’s task: uncover disguised meanings by studying the symbols in the manifest – analyst’s task: uncover disguised meanings by studying the symbols in the manifest – coupled with free association for interpretation
– coupled with free association for interpretation Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance
–
– resistanceresistance –anything that works against the progress of therapy & prevents the client from–anything that works against the progress of therapy & prevents the client from producing unconscious
producing unconscious materiamateriall
–an unconscious dynamic that attempts to defend people against intolerable –an unconscious dynamic that attempts to defend people against intolerable
anxiety which would arise if they were to be aware of their repressed impulses and feelings anxiety which would arise if they were to be aware of their repressed impulses and feelings – analyst’s task: point out and interpret the most obvious resistance (for the client to be able – analyst’s task: point out and interpret the most obvious resistance (for the client to be able to confront it)
to confront it)
– could also take the form of a spurious sense of intimacy or mutuality from early on the – could also take the form of a spurious sense of intimacy or mutuality from early on the relationship
relationship
– does not mean the client wishes to terminate the counseling – does not mean the client wishes to terminate the counseling
– counselor should avoid sounding blamy or accusatory, avoid telling the client that he is – counselor should avoid sounding blamy or accusatory, avoid telling the client that he is resisting, instead allow him to address what makes him anxious
resisting, instead allow him to address what makes him anxious Analysis and Interpretation of
Analysis and Interpretation of TransferenceTransference –
– transferencetransference –pateint’s past “unfinished business” with significant others causes them to–pateint’s past “unfinished business” with significant others causes them to distort the present & to react to the analyst as they did to their mother or father or to
distort the present & to react to the analyst as they did to their mother or father or to another early significant person in their life
another early significant person in their life
– could be positive or negative (manifestations of hostility) – could be positive or negative (manifestations of hostility)
– enables the clients to gain insight into the nature of their fixations and deprivations – enables the clients to gain insight into the nature of their fixations and deprivations –
– repetition-compulsionrepetition-compulsion –the repetitive quality of applying old relationship dynamics to new–the repetitive quality of applying old relationship dynamics to new relationships (ex: man who felt criticism from mother will continually try to reenact the relationships (ex: man who felt criticism from mother will continually try to reenact the situation to obtain approval but is doomed to failure because the new women are similar to situation to obtain approval but is doomed to failure because the new women are similar to his mother so they would never give him their approval)
his mother so they would never give him their approval) –
– countertransferencecountertransference –the counselor’s feelings towards the patient–the counselor’s feelings towards the patient *Contribution
*Contribution
•
• Stages of developmentStages of development •
• Concept of the unconsciousConcept of the unconscious
*Limitations *Limitations
•
• Requires client’s commitment (time, money, personal effort)Requires client’s commitment (time, money, personal effort) •
• Long term treatmentLong term treatment
•
• Limited availability of trained analystsLimited availability of trained analysts
•
• Rigorous training programRigorous training program
*Specific Applications *Specific Applications
•
• Understanding resistances that take form of cancellation of appointments, fleeingUnderstanding resistances that take form of cancellation of appointments, fleeing
from therapy prematurely, and refusing to look at oneself from therapy prematurely, and refusing to look at oneself
•
• Understading the role of early relationships that lead to weak spots and faultyUnderstading the role of early relationships that lead to weak spots and faulty
personality developm
personality development and recognizing that ent and recognizing that unfinished business can be workedunfinished business can be worked through; so that client can put
through; so that client can put a new ending to a new ending to some of the events that have crippledsome of the events that have crippled them emotionally
them emotionally •
• UnderstandiUnderstanding the ng the value and role of value and role of transferentransferencece
•
• Understanding how overuse of ego defenses can keep people from functioningUnderstanding how overuse of ego defenses can keep people from functioning
effectivel
effectively & y & recognizing the ways these ego defenses operate both recognizing the ways these ego defenses operate both in the counselingin the counseling relationship itself & in the client’s lives
relationship itself & in the client’s lives *References:
*References:
Capuzzi, D. and Gross, D. (2007). Couseling and psychotherapy. Theories and intervention Capuzzi, D. and Gross, D. (2007). Couseling and psychotherapy. Theories and intervention 4
4thth ed.ed.
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