Table of Contents:
Safe Operations
Safe Operations: SafetySO.1 Chemical Storageand Handling SO.2 Confined Space Entry
SO.3 Lockout and Tagout
SO.4 Personal Protective Equipment SO.5 General Work Permits
SO.6 (Reserved for Safety Systems Testing and Maintenance) SO.7 Contractor Health, Safety and Environmental Program SO.8 (Reserved for Cranes and Hoists: Training, Operation,
Inspection and Maintenance)
SO.9 (Reserved for Explosives Storage, Handling and Disposal) SO.10 Water Safety
SO.11 Aircraft Safety
SO.12 Electrical Worker Safety SO.13 (Reserved for Facility Lighting) SO.14 Managing Process Safety SO.16 Motor Vehicle Safety Safe Operations: Fire
SO.31 Fire Systems: Testing and Maintenance SO.32 Halon in Fire Suppression
SO.33 Fuel: Storage and Handling
SO.34 Liquefied Petroleum Gas: Storage and Handling SO.35 Hot Work
Safe Operations: Health
SO.61 Medical Care
SO.62 Food and Galley Hygiene SO.63 Potable Water Standards SO.64 Pest Control
SO.65 Hazard Communication SO.66 Respiratory Protection SO.67 Hearing Conservation SO.68 Exposure Monitoring Plan
SO.69 Laboratory Safety and Industrial Hygiene SO.70 Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S
SO.71 NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) Handling and Disposal SO.72 Asbestos
Guideline SO.1
Chemical Storage
and Handling
Purpose
This guideline addresses proper storage and handling practices for chemicals commonly used in oil and gas exploration and production operations.
Content
General Overview SO.1-1
Guideline SO.1-2
I. Isolation and Containment SO.1-2
II. Labeling and Packaging SO.1-3
III. Safe Handling and Use SO.1-3
IV. Fire Protection SO.1-4
V. Employee Training SO.1-5
Resources SO.1-6
General Overview
This guideline applies to chemicals generally used in oil and gas exploration and production operations, such as lubricating oils, hydraulic oils, solvents, demulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, paints, biocides, herbicides and drilling mud additives. All
chemicals should be stored, transported and used in a manner that protects human health and the environment.
Potential hazards associated with all chemicals should be identified by means of material safety data sheets or equivalent information. All chemicals should be isolated and contained to minimize employee exposure and release to the environment. Chemicals which might react with each other should be separated by distance or physical barriers. Chemicals should be stored in appropriate containers, and containers labeled with the contents and appropriate hazard warnings. Local procedures should be developed for handling and using hazardous chemicals, and employees should receive training on all aspects of chemical safety.
For more information on storage and handling of laboratory chemicals, refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.69 Laboratory Safety and Industrial Hygiene. For more information on labeling, material safety data sheets and chemical inventories, refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.65 Hazard Communication.
Guideline
I.
Isolation and Containment
A. Isolation
1. Chemical storage and handling areas should be centralized to the extent possible to allow the use of bulk chemical storage tanks and to reduce the need for drums and manual handling.
2. Chemicals should be stored in locations where there is minimal exposure and risk from fires or other incidents at adjacent facilities. Storage facilities should also be located where spills and runoff from fire fighting activities are an adequate distance from rivers or other sensitive watercourses, and do not pose a threat to fresh water aquifers.
3. Chemicals should not be stored, mixed or handled in areas where runoff could enter surface waters.
4. Appropriate identification and warning signs should be placed in areas where chemicals are stored or handled. The markings should inform employees of proper safe practices (i.e., personal protection for caustics).
B. Containment
1. Physical separators such as berms or adequate distances should be used to separate chemicals and materials that when combined with one another may bring about a fire, explosion or the production of a flammable or poisonous gas. The following classes of chemicals should be stored separately and have
individual containment: a. Fire Hazards
b. Corrosives c. Oxidizers d. Explosives
e. Poisons
To determine the proper classification of a chemical, refer to the container label or the Material Safety and Data Sheet (MSDS).
2. For chemical drums and other portable chemical containers of 250-gallon or less capacity, drip pans or other containment should be provided under valves, pipe and tubing connections and chemical pumps. For fixed or portable bulk containers larger than 250 gallons, impervious spill containment capable of accommodating 110 percent of the contents of the single largest container should be provided.
II.
Labeling and Packaging
A. Labeling
1. Material Safety Data Sheets should be available on-site for all chemicals, whether in storage or in use. Refer to Health, Safety and Environmental
Guideline SO.65 Hazard Communication. for additional information on MSDSs and chemical container labeling.
2. All chemical containers should have a label, tag or other marking showing the name of the material (as shown on the MSDS) and any appropriate warnings. If the label becomes damaged or is removed, it should be replaced.
B. Packaging
1. Chemicals should be transported and stored in packaging commensurate with the manufacturer's methods and practices. In general, chemicals should be kept in the manufacturer's original packaging whenever possible. If packaging becomes damaged, it should be repaired or the contents transferred to new packaging, so as to minimize worker or environmental exposure to the substance.
2. Chemical packaging and containers should be protected from deterioration caused by wind, water or sunlight during transport and storage.
3. Containers should be transported and stored on pallets (or in bulk containers) so as to minimize possible damage, spill or deterioration. Containers should be kept covered where necessary to prevent damage.
III.
Safe Handling and Use
Chemicals should be stored, handled and used according to manufacturers’
recommendations and the precautions. Based on the manufacturers’ recommendations, local procedures should be developed for safe storage and handling of chemicals. Details
of local procedures will depend on the hazards of the chemicals, and may include information such as:
• Step-by-step instructions for transport, storage and use • Appropriate first aid actions
• Posting of warning and caution signs
• Posting of safety instructions and procedures
• Use of personal protective equipment, such as goggles, full face shields, gloves, respiratory protection, rubber boots and protective suits
Refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.4 Personal Protective Equipment for additional information on use of personal protective equipment.
IV.
Fire Protection
NFPA 30 provides guidelines for fire protection of flammable and combustible liquids stored in drums, containers and portable tanks. (A copy of NFPA 30 is located in the Chevron Fire Protection Manual)
A. Classifications
1. "Flammable" liquids are categorized as Class 1A, 1B, or 1C and have a flash point less than 100°F. Examples include some biocides, herbicides and corrosion
inhibitors.
2. "Combustible" liquids are categorized as Class II, IIIA, or IIIB and have a flash point greater than 100°F. Examples include some solvents, demulsifiers, paints
and lube oils. Check the MSDS or product label to determine the liquid class. Storage requirements vary for the different liquid classes.
B. Liquid Storage Restrictions
Small quantities of flammable and combustible liquids should be stored in cabinets. Larger quantities may be stored within a general purpose warehouse, in a separate liquid storage room, or in a safe outside area.
Up to 120 gallons of flammable and combustible liquids may be stored in a "Flammable Liquid Storage Cabinet." No more than 60 gallons may be Class I or II. Up to three cabinets may be located in a single area. (NFPA 30, 4-3)
According to NFPA 30, liquids may be stored outside storage cabinets with the following restrictions:
1. Within a general purpose warehouse, flammable and combustible liquids should be separated by 8 feet from other combustible materials. The storage area should be sprinklered. Class 1A containers are not permitted and Class IB & 1C are permitted only in 1-gallon containers (maximum 660 gal). Class II liquids are permitted in 5-gallon or smaller containers (maximum 1,375 gal). Class IIIA,
IIIB containers or drums are permitted in maximum quantities of 2,750 gal and 13,750 gal respectively. (NFPA 30, 4-5.2)
2. When liquids are stored in a separate "Liquid Storage Room", one wall of the room should be on the exterior of the building to aid in emergency response if a fire occurs. A two-hour rated fire wall should separate the room from the rest of the building. The room should be sprinklered, with curbs or grated trenches to control spills. (NFPA 30, 4-4)
3. Up to 1,100 gallons of flammable and combustible liquids may be stored outdoors adjacent to a building, as long as the building wall has a 2-hour fire rating and there are no openings in the wall within 10 feet of the liquid storage. The area should be graded or curbed to divert spills away from the building. (NFPA 30, 4-7)
C. Fire Protection and Control
Sufficient hose reels (1 -1/2" or less) should be provided to cover all liquid storage areas. For warehouses and storage rooms, the total water supply should be sufficient for inside uses plus 500 gpm for outside hoses. Storage areas should be protected with at least one 20-pound Class B portable fire extinguisher, located at the door. (NFPA 30, 4-8)
D. Transfer and Dispensing
Flammable and combustible liquids should not be transferred or dispensed in general purpose warehouses. If transfer and dispensing of liquids is done in a liquid storage room, the room should be electrically classified Class I, Div. 2 and mechanical ventilation should be used. When Class I or II liquids are transferred by gravity from a bulk container, a self closing valve should be used. (NFPA 30, 4-5.2, 4-4.2, 5-4.3.2)
V.
Employee Training
Employees should receive training on proper chemical use and handling as it relates to their job. This training can be combined with the training described in Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.65 Hazard Communication. Topics that should be addressed include:
• What chemicals are being used and where
• Availability of information on the chemicals (from MSDSs and local procedures) • Physical and health risks of chemicals in the work area, either by individual
chemicals or by category (acids, solvents, etc.)
• Methods to detect the presence or release of chemicals (odor, visual, instrumentation) • Protective measures such as work practices, emergency procedures, personal
protective equipment and personal hygiene practices • Proper use and care of protective equipment
• First aid procedures for chemical exposures
• The proper procedures to dispose of packaging material, wastes, etc.
Resources
Kutubu Petroleum Development Project, Hazardous Substance Control Plan Construction, 1992.
Environmental Guidelines Manual, Chevron USA, Inc., Production Department, Western Region, 1992.
ANSI/NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, National Fire Protection Association, 1996.
Guideline SO.2
Confined Space Entry
Purpose
This guideline provides information about: • Entering and working within confined spaces
• Developing specific, detailed procedures for working inside enclosed equipment and areas
Contents
General Overview SO.2-2
Guideline SO.2-2
I. Definitions SO.2-2
II. Responsibilities SO.2-5
III. Training SO.2-6
IV. Pre-Entry Considerations SO.2-7
V. Entry and Standby Requirements SO.2-15
VI. Post-entry Requirements SO.2-18
Resources SO.2-19
Appendix:
General Overview
This guideline pertains to general and special confined spaces — the definitions, responsibilities, training, pre-entry planning, permitting, cleaning, testing, and more — based upon the information in publications listed under Resources. These procedures are not intended to supersede local instructions, standards, or procedures.
The flowchart in the appendix of this guideline may be used as a checklist to verify that existing procedures are adequate for all elements critical to an operation.
This guideline does not apply to entering atmospheres Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH), including asphyxiating atmospheres containing inert gases. Until proved otherwise, however, untested confined spaces should be considered as being IDLH. Entries involving IDLH atmospheres require local management's authorization to initiate special entry procedures.
Note that an atmosphere containing a gas concentration exceeding the recognized exposure limit is not automatically considered IDLH.
Guideline
I.
Definitions
A. Confined Space
1. Configurations A confined space:
a. Makes access and egress difficul, and
b. Allows for the existence or potential build-up of a hazardous atmosphere (flammable, toxic, oxygen deficient).
2. Examples
Examples of confined space include but are not limited to: a. Trenches and pits over five feet deep
b. Tanks
c. Roofs of floating roof tanks when the roof is five feet or more below the tank shell
d. Open shafts
e. Tunnels
f. Vessels
h. Vaults
i. Columns
j. Ducts
k. Restricted passageways
B. Recognized Exposure Limit (REL)
An exposure standard for chemical or physical hazards is defined as one that is: 1. Adopted by a government agency with jurisdiction over the work operation 2. Adopted by the Chevron Exposure Standards Committee
3. Recommended by a consensus or scientific organization (such as the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists), based on sound scientific judgment
C. Entry
Entry into a confined space should be classified as either general or special. 1. General Entry
An entry should be considered general when testing establishes that: a. It contains neither significant hazards nor the risk of developing them. b. Ventilation is adequate.
c. Oxygen levels are between 19.5 percent and 23.5 percent.
d. Toxic materials (such as H2S, chlorine, ammonia, benzene) do not exceed RELs.
e. Flammable gases or vapors do not exceed 10 percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).
f. Other air contaminants which may be present have warning properties (odor; taste; eye, nose, or throat irritation; etc.) below the REL.
2. Special Entry
An entry should be considered special when testing establishes that:
a. A significant hazard exists or has the potential of developing but at levels below IDLH.
b. Ventilation is insufficient to remove dangerous air contamination.
c. Flammable gases or vapors are present or anticipated in excess of 10 percent of the Lower Explosive Level (LEL).
d. Oxygen deficiency (<19.5 percent) or enrichment (>23.5 percent) exists or may develop.
Note: Entry is prohibited below 16 percent and above 23.5 percent. e. Toxic materials such as H2S, chlorine, benzene, carbon monoxide, ammonia
are present or may become present in concentrations greater than the REL but less than the IDLH level.
D. Atmospheres
1. Hazardous
A hazardous atmosphere is one that may cause a person injury or illness due to the presence of one or more of the following:
a. Flammable or combustible vapor
b. Toxic substances in concentrations exceeding safe limits c. An oxygen deficiency or enrichment
d. Ionizing radiation
e. Heat
f. Noise
2. Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) IDLH is any condition that would
a. Pose an immediate or a delayed threat to life b. Cause irreversibly adverse health effects
c. Interfere with an individual's ability to escape the IDLH area unaided
3. Other Atmospheres
For guidelines about atmospheres not covered here, refer to the applicable material safety data sheet (MSDS); TLV booklet; or contact local HSE groups.
E. Personnel
1. The Supervisor
A supervisor is the company’s representative, responsible for the facility's operation.
2. The Person-in-Charge
The person-in-charge is the company's employee or contract person directing the tasks of the workers performing in the confined space.
II.
Responsibilities
A. The Supervisor
For each entry, a supervisor requesting that work be carried out in a confined space should assure that:
1. Employees and contractor personnel involved with the entry are trained adequately in:
a. Safe entry procedures
b. Rescue methods
c. Testing of space d. Safety requirements
2. All applicable, workplace, hazard evaluations have been identified on the permit. These hazards should include but are not limited to:
a. Oxygen
b. Toxic materials such as H2S, chlorine, benzene, carbon monoxide, ammonia c. Physical agents such as heat, noise, ionizing radiation
d. Rotating equipment
e. Flammable gases and vapor tests
3. All permits are issued properly, as described in the Pre-Entry Considerations section of this guideline.
4. Workers are provided with proper protective and safety equipment as listed on the entry permit.
5. Workers follow proper isolation procedures as outlined in this guideline.
B. The Person-in-charge
The person-in-charge should assure that:
1. Workers have completed proper isolation procedures including any necessary:
a. Locking
b. Blocking
c. Tagging
2. Confined space entry procedures and permit requirements are followed and include:
a. Assessing hazards and identifying conditions — through testing and inspection — in the space to be entered
b. Validating with the supervisor the classification (general or special) of the space according to the criteria under Definitions, above
c. Determining that necessary protective and safety equipment is on-site and verifying that it is listed on the entry permit
d. Signing and dating the entry permit which includes specifically the permit's duration
e. Posting the entry permit at the entrance(s) to the confined space f. Reviewing atmospheric test results
g. Identifying and discussing physical agents and entry-permit requirements with all personnel
h. Verifying that standby and entry personnel understand the rescue plan 3. Appropriate standby personnel are present whenever people are within a
confined space.
4. Entry and standby personnel are using or wearing the necessary protective and safety equipment.
5. The person-in-charge or the standby monitors the job as specified on the permit during the entire period that workers are inside the confined space.
C. Personnel Involved With the Entry
Personnel involved with the entry should comply with the requirements of applicable permits and the provisions of local procedures for entering a confined space.
III.
Training
A. In General
Training for personnel who will work in confined spaces should be based on both: 1. Written procedures on confined spaces developed by facility management 2. Detailed instructions of the specific job plan as it relates to the space to be
entered
B. Entry Personnel
Training and appropriate documentation for entry personnel should include but not be limited to:
1. Respiratory protection
2. Detailed entry procedures, including the entry permit system 3. Preparations for working in a confined space
5. Protective equipment
6. Standby and emergency requirements, including detailed rescue procedures 7. Life line, safety belt, and harness operations, as appropriate
C. Gas Tester
Training for personnel selected to perform gas testing of confined spaces should include the following:
1. All procedures for entry personnel, above
2. The use, limitations, calibration, and inspection of testing equipment
3. Potential conditions which may affect the testing procedure which include, but are not limited to:
a. Interfering compounds
b. Testing the equipment's condition, reliability, and calibration
D. Standby Personnel
Training for standby personnel should include: 1. All procedures for entry personnel, above
2. Fire regulations and hot work procedures (see also Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.35 Hot Work, in this manual)
3. Operating the warning signal system 4. CPR and first aid
IV.
Pre-Entry Considerations
A. Personnel Information and Plans
Personnel should avoid entering confined spaces if the work can be accomplished outside. If entry is unavoidable, entry plans should include:
1. Identifying Hazards
Each confined space may present unique hazards; therefore, systematic approach should be used to identify all potential hazards by:
a. Checking the area surrounding the confined space to identify hazards, such as drifting vapors from other tanks, drains, power, and equipment
b. Keeping exhaust and fuel vapors from entering the space by locating engines and motors for portable, powered equipment both downwind and to the side of confined-space openings
2. Training
Ensure that all workers participating in confined space operations have been trained in both confined space and emergency procedures.
3. Pre-entry Setup
Before entering a confined space, establish and carry out a plan for the space, based on existing and potential hazards, which involves:
a. Isolation b. Cleaning c. Ventilating
d. Entering
4. Rescue Plan
Establish a rescue plan identifying escape routes and emergency egress methods and, before entry begins, review it with all personnel involved.
B. Permitting
When performing a confined space entry, establish and follow an entry permit system. The tags shown in Figure SO.2-1, and Figure SO.2-2 can be obtained from Chevron's stationery warehouse in Dublin, California.
1. Permit Procedures
a. Post a permit at all entrances.
b. Prohibit entry into the confined space until the entry permit is completed and posted.
c. Allow personnel to enter a confined space only after they check the entry permit to ensure the space is safe for entry.
2. Permit Information
The permit should contain the following information: a. The equipment to be entered
b. The location to be entered
c. Identification of possible hazards, including past and present service d. Atmospheric or other test results and documentation
e. Isolation of the space
f. Requirements for special and personal protective equipment g. Duration of the permit
h. Approval signature authorizing entry
C. Isolation/Lockout
Isolation, for the purposes of this guideline, includes all steps necessary to ensure that the conditions within a confined space do not or cannot change during the time the space is occupied. Isolation generally includes blinding, lockout, blockout, and tagout requirements.
1. Isolation
Isolation ensures that substances are not reintroduced to the space through any connected piping or ducting. The means of isolation may include one or all of the following:
a. Installing blinds at the flange closest to the space
b. Disconnecting piping/ducting and moving it out of alignment; capping or securely plugging the open ends
c. Installing double-block valves and bleeding the space between the valves to a safe location
Note 1: Double block and bleed is not allowed for confined space entry
except with the approval of local management.
Note 2: A single valve is never acceptable as a positive means of isolation.
2. Lockout
Lockout ensures that electrically energized equipment is prevented from starting, and the means of lockout may include one or more of the following:
a. Placing the main breaker switch in the off position and installing a padlock through the switch
c. Disconnecting the leads between the operated equipment and load side of the main breaker
3. Blockout
Blockout ensures that no one can actuate or move mechanically operated or physically movable equipment; and the means of blockout may include one or more of the following:
a. Releasing all hydraulic or pneumatic pressure from lines or containers b. Venting de-pressurized systems
c. Securing movable equipment by applying devices such as, blocks under, bars through, or chains around it
4. Tagout
Tagout means identifying any lockout or blockout device and the reason for it in such a way that it alerts every person involved in the confined space entry.
D. Ventilation
Ventilation not only removes contaminants but also helps to cool the space. Adequate natural or mechanical ventilation should be provided to ensure that atmospheric concentrations are brought down below RELs, particularly when testing reveals an above-REL level of air contamination or an oxygen deficiency.
When time allows, ventilate spaces naturally by opening the space several days prior to entry.
Air eductors should be placed at the top of tanks or vessels. Air hoses used should be both electrically conductive and electrically continuous within the confined space.
E. Cleaning
Before entering a confined space, it should be cleaned:
1. Before opening, by emptying, flushing or purging the space to remove flammable or toxic substances
2. After opening, by cleaning the space from the outside as thoroughly as possible
F. Pre-entry Atmospheric Testing
1. Identifying Hazards
Even after the confined space is ventilated and cleaned, potential hazards may still be present such as:
a. Flammable gases or vapors in excess of allowable limits b. Oxygen deficiency or enrichment
d. Physical agents
Note: During pre-entry testing procedures, these hazards should be identified and noted on the entry permit.
2. Mitigating Hazards
Hazards identified during testing should be controlled or mitigated as specified in the general or special entry guidelines.
3. Test Equipment
Certain procedures and criteria should be established for the test equipment: a. Calibrate direct reading instruments at least once on the day the readings are
taken.
b. Calibrate the equipment with source gas, an appropriate substance at a concentration near the test limit of concern.
c. Select an instrument capable of measuring the contaminant at concentrations near and below the test limit.
Note: LEL meters are inadequate for measuring total hydrocarbons near 300 ppm.
d. Ensure that the equipment is in good working order. 4. Initial Testing
After isolating, opening, and ventilating the space, it should be tested by a person trained in the care, use, and calibration of the associated sampling equipment.
Mechanical ventilation systems should be stopped so that the tester may conduct tests as required, administering the tests in sequence, and taking appropriate precautions, such as:
a. Performing tests initially at the entrance to the space using probes that extend, if necessary.
Precaution: Do not enter the space if elevated levels are detected at the entrance.
b. Entering the space, when appropriate, and continuing testing. Precautions: Vacate the space immediately, if:
1) Above-REL levels or other unsafe conditions are detected 2) An emergency occurs at the facility
c. Testing low spots around piping, irregular surfaces, and areas away from openings where ventilation may be restricted.
d. Taking the following precautions if entry is required to conduct the initial testing:
Precautions:
1) Wear a supplied air breathing apparatus and harness assembly. 2) Do not enter without arranging for a standby person who has an
independent source of breathing air, such as self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), to be present during testing.
e. Testing each space of equipment with interconnected spaces blinded off as a unit
Precaution: The most hazardous atmosphere within an interconnected space establishes the entry procedure for the entire space.
f. Checking internal atmospheric temperature
Precaution: Develop appropriate work/rest schedules when inside spaces where the temperature exceeds the ACGIH-adopted Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) or AIHA Guidelines for heat stress.
g. Testing for NORM at entrance
Precaution: Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) occasionally exists in producing equipment. If we have not conducted tests to verify its absence, we should measure levels on the outside surface of the equipment prior to entry. See Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.71 NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) Handling and Disposal. 5. Retesting
During the performance of any confined space operation, the atmosphere in the space should be tested with sufficient frequency to ensure that the air quality does not deteriorate.
a. Testing at the beginning of each shift
b. Retesting before re-entry after periods when the space is unoccupied (including lunch breaks)
c. Retesting at least twice following the initial test: in the middle and towards the end of the shift
d. Retesting if conditions change inside the space
Note: The person-in-charge may also request additional retesting for entry. 6. Recording Test Results
V.
Entry and Standby Requirements
A. Entry
1. Defining Entry Requirements
Entry requirements are defined by the: a. Atmospheric test results
b. Configuration of the space c. Scope of the job
2. Applying the Requirements
The elements listed above help to determine the: a. Type of entry
b. Ventilation requirements c. Routes of entry and exit
d. Special safety and protective equipment required, such as personnel hoist requirements, harness, life line
e. Standby requirements f. Entry permit requirements
g. Monitoring
h. Any additional precautions, such as Hot work permits
B. Standby Requirements
At all times when someone is inside a confined space, personnel should be posted at the entrance.
1. Training and Equipment
Evaluate each unique job to determine the proper number of standbys necessary and should provide the following training and equipment for standbys before anyone enters a confined space:
a. Instruct and train standby personnel in emergency procedures, including the use of a supplied air breathing apparatus.
b. Locate supplied air breathing apparatus at the entrance to the confined space at all times when someone is inside.
2. For Any Entry
Be certain that standby personnel:
a. Know the work being performed inside and potential hazards that may be encountered.
b. Can identify symptoms of over exposure to atmospheric hazards.
c. Will ensure that isolating blinds are not removed inadvertently or air blowers shut off accidentally.
d. Will ensure that any other equipment necessary for safe entry is functioning properly.
e. Will enter a confined space only under the following conditions: 1) When an emergency occurs
2) When wearing the proper safety equipment
3) After alerting at least one additional person outside the confined space to the emergency
4) After confirming that help is on the way
f. Have been instructed to inform the entry group of other work in progress or any hazardous operating conditions that may affect the entry group.
Note: In the event of an emergency, standby personnel should warn the entry group and provide necessary instructions.
g. Maintain communications (radio, walkie talkie, voice, hand signals) with personnel inside the confined space.
h. Maintain contact (sight or radio call or both) with at least one additional person outside the confined space, who may have other duties in the immediate area.
3. For General Entry
For a general entry, ensure that the standby knows the elements of For Any Entry, above. The general-entry standby may also attend to more than one entrance, depending on the:
a. Proximity of the openings b. Activity level inside 4. For Special Entry
Ensure that the standby knows the elements of For Any Entry, above. For a special entry, assign a dedicated standby to each single entrance.
Equipment is described under Training and Equipment, above. Standbys must be capable of donning an SCBA in 15 seconds.
C. Routes of Entry
Personnel should enter confined spaces through side openings within 1 meter (3.5 feet) of the working levels whenever possible.
Note: Routes of entry above one meter are normally considered top entry points. People entering a confined space through a top entry should have available the special rescue equipment described later in this guideline.
D. Safety and Protective Equipment
1. For Any Entry
Require personnel to wear or have available the following special safety and protective equipment while entering or working in a confined space:
a. Approved protective clothing
b. Approved ground-fault-circuit interrupters on all electrical equipment greater than 12 volts
c. A first aid kit in the immediate area outside of the space 2. For Special Entries
During special entries, when wearing respiratory protection, or when performing hot work, personnel should wear — in addition to the equipment required For Any Entry, above — a safety harness with an attached life line that meets the following specifications:
a. The harness should be capable of suspending a person in the upright position.
Note: People should not wear wristlets.
b. The life line should consist of a rope with a minimum 1.3 cm (½-inch) diameter and 2450 kg (5,400-pound) test whose free end should be anchored outside the space.
Note: Management may waive the life-line requirement if the life line could become entangled and hinder rescue.
3. For Top Entries
In addition to the equipment listed above For Any Entry and For Special Entries, provide — for top entries (routes of entry above 1 meter or 3.5 feet) — a
mechanical hoist in good working order or other effective device for lifting persons out of the space.
Note: It may not be possible to lift a disabled worker manually from a confined space.
E. Hot Work
The supervisor should issue and approve a Hot Work Permit before anyone welds, cuts, burns, grinds, or chips inside a confined space.
When carrying out hot work in a confined space,
1. Prohibit a source of ignition being taken into a confined space until tests verify the atmosphere is below one percent of the LEL.
2. Minimize burning, welding, and torch-cutting activities as they consume oxygen and produce metal fumes. If there are such activities, monitor oxygen and carbon monoxide periodically.
3. Provide respirators that are effective for welding fumes. See Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.66 Respiratory Protection, in this manual.
4. Locate local exhaust ventilation as near as practical to the welding operation.
Note: Air flow must not only be away from the welder and any other workers but must also be sufficient to remove fumes and smoke.
5. Leave gas cylinders outside the space, in an upright position.
6. Check welding hoses and cables thoroughly for leaks and cracks before working with them inside a confined space.
7. Remove unused gas hoses from inside the confined space.
8. Require people to wear safety harnesses with life lines attached while they are conducting hot work in confined spaces.
9. Post a standby trained in fire fighting and equipped with adequate fire extinguishing equipment immediately outside the confined space.
VI.
Post-entry Requirements
The person-in-charge should
A. Ensure that the space is clean and clear of hazards.
B. Arrange to have
1. Tools, equipment, and debris removed from the confined space at the end of the job.
2. The space remain secure until it is closed. 3. The entry permit removed.
Resources
Dept. of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor, Cal OSHA. CAC
Title 8, Article 108, Section 5156-5159 in Confined Spaces. South San Francisco, CA: Barclays, August, 1990.
Dept. of Labor, OSHA. CFR 29, Subpart J, Section 1910.146 in Permit Entry Confined Spaces. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, January, 1993.
Dept of Labor. OSHA.CFR 29, Subpart I, Section 1910.134 in Respiratory Protection. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May, 1984.
Dept. of Labor, OSHA. CFR 29, Subpart C, Section 1926.21 in Safety Training and Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, July, 1986.
Dept. of Labor, OSHA. CFR 29, Subpart R, Section 1910.268 in Telecommunications, Requirements Prior to Entering Manholes and Unvented Vaults. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1978.
Dept of Labor, OSHA. CFR 29, Subpart Q, Section 1910.252 in Welding, Cutting and Brazing. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, December, 1990. Guidelines for Confined Work in the Petroleum Industry. API Publication 2217. 1st ed.
Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute, June, 1984.
Guidelines for Work in Inert Confined Spaces in the Petroleum Industry. API Publication 2217A. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute, November, 1987. Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks. API Publication 2015. 4th ed.
Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute, January, 1991.
Safety Requirements for Confined Spaces. Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers; American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z117.1, October 1989. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological
Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Latest Edition.
Guideline SO.2 — Appendix
Confined Space Entry
Flowchart
On the following pages are two flowcharts — Responsibilities and Elements — that represent a condensed version of this guideline.
Responsibilities
Supervisor
Employees/contractors are trained in:
✓Safe entry procedures
✓Rescue methods
✓Testing space
✓Safety requirements
Hazards are identified on entry permit.
Permit & entry tags are issued and used
correctly.
Workers follow proper isolation procedures.
Workers are provided with proper safety and personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Person-in-Charge
Proper isolation & ongoing monitoring undertaken. Permit procedures followed. Standby personnel present.
Required PPE and safety equipment used.
Personnel Entering Space
Comply with all procedures.
Elements
Training
ENTRY PERSONNEL
✓Respiratory protection
✓Entry procedures
✓Confined space preparation
✓Hazard ID, evaluation, control
✓Protective equipment
✓Standby & emergency requirements, incl. rescue
✓Lifeline, safety belt & harness operations
✓Documentation of training
GAS TESTER
✓Topics for entry personnel
✓Use, limitations, cali-bration, inspection of testing equipment
✓Conditions that may affect testing procedures
STANDBY
✓Topics for entry personnel
✓Fire regulations & hot work procedures
✓Warning signal system operation
✓CPR and first aid
Pre-entry Considerations PERSONAL INFORMATION & PLANS ✓Identifying hazards ✓Training ✓Pre-entry setup ✓Rescue plan PERMITTING ✓Completion & approval ✓Posting ✓Permit content -Equipment name/# -Equipment location -Possible hazards -Testing requirem'ts -Isolation measures -PPE -Duration of permit -Approval signature ISOLATION/ LOCKOUT ✓Isolation -Install blinds -Disconnect
& move out of alignment -Double block and bleed ✓Lockout -Securing switch with padlock in off position -Removing fuses -Disconnect-ing leads ✓Blockout -Release hydraulic/ pneumatic pressure -Vent de-pressurized system -Use blocks, bars, chains ✓Tagout VENTILATION ✓Natural ✓Mechanical CLEANING ✓Empty ✓Flush/wash ✓Purge ATMOSPHERIC TESTING ✓Testing equipment needed ✓Initial testing ✓Retesting ✓Recording test results
Elements
(Cont'd)Entry & Standby Requirements Post-entry Requirements ENTRY ✓ Ventilation ✓ Routes of entry ✓ Special safety equipment ✓ Personal protective equipment ✓ Standby requirements ✓ Entry permit requirements ✓ Monitoring ✓ Additional precautions (i.e., hot work)
STANDBY ✓ Req'mts for any entry ✓ Limitations for general entry ✓ Limitations for special entry ENTRY ROUTES ✓ Side entry ✓ Top entry SAFETY & PPE ✓ Any entry ✓ Special entry ✓ Top entry HOT WORK ✓ Ignition sources ✓ Hazards ✓ Ventilation ✓ Handling, storing, inspecting welding equipment ✓ Safety equipment for entry ✓ Equipment for standby/ fire watch ✓ Site cleanup ✓ Space security until closed ✓ Removal of permit ✓ Job docu-mentation
Guideline SO.3
Lockout and
Tagout
Purpose
This guideline provides a consistent approach for the development of Lockout and Tagout procedures which should be used during maintenance or repair work, to prevent accidental operation of equipment or release of energy.
Content
General Overview SO.3-2
Guideline SO.3-2
I. Lockout and Tagout Equipment SO.3-2
II. Pre-Job Planning SO.3-4
III. Electrical Isolation SO.3-4
IV. Mechanical Isolation SO.3-4
V. Initial Lockout and Tagout SO.3-5
VI. Multiple Lockout and Tagout Procedure SO.3-6
VII. Removal of Padlocks and Tags SO.3-6
General Overview
Appropriate Lockout and Tagout procedures should be followed during maintenance and repair work on equipment connected to or containing mechanical, electrical or other energy sources. The purpose of Lockout and Tagout procedures is to prevent the accidental release of energy sources which could result in injury to personnel or damage to equipment.
Lockout and Tagout is generally accomplished by isolating the equipment to be worked on from external energy sources, neutralizing internal energy sources, placing padlocks and warning tags on isolation devices, and establishing a system to manage the process changes caused by isolating the equipment. Lockout and Tagout does not usually apply to normal operating activities such as collecting samples, replacing pressures gauges, or making routine operational equipment checks and adjustments. Some systems are designed to normally operate with components locked or chained in position (e.g., pressure safety valves locked open or containment drain valves locked closed). These systems should be managed in a manner consistent with Lockout and Tagout procedures. When new equipment is installed, or when existing equipment is replaced, repaired, renovated or modified, it should be designed to accept appropriate lockout devices, blinds or other methods of isolating and neutralizing energy sources.
Site-specific Lockout and Tagout procedures should be developed locally to ensure consistency with local management systems and operating practices. Local procedures should specify the responsibilities of personnel involved in Lockout and Tagout Procedures.
Guideline
I.
Lockout and Tagout Equipment
The following equipment is normally used for Lockout and Tagout:
A. Padlocks
1. Locks used for Lockout and Tagout should be keyed padlocks. Each padlock should be keyed differently. Supervisors should retain spare keys for each padlock assigned to their work area.
2. Padlocks should be color-coded to identify the group which owns them. The following color code is recommended for padlocks:
YellowOperations RedElectricians
BlueMaintenance (except electricians) GreenInstrument Technicians
3. Depending on the facility (size and number of personnel), padlocks may be individually assigned or placed on a lock board for common use. A log should be maintained with each lock board, which identifies who is using each padlock and where the padlock is being used.
4. Padlocks used for Lockout and Tagout should not be used for other purposes.
B. Tags
1. Tags should be used to identify locations where equipment has been altered for Lockout and Tagout, including valves, flanges, skillets, spectacle blinds, switches and blocking devices. The tag should identify the person who applied it, the reason the tag was applied, and the date the tag was applied.
2. Tags may be color-coded to identify the group which owns them. Color-coding of tags should be consistent with the color-coding of padlocks.
3. Tags may be multi-part so that sections can be torn off and retained in a control room or other central location.
4. Tags should be markable, weather resistant and contain an eyelet so they can be fastened to equipment with a tie-wrap or wire.
5. Tags should be multi-lingual as needed to communicate information and potential hazards to the local workforce.
C. Bar Clips
Where multiple padlocks are required at a single lockout point, bar clips (multi-lock hasps) or similar devices should be used.
D. Chains
Chains may be used with padlocks to secure valve handles or other equipment.
E. Blind Flanges, Skillets and Spectacle Blinds
Appropriate blind flanges, skillets and spectacle blinds should be provided at each facility to ensure that Lockout and Tagout can be performed safely. They must be rated (working pressure and size) for the lines and process conditions where they will be used.
F. Built-In and Customized Energy Isolating Devices
New equipment should be designed with appropriate built-in isolation devices so that Lockout and Tagout padlocks can be easily installed. Older equipment might require the use of customized attachments (e.g., special lockout bars, hasps to cover
operating buttons, sliding-rod devices which can be extended and locked in position to prevent operation of control handles) so that padlocks can be attached.
II.
Pre-Job Planning
Prior to starting any maintenance or repair operation, the person-in-charge and other personnel involved should review the work to be performed and develop a pre-job plan. The pre-job plan may be formal or informal, depending on the complexity of the work. The pre-job plan should identify any significant hazards involved, including potential energy sources. If potential energy sources are identified, the pre-job plan should also include:
A. Identification of all energy sources associated with the work.
B. Identification of energy isolation devices and other Lockout and Tagout equipment that will be needed, including the equipment listed in Section I.
C. Any special hazards or considerations involved.
D. The possibility that energy may need to be released during the work to test or position equipment.
E. Procedures to notify all affected employees.
F. Procedures to document the application of Lockout and Tagout and identification of where Lockout and Tagout records will be maintained (log books, blind tag boards, drawings, etc.).
G. Responsibilities for all of the above.
III.
Electrical Isolation
A. Equipment should be carefully reviewed to ensure all electrical energy sources have been identified.
B. Equipment should be isolated from electrical energy sources by the opening and locking of all main power supplies. If the main power supply cannot be locked out, the equipment should be physically disconnected from power sources by a qualified electrician. Lockouts of local switches may leave other portions of the equipment energized. Special attention should be given to equipment connected to alternate power sources.
C. Large capacitors should be discharged.
D. After the equipment has been isolated from the main power supply, local electrical switches and start/stop stations should be activated to confirm the isolation is complete, then turned back off and tagged “Do Not Operate”.
IV.
Mechanical Isolation
A. Potential sources of mechanical energy (e.g., pressurized fluids, springs, elevated components, rotating equipment and gears) should be neutralized or physically
blocked out before work starts, to prevent unintentional energizing or movement of equipment. Examples include:
1. Bleeding down and/or isolating process fluid, steam, air, or hydraulic lines and cylinders.
2. Blocking out gears and other mechanisms.
3. Placing dies, lifts, or any equipment that might descend, slide, fall or roll in their “zero energy” or neutral position (typically the lowest position), or installing physical blocks to prevent equipment from moving.
4. Releasing coiled springs and any spring-loaded devices. 5. Chaining rotating equipment.
B. The preferred method for mechanically isolating equipment from process lines is disconnecting the lines and installing blind flanges, skillets or spectacles blinds. Blind flanges, skillets and spectacle blinds must be rated (working pressure and size) for the lines and process conditions where they will be used.
C. Double block and bleed may also be used to isolate equipment from process lines. Bleed lines should be carefully checked to ensure they are not plugged and that any seepage from the bleeder is readily and safely detectable.
D. Isolation by use of a single block valve is generally not acceptable. Exceptions should be made only under carefully controlled and supervised conditions. E. All valves used for mechanical isolation should be locked out, either on the valve
body or by use of a chain through the handle.
F. Mechanical isolation in preparation for confined space entry must be achieved by installation of blind flanges or skillets, or disconnection and removal of all associated lines.
V.
Initial Lockout and Tagout
After completing the pre-job plan described in Section II, the person-in-charge of the Lockout and Tagout operation (normally the facility operator) should:
A. Notify all affected personnel of the nature of the work to be performed. B. Shut down the equipment by normal procedures.
C. Electrically isolate and lock out the equipment as described in Section III. D. Mechanically isolate and lock out the equipment as described in Section IV.
E. Apply an appropriate tag on each padlock and at each location where equipment has been altered for lockout and tagout, including valves, flanges, skillets, spectacle blinds, switches and blocking devices. The tag should identify the person who applied it, the reason the tag was applied, and the date the tag was applied.
G. Document the application of Lockout and Tagout as described in the Pre-Job Plan in Section II.
H. If the person-in-charge is performing the maintenance or repair work without involvement from other groups, then following completion of the above steps, the work may proceed. If individuals from other groups will be involved in the work, then the person-in-charge should advise and assist them with the Multiple Lockout and Tagout procedure described in the following section.
VI.
Multiple Lockout and Tagout Procedure
If more than one group (e.g. Operators, Mechanics, Electricians) will be involved in the maintenance or repair work:
A. The person-in-charge (the first group locking out) should use a bar clip (multi-lock hasp) to perform lockout as described in Section V.
B. One authorized representative from each of the other groups involved in the work should then place their padlock and tag on the bar clip.
C. The authorized representative from each group is responsible for all employees from their group during the Lockout and Tagout procedure. Authorized representatives should not remove their padlocks until they have ensured that members of their group are informed of the status of the work and have moved to a safe location.
VII. Removal of Padlocks and Tags
Padlocks and tags used for Lockout and Tagout should only be removed as follows: A. Following the completion of maintenance or repairs,
1. The person-in-charge should perform a final check of the equipment to ensure it is ready to be reactivated.
2. Authorized representatives of other groups should remove any padlocks and tags installed by their group.
3. The person-in-charge should remove any padlocks and tags that they installed, and then proceed to reactivate the equipment as appropriate.
4. Document that the Lockout and Tagout job has been completed and notify appropriate personnel.
B. If Lockout and Tagout is in progress during crew or shift change, employees who have installed padlocks and tags should either;
1. Turn over their keys to their relief and explain the nature of the work underway, including any special hazards or considerations involved, or
2. Remove their padlocks at the same time that their relief is installing their own padlocks, and then also explain the nature of the work underway, including any special hazards or considerations involved.
3. The person-in-charge should also advise all such incoming personnel of the nature of the work underway and the significant aspects of the pre-job plan. C. If the nature of the work being performed requires that padlocks be removed so that
energy can be released to test or position equipment, the following procedures should be followed:
1. Identify safety precautions in the pre-job plan. 2. Notify all affected personnel.
3. The person-in-charge should physically inspect the work site and equipment involved.
4. Remove appropriate lockout devices.
5. Energize the equipment and proceed with testing or positioning.
6. Do not leave the worksite unattended while Lockout and Tagout devices have been removed for testing or positioning.
7. Once testing or positioning is complete, de-energize and reinstall lockout devices as appropriate.
D. In an emergency situation, padlocks and tags may be removed by a supervisor who has retained the spare key. In doing so, the supervisor assumes responsibility for the ongoing Lockout and Tagout procedure.
Resources
Lockout and Tagout Procedures, Loss Prevention Guide No. 3, Chevron, March 1987. Lockout and Tagout Procedures, SOP Manual, Cabinda Gulf Oil Company Limited, 17
Guideline SO.4
Personal Protective
Equipment
Purpose
The purpose of this guideline is to provide general information about Personal Protective Equipment.
Content
General Overview SO.4-2
Guideline SO.4-2
I. General Requirements SO.4-2
II. Head Protection SO.4-2
III. Eye Protection SO.4-3
IV. Hearing Protection SO.4-3
V. Hand Protection SO.4-4
VI. Body Protection SO.4-5
VII. Respiratory Protection SO.4-5
VIII. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD) SO.4-5
IX. Foot Protection SO.4-6
General Overview
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is clothing or equipment designed and used
specifically for the protection of a worker from a specific type of hazard. PPE should be used when engineering designs and operating or maintenance practices do not provide a safe work environment. COPI operations should periodically conduct surveys of work areas to assess personal protective equipment needs.
Guideline
I.
General Requirements
COPI operations should determine which hazards exist that are capable of causing injury by physical contact, absorption, or inhalation. Personal protective equipment should be selected and used to help minimize the risk of these hazards. Local safety and
environmental groups can usually provide information and recommendations on different types of PPE. Employees should be made aware of the need for PPE, and should be properly trained in its use.
A. Storage and Maintenance
1. PPE should be stored in areas that are accessible and clearly identified. 2. PPE should be maintained in sanitary and reliable condition.
3. Responsibility should be assigned for cleaning and storing PPE.
B. Contractor Responsibilities
1. Contractors should provide PPE for their employees.
2. Contractor employees should wear protective equipment whenever specified by the Company Representative and/or when required by the job.
C. Visitor Responsibilities
1. Visitors should be expected to comply with local PPE requirements. 2. Hosts should ensure that visitors have and use appropriate PPE.
II.
Head Protection
Hard hats protect the head from impact and penetration from falling or flying objects, overhead spills of hot or hazardous liquids, and electric shock.
A. Wearing Hard Hats
Hard hats should be worn under the following types of conditions: 1. At construction sites
2. When working on or near hoists, A-frames, or overhead gantries
3. In any area where overhead work is occurring or conditions require head protection—in and around tanks and low overhead work areas
4. In areas where other departments or companies require hard hats 5. In any posted areas
B. Hard Hat Maintenance and Storage
1. Inspect regularly and replace at the first sign of cracking, dents, or other damage 2. Store out of direct sunlight
3. Use only mild soap solution to clean the hard hat and its suspension
III.
Eye Protection
Eye protection should be used when there is a reasonable probability of injury that can be prevented by such equipment.
A. Safety Glasses
1. Are worn for impact protection
2. Should be worn in all industrial (non-office) work areas
B. Chemical Goggles
Chemical goggles are worn to protect against splash, flying chips, dust, and whenever there is exposure to materials that are capable of causing irreversible damage to the eyes. Examples of work that may require chemical goggles are: 1. Light chipping
2. Dusty work
3. Cutting wire 4. Using grinders
5. Handling mineral wool or fiberglass
IV.
Hearing Protection
Ear plugs or ear muffs should be worn in areas where exposure exceeds recommended limits. For complete details on hearing protection and conservation, refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.67 Hearing Conservation.
V.
Hand Protection
Gloves should be worn when hands are exposed to hazardous substances or to sharp, rough, or hot objects.
A. Types of Glove
The type of glove selected should be the one most suited to protect against the hazard and still provide enough dexterity to do the job.
1. Leather Palm Gloves
a. Resist heat, sparks, sharp and rough objects, and provide some cushioning against blows
b. Are often worn by maintenance workers performing heavy duty work c. Should be worn when handling pallets, wood, wire, hot equipment, hot
sample containers, and/or drums
d. Provide minimal protection from hydrocarbons and other liquids. 2. Impervious Gloves (Neoprene, PVC, Nitrile)
a. The glove selected should be resistant to the material being handled
b. Workers should wear them when handling petroleum products and corrosive chemicals such as acids and caustic
c. Gauntlet-type gloves, which extend above the cuff and protect the wrist and forearm, should be worn when there is a possibility of splashing
3. Cotton Gloves
a. Protect against dirt and abrasion
b. Are not heavy enough for use with rough or sharp materials c. Are suitable for lighter work
4. Latex Gloves
a. Provide maximum dexterity but limited protection
b. Are intended for use in very light service to keep oil, grease, and liquids off the skin
c. Are used primarily in laboratory 5. Miscellaneous Gloves
a. Welders gloves are made from treated leather that provides protection against heat, welding sparks, splatter, and hot slag
b. Insulated gloves are used in laboratories for handling distillation pots and other hot objects
c. Fire fighting gloves are leather and are lined with a flame retardant fleece material
d. Electrician gloves are used to protect against electrical shock which could result from accidental contact with energized electrical equipment.
VI.
Body Protection
Body protection will assist in keeping acidic, corrosive, oily, dirty, or dusty materials off of the body. The type of protection recommended depends upon the nature of the hazard.
A. Impervious Clothing
Impervious clothing provides protection from splash and should be worn during jobs where it is possible to come in contact with highly acidic or corrosive materials. Such jobs may include:
1. Breaking lines
2. Opening equipment
3. Jobs where liquid materials could splash or spray
B. Disposable Coveralls and Suits
Disposable Tyvek coveralls and suits are designed to keep dust and dry material off the worker. They provide minimal protection against liquids and oily substances. They are usually worn during:
1. Clean-up work
2. HAZMAT response
3. Asbestos removal 4. Tank cleaning
5. Dumping of specified dry materials.
VII. Respiratory Protection
Respiratory protective equipment should be used in areas where engineering design and operating or maintenance practices do not provide and maintain a safe breathing environment. For additional information on recommended equipment, refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.66 Respiratory Protection.
VIII. Personal Flotation Devices (PFD)
A. Wearing PFDs
Personnel should wear PFDs that are securely fastened, snugly fitted, and in good condition:
1. When transferring to or from any boat
2. When working below the main work deck of an offshore structure, where full hand rails are not provided
3. When outside the cabin or wheelhouse of a boat 4. When riding in open or semi-open boats
5. When operating small boats
6. At any other time (fog, haze, rough seas, etc.) that boat captains, supervisors or tool pushers deem necessary
For additional information on personal flotation devices, refer to Health, Safety and Environmental Guideline SO.10 Water Safety.
IX.
Foot Protection
Appropriate footwear should be required in all non-office areas of the facility.
A. Safety Shoes
1. Soles should be notched or grooved to prevent slipping on oily or wet surfaces. 2. They should consist of a leather shoe/boot with oil-resistant soles that have a
heel.
3. Rubber boots or overshoes can be worn to protect the feet and shoes from excessive water, oil, muck, or corrosive material.
Resources
Personal Protective Equipment, Code of Federal Regulations 1910.132-139, Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Protective Headwear, ANSI Z89.1 - 1986, American National Standards Institute.
Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection, ANSI Z87.1 - 1989, American National Standards Institute.
Personal Protection - Protective Footwear, ANSI Z41 - 1991, American National Standards Institute.
Guideline SO.5
General
Work Permits
Purpose
This guideline describes the use of General Work Permit procedures to help ensure that non-routine or complex construction, maintenance and repair work is performed safety and efficiently.
Content
General Overview SO.5-1
Guideline SO.5-2
I. Work Requiring a General Permit SO.5-2
II. Pre-Job Planning SO.5-2
III. General Work Permit Procedures SO.5-2
Resource SO.5-3
General Overview
General Work Permit procedures should be followed for non-routine construction, maintenance and repair work to help ensure the work is performed safely and efficiently. They can be used for pre-job start-up reviews to identify hazards, other permits which might be required, how many people will be involved, etc. Site-specific General Work Permit procedures should be developed locally to ensure consistency with local
management systems and operating practices. Local procedures should specify the responsibilities of personnel involved in the General Work Permit process. Local procedures should also identify which work activities require a general work permit and the process for issuing and using permits.
If the work involves a potential source of ignition in the work area, a Hot Work Permit should supplement the General Work Permit (refer to Health, Safety and Environmnetal Guideline SO.35 Hot Work).
Guideline
I.
Work Requiring a General Permit
Local General Work Permit procedures should describe what types of activities require the use of a General Work Permit. General Work Permits are normally used for
non-routine or complex construction, maintenance and repair work which involves significant hazards, such as:
A. Large construction sites, to coordinate traffic flows, use of utilities, waste disposal and impact on local communities.
B. The presence of electrical cables, telephone cables or pipe lines above or below ground.
C. The use of scaffolding or cranes in the vicinity of in-service equipment, such as process equipment, piping, conduit, electrical cables and telephone lines. D. Excavation work, particularly if shoring is involved.
E. Radiation, such as handling x-ray sources.
F. The presence of flammable or toxic gases, vapors, oils or chemicals, particularly during the opening and/or cleaning of tanks, vessels or process lines.
II.
Pre-Job Planning
Prior to starting any construction, maintenance or repair operation, the person-in-charge and other personnel involved should review the work to be performed and develop a pre-job plan. The initial pre-job plan may be formal or informal, depending on the complexity of the work. The pre-job plan should identify any significant hazards involved, and should identify whether the work requires the use of a General Work Permit.
III.
General Work Permit Procedures
General Work Permit procedures normally require the following steps:
A. The person-in-charge of the work reviews the hazards identified in the pre-job plan, and identifies appropriate safety precautions that must be followed during the work. The person-in-charge notes these conditions on the General Work Permit, and
applies for management approval for the work to commence. Permit conditions may include:
1. The scope of work and the extent of the work area involved. 2. Inspection and testing requirements, either initial or periodic.
3. Time limitation for the work permit based on working conditions and the hazards involved. If the time limit specified needs to be exceeded, the original permit should be renewed or a new permit should be issued following a review of the work conditions. Permits are typically issued for no more than 12 hours or for a single work shift.
4. Required personal protective equipment.
5. Other required safety and fire protection equipment.
6. Other special permit requirements, such as Hot Work, Confined Space Entry, Lockout and Tagout or Simultaneous Operations permits.
7. Other special requirements to address the specific hazards involved (restricted areas, signs and tags, communication equipment, etc.).
B. Management approves the General Work Permit and retains a copy.
C. Key designated employees sign off on the permit before work proceeds. Their signatures indicate acknowledgment of the hazards involved, acknowledgment of required safety precautions, certification that tests have been performed, etc. D. Employees perform their work in a manner consistent with the requirements of the
permit.
E. A new permit must be issued if scope of work changes or hazard conditions vary from original permit.
F. General Work Permit documentation is retained for a specified period of time at a specified location.