484 ETOPS Training Guide

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ETOPS COURSE TOPICS

ETOPS COURSE TOPICS

ETOPS COURSE TOPICS

ETOPS COURSE TOPICS

• Introduction

• Regulations

• ETOPS Approvals

• ETOPS Flight Dispatch

Cre Proced res

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

•

What is ETOPS

What is ETOPS

•

The benefits of ETOPS

The benefits of ETOPS

Th Mil

The

What is ETOPS?

What is ETOPS?

What is ETOPS?

What is ETOPS?

The operation of twintwin engine aircraft over a route that contains a point further than one hour's flyingfurther than one hour's flying

that contains a point further than one hour s flying further than one hour s flying time

time from an adequateadequate airport at the approved approved one

one--engine inoperative cruise speedengine inoperative cruise speed one

The benefits of ETOPS

The benefits of ETOPS

The benefits of ETOPS

The benefits of ETOPS

• Track shorteningg

• Reduced flight time • Fuel savings

Area of operation

Area of operation beforebefore ETOPSETOPS Area of operation

Area of operation

The Milestones The Milestones

 1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport

 1936: 100 miles of an adequate airport

 1953: FAA created 60-minute rule

ff O SO S



 19851985:: BB767 767 first first 90 90 min ETOPS operationmin ETOPS operation

 1989: FAA AC 120-42A ETOPS rules

 1990: A300/A310 FAA ETOPS 180 approved

 1991: DGAC ETOPS 180 approved

 1991: DGAC ETOPS 180 approved

 1993: JAA issues IL20/ AMJ 120-42

1995 A330 300 JAA t d i l

REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS

• Regulations relevant to ETOPS? • Applicable regulatory sources

Why regulate ETOPS operations? Why regulate ETOPS operations?

To achieve an Equal level of

To achieve an Equal level of

Safety and Reliability

Safety and Reliability

Regulations relevant to ETOPS? Regulations relevant to ETOPS? Regulations relevant to ETOPS? Regulations relevant to ETOPS?

• Definitions

• Diversion Strategies

• ETOPS fuel planning requirements • MEL, DDG

Definitions Definitions Definitions Definitions

• Adequate Airport • ETOPS segment

• Suitable Airport

• ETOPS Enroute alternate

• Equal time point (ETP) • Critical point (CP)

• Maximum diversion time • Maximum diversion

distance

• ETOPS EXIT POINT (EXP) • One-Engine-Out Diversion

Speed distance

• ETOPS area of operation

ETOPS t i t (EEP)

Speed

• Exposure Time • ETOPS entry point (EEP)

Adequate Airport Adequate Airport Adequate Airport Adequate Airport

Runway Length Width Strength (for landing) • Runway Length, Width, Strength (for landing) • ATC services

• CommunicationsCommunications • weather reporting • NOTAM

• Lighting equipment

• One approach & one let down aid • Rescue and Fire Fighting Services • Rescue and Fire Fighting Services

Suitable Airport Suitable Airport Suitable Airport Suitable Airport

An Adequate Airport which satisfies the ETOPS Dispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling and Dispatch Weather Minima in terms of ceiling and visibility within the required period of suitability

ETOPS Enroute Alternate ETOPS Enroute Alternate ETOPS Enroute Alternate ETOPS Enroute Alternate

A Suitable Aerodrome is nominated and A Suitable Aerodrome is nominated and

indicated on the Operational Flight Plan for a

particular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to which particular ETOPS flight as an aerodrome to which a diversion can be safely accomplished

Maximum Diversion Time Maximum Diversion Time Maximum Diversion Time Maximum Diversion Time

The maximum diversion time (120, or 180 minutes) from an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in an from an ETOPS enroute alternate authorized in an operator’s Operations Specifications issued by

Authority Authority.

Maximum Diversion Distance Maximum Diversion Distanceaa uu e s oe s o sta cesta ce

It is the maximum distance which can be

covered within the Maximum Diversion Time based on:

based on:

) R f Altit d a) a Reference Altitude, b) a Reference Weight

c)) the approved one engine inop cruise speedpp g p p

It is used to define the Area of Operations It is used to define the Area of Operations

One Engine Out Diversion Speed One Engine Out Diversion Speed One Engine Out Diversion Speed One Engine Out Diversion Speed

A d i l i d i d l d b

1. Establishing the area of ETOPS operations and any dispatch limitations; and

2 C l l ti f i l i i d f l i t th 2. Calculation of single engine cruise speed fuel requirements; the

approved single engine cruise speed is calculated in standard atmospheric conditions (ISA) and in still air

ETOPS Area of Operation ETOPS Area of Operation ETOPS Area of Operation ETOPS Area of Operation

Area in which it is authorized to conduct a flight under ETOPS regulations and is defined by the maximum diversion distance from an adequate airport

diversion distance from an adequate airport.

ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP) ETOPS Exit Point (EEP)

The point located on an ETOPS route at which the The point located on an ETOPS route at which the aircraft would proceed beyond the declared 60

minute distance, from the last available adequate , q airport

ETOPS ETP ETOPS ETP ETOPS ETP ETOPS ETP

A point on an ETOPS route that is located at an p equal flight time*, from two suitable Enroute

alternate airports.p

ETOPS

ETOPS Exit Point Exit Point (EXP) (EXP) ETOPS

ETOPS Exit Point Exit Point (EXP) (EXP)

An EXP is the point on the aircraft’s inbound route where the aircraft is within 60 minutes

flying time at the approved single engine cruise speed (under standard conditions in still air)

from an adequate airport(s). The EXP marks the end of the ETOPS segment.

Critical Point (CP) Critical Point (CP) Critical Point (CP) Critical Point (CP)

A CP is the point along a route at which the

diff b t th t d d f l t d t

difference between the standard fuel expected to be on board (fuel to continue) and the required

ETOPS di i f l (f l t di t) i i i

ETOPS diversion fuel (fuel to divert) is minimum or negative. (The CP is usually, but not always, the

l t ETP)

Exposure Time Exposure Time Exposure Time Exposure Time

Period during which a diversion scenario is forecasted to be horizontally exposed to icingicing conditions for a

to be horizontally exposed to icingicing conditions for a certain duration

Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies • Standard • Obstacle Fi d S d • Fixed Speed

The Fixed Speed Strategy is the one used for:

• Determining the Maximum Diversion Distance (Area of Operations)

Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies Diversion Strategies

ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements

The minimum fuel to be carried must be the higher of:

• Standard Fuel Planning Requirements

Standard Fuel Planning Requirements Standard Fuel Planning Requirements

ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirements

The Critical Fuel Scenarios

Decompression 1 Eng Inop & Decompression

HIGHEST HIGHEST

Most Critical Fuel Scenario Most Critical Fuel Scenario Most Critical Fuel Scenario Most Critical Fuel Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning

Depressurization Scenario Depressurization Scenario Depressurization Scenario Depressurization Scenario

ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning

1

1 Engine Out + Depressurization ScenarioEngine Out + Depressurization Scenario 1

ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning ETOPS Fuel Planning

ETOPS fuel planning requirements must also include:

• Contingency fuel (as per company policy)

• Fuel for Anti-ice use and the effect on unheated surfaces

(if exposure to icing is anticipated at 10,000ft)

• MEL items (such as the use of the APU as a required power source)

(MEL) & (DDG) (MEL) & (DDG)

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Minimum Equipment List (Airbus)

Must include restrictions for ETOPS

"For ER" or "Except for ER“

For ER or Except for ER

Or

“E t d d O t fli ht i hibit d”

Airbus

ETOPS APPROVALS

ETOPS APPROVALS

ETOPS APPROVALS

ETOPS APPROVALS

•• ManufacturerManufacturer Approvals •• ManufacturerManufacturer Approvals

•• OperatorOperator Approvals

Operator

Operator Approvals

Operator

Operator Approvals

ETOPS Type Design Approval:

• ETOPS Type Design yp g Eligibilityg y

• ETOPS Type Design Capability

ETOPS Type Design

ETOPS Type Design Eligibilityypyp gg Eligibilitygg yy Includes design features such as:

Includes design features such as:

• Propulsion system reliability

• Electrical sources redundancy / APU design • Emergency / Standby electrical generator • Minimum crew workload operating systemsp g y • Systems redundancy

Propulsion System Reliability Propulsion System Reliability

APU Design APU Design

Time limited equipments Time limited equipments

References References References References

Equipmentq p A320 A319 A330 A340

Cargo Category C C 2.01.20 p1 2.01.20 p1 Cargo Fire Bottles 1 + 285 min 1 + 285 min 1.26.50 p3 1.26.50 p3

ETOPS type Design

ETOPS type Design CapabilityCapability ETOPS type Design

ETOPS type Design CapabilityCapability

In service, aircrafts must demonstrate a certain level of actual performance reliability such as: level of actual performance reliability such as:

– In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD) – In-flight engine shutdowns (IFSD) – Diversions and air turn backs

Un commanded power changes and engine surges

– Un-commanded power changes and engine surges – Inability to obtain the desired thrust levels

ETOPS critical system malfunctions

Technical Transfer Analysis Technical Transfer Analysisyy

ETOPS Capability Statement ETOPS Capability Statement ETOPS Capability Statement ETOPS Capability Statement

Design Eligibility and Capability information can be found in:

• Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)(AFM)

• Configuration, Maintenance and Procedures for Extended Range

Operation (CMP)(CMP)

Operator Approval Operator Approval Operator Approval Operator Approval

Operator achieve their by submitting an Approval PlanApproval Plan

to the regulatory authority of the State of Registry and g y y g y are based on:

Ai ft

Ai ft bilit t t t

•• Aircraft Aircraft capability statement

•• CrewCrew training and qualification

•• CrewCrew training and qualification

•• MaintenanceMaintenance procedures and practices

Policy of Regulatory Approvals Policy of Regulatory Approvals Policy of Regulatory Approvals Policy of Regulatory Approvals

120

120 minmin is the maximum initial

•• 120 120 min min is the maximum initial

approval that may be granted by an operator’s “Approval

by an operator s Approval Plan”

•• 180180 minmin is granted through “in

•• 180 180 min min is granted through in

service experience”

• Manufacture/Operator ETOPS • Manufacture/Operator ETOPS

approval can be REVOKEDREVOKED

– serious single event (e g IFSD)serious single event (e.g. IFSD) – series of related events

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

ETOPS FLIGHT DISPATCH

•• Required DocumentationRequired Documentation

•• Required DocumentationRequired Documentation

Si l

Si l ETOPS AltETOPS Alt t Ot O titi idid titi

Required Documentation Required Documentation Required Documentation Required Documentation

The BRIEFING PACKAGE must be constructed to include:

• The OFP shall contain:The OFP shall contain:

– “ETOPS Flight” Denotation

– Critical fuel scenario computations

– ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements

– EEP, ETP, & EXP

– Windows of Suitability (based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)y ( p q )

• Adequate En-route Alternate (NOTAM)

Critical Fuel Scenario Computations Critical Fuel Scenario Computations

ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements ETOPS Minimum Block Fuel requirements

Standard Fuel Planning

Requirement ETOPS Fuel Planning Requirement

HIGHEST HIGHEST

Minimum Block Fuel Minimum Block Fuel Minimum Block Fuel Minimum Block Fuel

EEP, ETP, & EXP EEP, ETP, & EXP,, ,,

Windows of Suitability Windows of Suitability

(based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements) (based on ETOPS Dispatch Wx Requirements)

ETOPS Alternates must meet Dispatch Wx requirements:

• Starting 1 hour before the earliest ETA at the en-route alternate airport

(take-off time) + (flight time to equitime point before alternate) + (diversion time at normal cruise speed and altitude) - (one hour)

• Ending 1 hour after the latest ETA at this en-route alternate airport

(take-off time) + (Flight time to equitime point after alternate) + (diversion time at long range speed FL100 one engine) + (one hour)

Adequate En

Adequate En--route Alternate qq route Alternate (NOTAM)

Single ETOPS Alternate Operations Single ETOPS Alternate Operations

1 The ETOPS segment is relatively short typically 60

g p

g p

1. The ETOPS segment is relatively short, typically 60 minutes or less, at the single engine cruise speed, in standard conditions, and in still air;, ;

2. The ETP between two en route diversion airports is located outside of the ETOPS area;

outside of the ETOPS area;

3. A reduction in diversion time is achieved by using a single alternate;

alternate;

4. There is only one en route diversion airport with weather forecast at or above ETOPS enroute alternate limits

Single ETOPS Alternate Operations Single ETOPS Alternate Operationsgg pp

EEP EXP

Single ETOPS Alternate Operations Single ETOPS Alternate Operations



g p

g p



OPKC is the only ETOPS Enroute Alternate

Th i ETP l EEP d EXP

There is no ETP only EEP and EXP

Critical fuel requirements should be satisfied at

Critical fuel requirements should be satisfied at the EEP and EXP respectively

CREW PROCEDURES

CREW PROCEDURES

CREW PROCEDURES

CREW PROCEDURES

Diversion Decision Making

• Diversion Decision Making

– Weather – Failures

Crew Procedures Crew Procedures

Crew Responsibilities Crew Responsibilities

Crew Procedures Crew Procedures

In Flight Briefings In Flight Briefings

A comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in the A comprehensive briefing shall be conducted in the following phases of an ETOPS flight:

• Before entering any EEP

Crew Procedures Crew Procedures

Diversion Decision Making Diversion Decision Making

Weather:

• Dispatch weather minimum requirements no longer p q g apply when in flight (Before the EEP if weather falls below the applicable minima a ETOPS may not be entered)

Crew Procedures Crew Procedures

Diversion Decision Making Diversion Decision Making

Failures:

• Loss of Navigation capability (depending on airspace)

• Failures requiring landing at the nearest suitable airport

F l C id ti

• Fuel Considerations

Crew Procedures Crew Procedures

Diversion Decision Making Diversion Decision Making

In case of a diversion due to engine problems it is

recommended to use the speed schedule used to establish p the area of operations (i.e. Fixed Speed Strategy)

NOTE: NOTE:

“The PIC has the authority to deviate from this planned speed after completion of the assessment of the actual

Thank you..