Chemistry Project Class 12

(1)

Project Of

Chemistry

Steriliz

ation

Of

W

ater

By

Using Bleaching Powder

This Projec

This Project deals with the pt deals with the process ofrocess of

purifying water and make it t for drinking purifying water and make it t for drinking y t

y the teche techni!ue callhni!ue called ed Sterilization Sterilization ofof Water using Bleaching Powder

Water using Bleaching Powder

TRIBHUWAN KUMAR TRIBHUWAN KUMAR

(2)

A CHEMIS

A CHEMISTR

TRY INVES

Y INVESTIGA

TIGATOR

TORY PROJEC

Y PROJECT

T

B" ## T$%B&UW'( )U*'$ B" ## T$%B&UW'( )U*'$

+lass #,%% +lass #,%%

(3)

Index

J

_{+erticate Of 'uthenticity}

J

_{'cknowledgement}

J

_%ntroduction

 _{(eed Of Water}_{(eed Of Water}

 _{Purication of Water}_{Purication of Water}

 _{(eed for a stale purication technology}_{(eed for a stale purication technology}

J

_Theory

 _{&istory Of water purication}_{&istory Of water purication}

 _{Bleaching powder and its preparation}_{Bleaching powder and its preparation}

 _{Use of Bleaching powder in sterilization of water}_{Use of Bleaching powder in sterilization of water}

J

_-.periment

 _'im_'im

 _{Pre#re!uisite )nowledge}_{Pre#re!uisite )nowledge}  _$e!uirement_$e!uirement  ProcedureProcedure

J

_$esult

J

_{Biliography}

+erticate Of 'uthenticity

This is to cer

This is to certify that

tify that

TRIBHUWAN KUMAR

of class ,%% has

successfully completed this proje

successfully completed this project on the

ct on the topic /

topic /

Sterii!"tion of

W"ter #y $sin% Be"chin% Po&der

0 under the guidance of *$1

T

(4)

This Pr

This Project is asolutely

oject is asolutely genuine and

genuine and does not indulge pla

does not indulge plagiarism

giarism

of any kind1

The re

The reference

ference tak

taken in mailing

en in mailing this proje

this project has een decl

ct has een declared a

ared att

the end of this

the end of this pro44ject1

pro44ject1

%nternal Signature5#

-.ternal

-.ternal Signature

Signature5#

5#

'cknowledgement

% feel proud to present my project in +hemistry on the topic

/

(5)

This proj

This project wouldn6t ha7e

ect wouldn6t ha7e een completed w

een completed without the pr

ithout the proper

oper

guidance of my +hemistry teacher *$1T( 2&' who guided me

throughout this project in e7ery possile way1 ' project in7ol7es

7arious di8cult la e.perimen

7arious di8cult la e.periments which ha7e to

ts which ha7e to e carried out y

e carried out y

the student to otain

the student to otain the oser7ation and conclude the report on a

the oser7ation and conclude the report on a

meaningful note1 These e.periments are 7ery critical and in

meaningful note1 These e.periments are 7ery critical and in case

case

of failure9 may result in disastrous conse!uences1 Therey % would

like to thank *$1 T( 2&' for guiding me on a step y step asic

and ensuring that % completed all my

and ensuring that % completed all my e.perime

e.periment with ease1

nt with ease1

% would also like to thank r1 S1S'$)'$ and $ P$':&'( for their

7ital support and co#operation1

't last % would like to thank my parents and all those without

whom this project would not ha7e een completed1

%ntroduction

(6)

Need of &"ter

W

Water is an important and essential ingredient in our !uest foater is an important and essential ingredient in our !uest for sur7i7al onr sur7i7al on this planet1 %t is 7ery essential for carrying out

this planet1 %t is 7ery essential for carrying out 7arious metaolic processes7arious metaolic processes in our

in our ody and also ody and also to carry out to carry out &emogloin throughout the ody&emogloin throughout the ody11

' daily a7erage of ; gallon per man is su8cient for drinking and cooking ' daily a7erage of ; gallon per man is su8cient for drinking and cooking purposes1 ' horse9 ullock9 or mule drinks aout

purposes1 ' horse9 ullock9 or mule drinks aout ;; gallons at a time1;; gallons at a time1

Standing up9 an a7erage allowance of < gallons should e gi7en for a man9 Standing up9 an a7erage allowance of < gallons should e gi7en for a man9 and ;4 gallons for a horse or a camel1 'n elephant drinks =< gallons9 each and ;4 gallons for a horse or a camel1 'n elephant drinks =< gallons9 each mule or o. drinks > to ?

mule or o. drinks > to ? gallons9 each sheep or pig > to gallons9 each sheep or pig > to ? pints1 These are? pints1 These are minimum !uantities1

minimum !uantities1

One c$#ic foot of &"ter ' ( %"ons )" %"on ' *+ #s,-One c$#ic foot of &"ter ' ( %"ons )" %"on ' *+ #s,-11 %n order to fulll such

%n order to fulll such a huge demand of water9 it a huge demand of water9 it needs to e puried andneeds to e puried and supplied in a orderly and systematic way1

supplied in a orderly and systematic way1

But with the increasing world population9 the demand for drinking water has But with the increasing world population9 the demand for drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is 7ery

also increased dramatically and therefore it is 7ery essential to identifyessential to identify resource

resources of water from which we can s of water from which we can use water for drinking purposes1use water for drinking purposes1 *any a7ailale resources of water do not ha7e it in

*any a7ailale resources of water do not ha7e it in drinkale form1 -itherdrinkale form1 -ither the water contains e.cess of +alcium or *agnesium salts or any

the water contains e.cess of +alcium or *agnesium salts or any otherother organic impurity or it

organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it untsimply contains foreign particles which make it unt and unsafe for :rinking1

(7)

P$ri.c"tion of

W

"ter

There are

There are many methods for the puricatimany methods for the purication of wateron of water1 Some of them ar1 Some of them aree



 _Boiling_Boiling 

 _@iltration_@iltration 

 _{Bleaching powder treatment}_{Bleaching powder treatment} 

 _{SO:%S ASolar}_{SO:%S ASolar W}_{Water :isinfection}_{ater :isinfection}

*, Boiin%

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purication techni!ue in Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purication techni!ue in use today

use today1 While in 1 While in normal households it is normal households it is an e8cient techni!ueC it canan e8cient techni!ueC it cannotnot e used for industrial and large scale purposes1 %t is

e used for industrial and large scale purposes1 %t is ecause in normalecause in normal households9 the water to e puried is 7ery

households9 the water to e puried is 7ery small in !uantity and hence thesmall in !uantity and hence the water loss d

water loss due to e7aporation iue to e7aporation is almost neglis almost negligile1 gile1 But in %ndustrial But in %ndustrial or largeor large scale purication of water the water loss due to

scale purication of water the water loss due to e7aporation will e !uitee7aporation will e !uite high and the amount of

high and the amount of puried water otained will e 7ery less1puried water otained will e 7ery less1

/, 0itr"tion

@iltration is also used for remo7ing foreign particles from water1 One major @iltration is also used for remo7ing foreign particles from water1 One major drawack of this purication process is that it cannot e

drawack of this purication process is that it cannot e used for remo7ingused for remo7ing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscile with water1

foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscile with water1

1, SO2IS )So"r W"ter

2isinfection-SO:%S or Solar

SO:%S or Solar WWater :isinfection is recommended y the United (ations ater :isinfection is recommended y the United (ations forfor disinfection of water using soft drink ottles9 sunlight9 and a lack surf

disinfection of water using soft drink ottles9 sunlight9 and a lack surface##ace## at least in hot nations with

at least in hot nations with regularly intense sunlight1regularly intense sunlight1 W

Waterater#lled transparent ottles placed in #lled transparent ottles placed in a horizontal a horizontal position atop a position atop a DatDat surface in strong sunlight for around 7e h

surface in strong sunlight for around 7e hours will kill microes in theours will kill microes in the water

water1 The process is made 1 The process is made e7en more safe and e7en more safe and eEecti7e if the ottom halfeEecti7e if the ottom half of the ottle or the surface

of the ottle or the surface itFs lying on is lackened9 andGor the Dat surfaceitFs lying on is lackened9 andGor the Dat surface is made of plastic or metal1 %tFs the

is made of plastic or metal1 %tFs the comination of heat and ultra7iolet lightcomination of heat and ultra7iolet light which kills the organisms1

(8)

The major drawack of this p

The major drawack of this purication techni!ue is that it urication techni!ue is that it cannot e usedcannot e used in countries with cold

in countries with cold weatherweather1 'lso9 the time 1 'lso9 the time consumed for Puricationconsumed for Purication process is more and it also

process is more and it also needs a Hlackened6 surface9 much like solarneeds a Hlackened6 surface9 much like solar cookers1

cookers1

Need for " st"#e 3$ri.c"tion techni4$e

Therefore

Therefore we need a purication tecwe need a purication techni!ue which can e used anytime hni!ue which can e used anytime andand anywhere9 does not re!uire the use of any third party content and which anywhere9 does not re!uire the use of any third party content and which isis also economically feasile on oth normal scale and large scale1

also economically feasile on oth normal scale and large scale1 &ence we look at the method of purication

&ence we look at the method of purication of water using the techni!ue ofof water using the techni!ue of treatment y leaching powder commonly known as /

treatment y leaching powder commonly known as /Chorin"tionChorin"tion0101

Theory

History of &"ter 3$ri.c"tion i

History of &"ter 3$ri.c"tion in di5erent 3"rts

n di5erent 3"rts

of the &ord,

%n ;?<I it

%n ;?<I it was disco7ered that a cholera was disco7ered that a cholera epidemic spreepidemic spread through waterad through water1 The1 The outreak seemed less se7ere in areas where sand lters were installed1

outreak seemed less se7ere in areas where sand lters were installed1 British scientist 2ohn Snow found that

British scientist 2ohn Snow found that the direct cause of the outreak wasthe direct cause of the outreak was water pump contamination y

water pump contamination y sewage watersewage water1 &e applied chlorine 1 &e applied chlorine to purifyto purify the water9 and this pa7ed the way for

the water9 and this pa7ed the way for water disinfection1 Since the water inwater disinfection1 Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal9 the conclusion was nally drawn the pump had tasted and smelled normal9 the conclusion was nally drawn that good taste and

that good taste and smell alone do not smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking guarantee safe drinking waterwater1 This1 This disco7ery led to go7ernments starting to install municipal water lters Asand disco7ery led to go7ernments starting to install municipal water lters Asand lters and chlorination9 and hence the

lters and chlorination9 and hence the rst go7ernment regulation of pulicrst go7ernment regulation of pulic water1

(9)

%n the ;?J4s

%n the ;?J4s 'merica started uilding large sand lters to 'merica started uilding large sand lters to protect pulicprotect pulic health1 These turned out to e a success1 %nstead of

health1 These turned out to e a success1 %nstead of slow sand ltration9slow sand ltration9 rapid sand ltration was

rapid sand ltration was now applied1 @now applied1 @ilter capacity was impro7ed yilter capacity was impro7ed y cleaning it with powerful

cleaning it with powerful jet steam1 Suse!uently9 :rjet steam1 Suse!uently9 :r1 @uller found that rapid1 @uller found that rapid sand ltration worked much etter when

sand ltration worked much etter when it was preceded y coagulationit was preceded y coagulation and sedimentation techni!ues1 *eanwhile9 such waterorne illnesses as and sedimentation techni!ues1 *eanwhile9 such waterorne illnesses as cholera and typhoid ecame less and less common as water

cholera and typhoid ecame less and less common as water chlorinationchlorination won terrain throughout the world1

won terrain throughout the world1

But the 7ictory otained y the in7ention of

But the 7ictory otained y the in7ention of chlorination did not last long1chlorination did not last long1 'f

'fter some time ter some time the negati7e eEects the negati7e eEects of this of this element were disco7ered1element were disco7ered1 +hlorine 7aporizes much faster than

+hlorine 7aporizes much faster than water9 and it was linked to thewater9 and it was linked to the aggra7ation and cause

aggra7ation and cause of respiratory disease1 Watof respiratory disease1 Water e.perts started lookinger e.perts started looking for alternati7e water disinfectants1 %n ;J4= calcium hypo chlorite and ferric for alternati7e water disinfectants1 %n ;J4= calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mi.ed in a drinking water

chloride were mi.ed in a drinking water supply in Belgium9 resulting in othsupply in Belgium9 resulting in oth coagulation and disinfection1

coagulation and disinfection1

The treatment

The treatment and distriution of water for sand distriution of water for safe use is one of the grafe use is one of the greatesteatest achie7ements of the twentieth century1 Before cities egan routinely

achie7ements of the twentieth century1 Before cities egan routinely

treating drinking water with chlorine Astarting with +hicago and 2ersey +ity treating drinking water with chlorine Astarting with +hicago and 2ersey +ity in US in ;J4?9 cholera9 typhoid fe7er9

in US in ;J4?9 cholera9 typhoid fe7er9 dysentery and hepatitis ' killeddysentery and hepatitis ' killed thousands of

thousands of U1S1 residents annuallyU1S1 residents annually1 :rinking 1 :rinking water chlorination water chlorination andand

ltration ha7e helped to 7irtually eliminate these diseases in the U1S1 and ltration ha7e helped to 7irtually eliminate these diseases in the U1S1 and other de7eloped countries1 *eeting the goal of clean9 safe drinking water other de7eloped countries1 *eeting the goal of clean9 safe drinking water re!uire

re!uires a s a multi#arrier approach that includes5 protecting source watermulti#arrier approach that includes5 protecting source water from contamination9 appropriately treating raw water9 and ensuring

from contamination9 appropriately treating raw water9 and ensuring safesafe distriution of treated water to consumers6 taps1

distriution of treated water to consumers6 taps1 :uring the treatment:uring the treatment

process9 chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental chlorine Achlorine process9 chlorine is added to drinking water as elemental chlorine Achlorine gas9 sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite1 When

gas9 sodium hypochlorite solution or dry calcium hypochlorite1 When applied to water9 each of

applied to water9 each of these forms /free chlorine90 which destroysthese forms /free chlorine90 which destroys

pathogenic Adisease#causing organisms1 'lmost all systems that disinfect pathogenic Adisease#causing organisms1 'lmost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of chlorine#ased process9 either alone or in their water use some type of chlorine#ased process9 either alone or in comination with other disinfectants1 %n

comination with other disinfectants1 %n addition to controlling disease#addition to controlling disease# causing organisms9 chlorination oEers a numer of

causing organisms9 chlorination oEers a numer of enets including5 Kenets including5 K $e

$educes many disagreeale tastes and odorsC K duces many disagreeale tastes and odorsC K -liminates slime acteria9-liminates slime acteria9 molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reser7oirs9 on the molds and algae that commonly grow in water supply reser7oirs9 on the

(10)

walls of water mains and in

walls of water mains and in storage tanksC K $emo7es chemical compoundsstorage tanksC K $emo7es chemical compounds that ha7e unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfectionC and

that ha7e unpleasant tastes and hinder disinfectionC and K &elps remo7eK &elps remo7e iron and manganese from raw

iron and manganese from raw waterwater1 's importantly9 only 1 's importantly9 only chlorine#asedchlorine#ased chemicals pro7ide /residual disinfectant0 le7els that pre7ent microial re# chemicals pro7ide /residual disinfectant0 le7els that pre7ent microial re# growth and help protect treated water throughout the distriution system1 growth and help protect treated water throughout the distriution system1 @or more than a century9 the safety of drinking

@or more than a century9 the safety of drinking water supplies has eenwater supplies has een greatly impro7ed y the addition

greatly impro7ed y the addition of leaching of leaching powderpowder1 :isinfecting our1 :isinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause drinking water ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause

serious and life#threatening diseases9 such as cholera and typhoid fe7er1 To serious and life#threatening diseases9 such as cholera and typhoid fe7er1 To this day9 leaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking water this day9 leaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant9 and the disinfectant for which we ha7e the

disinfectant9 and the disinfectant for which we ha7e the most scienticmost scientic information1 Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water information1 Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment proce

treatment process1 &owe7er9 leaching powder also ss1 &owe7er9 leaching powder also reacts with the organicreacts with the organic matter9 naturally present in water9 such as decaying lea7es1 This chemical matter9 naturally present in water9 such as decaying lea7es1 This chemical reaction forms a group of

reaction forms a group of chemicals known as disinfection y#products1chemicals known as disinfection y#products1 +urrent scientic data shows that the enets of leaching our drinking +urrent scientic data shows that the enets of leaching our drinking water Aless disease are much greater than any health risks from T&*s and water Aless disease are much greater than any health risks from T&*s and other y#products1 'lthough other disinfectants are a7ailale9 leaching other y#products1 'lthough other disinfectants are a7ailale9 leaching powder remains the choice of

powder remains the choice of water treatment e.perts1 When used withwater treatment e.perts1 When used with modern water ltration methods9 chlorine is eEecti7e against 7irtually all modern water ltration methods9 chlorine is eEecti7e against 7irtually all microorganism

microorganisms1 Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small s1 Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts ofamounts of the chemical remain in the water as it tra7els in

the chemical remain in the water as it tra7els in the distriution systemthe distriution system from the treatment plant to the

from the treatment plant to the consumer6s tap9 this le7el of consumer6s tap9 this le7el of eEecti7enesseEecti7eness ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it lea7es ensures that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it lea7es the treatment1

the treatment1

Wh"t is #e"chin% 3o&der "nd ho& is it

3re3"red6

B

leaching powder or +alcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound withleaching powder or +alcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula +aA+lO

formula +aA+lO==1 %t is widely used for 1 %t is widely used for water treatment and as awater treatment and as a

leaching agent leaching powder1 This chemical

leaching agent leaching powder1 This chemical is considered to eis considered to e relati7ely stale and has greater a7ailale chlorine than

relati7ely stale and has greater a7ailale chlorine than sodiumsodium hypochlorite Ali!uid leach1

hypochlorite Ali!uid leach1

%t is prepared y either calcium process or

(11)

+alcium Process +alcium Process = +aAO&

= +aAO&== L = +l L = +l==M+aA+lOM+aA+lO==L +a+lL +a+l== L = & L = &==OO

Sodium Process Sodium Process = +aAO&

= +aAO&== L N +l L N +l== L = (aO&M+aA+lO L = (aO&M+aA+lO== L +a+l L +a+l== L = & L = &==O L = (a+lO L = (a+l

Ho& c"n this chemic" #e $sed to sterii!e

&"ter6

This chemical can e used

This chemical can e used for sterilizing water y Ufor sterilizing water y Using < drops of sing < drops of leachleach per each half gallon of

per each half gallon of water to e puried9 and allowing it to sitwater to e puried9 and allowing it to sit undistured for half an h

undistured for half an hour to make it safe for drinking1 etting it sit se7eralour to make it safe for drinking1 etting it sit se7eral hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste9 as the chlorine will slowly

hours more will help reduce the chlorine taste9 as the chlorine will slowly e7aporate out1 ' diEerent reference ad7ises when using

e7aporate out1 ' diEerent reference ad7ises when using household leachhousehold leach for puricationC add a single drop of leach per

for puricationC add a single drop of leach per !uart of water which is!uart of water which is 7isily clear9 or three drops per !uart of water where the water is (OT 7isily clear9 or three drops per !uart of water where the water is (OT 7isily clear

7isily clear1 Then 1 Then allow the water to allow the water to sit undistured for half sit undistured for half an houran hour11

Wh"t "re the "ct$" 3rocesses in7o7ed in

disinfectin% "nd 3$rifyin% &"ter6

The comination of following p

The comination of following processes is rocesses is used for municipal drinking watused for municipal drinking waterer treatment worldwide5

treatment worldwide5 ;1 Pre#chlorination # for

;1 Pre#chlorination # for algae control and arresting any iological growthalgae control and arresting any iological growth =1 'eration # along with pre#chlorination for remo7al of dissol7ed iron and =1 'eration # along with pre#chlorination for remo7al of dissol7ed iron and manganese

manganese

N1 +oagulation # for Docculation N1 +oagulation # for Docculation I1 +oagulant aids also known as

I1 +oagulant aids also known as polyelectrolytpolyelectrolyte6s # to impro7e coagulatione6s # to impro7e coagulation and for

(12)

<1 Sedimentation # for solids separation9 that is9 remo7al of suspended solids <1 Sedimentation # for solids separation9 that is9 remo7al of suspended solids trapped in the Doc

trapped in the Doc >1 @

>1 @iltration # for iltration # for remo7al of carried o7er Docremo7al of carried o7er Doc 1 :isinfection # for killing acteria

1 :isinfection # for killing acteria

Out of these processes9 the role of Bleaching powder is only in the

Out of these processes9 the role of Bleaching powder is only in the last steplast step i1e1 for :isinfection of water1

i1e1 for :isinfection of water1

-.periment

Aim8

T

To determine to determine the dosage of leaching pohe dosage of leaching powder re!uirwder re!uired for sterilization ored for sterilization or disinfection of diEerent samples of water1

disinfection of diEerent samples of water1

Re4$irements8

Burette9 titration Dask9 ;44ml graduated cylinder9 =<4ml measuring Da Burette9 titration Dask9 ;44ml graduated cylinder9 =<4ml measuring Dask9sk9 weight o.9 glazed tile9 glass wool1

weight o.9 glazed tile9 glass wool1 Bleaching Powde

Bleaching Powder9 Qlass wool9 41; ( r9 Qlass wool9 41; ( (a(a==SS==OONNsolutions9 ;4R )% solution9solutions9 ;4R )% solution9

diEerent samples of water9 starch solution1 diEerent samples of water9 starch solution1

Pre9Re4$isite Kno&ed%e8

;1 ' known mass of

;1 ' known mass of the gi7en sample of leaching powder is dissol7ed inthe gi7en sample of leaching powder is dissol7ed in water to prepare a solution of known concentration1 This solution contains water to prepare a solution of known concentration1 This solution contains dissol7ed chlorine9 lierated y the action

dissol7ed chlorine9 lierated y the action of leaching powder with of leaching powder with waterwater11 +aO+l

(13)

=1 The amount of

=1 The amount of +hlorine present in the ao7e solution is determined y+hlorine present in the ao7e solution is determined y treating a known 7olume of the ao7e solution with

treating a known 7olume of the ao7e solution with e.cee.cess of ;4Rss of ;4R

potassium iodide solution9 when e!ui7alent amount of %odine is lierated1 potassium iodide solution9 when e!ui7alent amount of %odine is lierated1 The %odine9 thus lierated

The %odine9 thus lierated is then estimated is then estimated y titrating it against y titrating it against a standarda standard solution of Sodium

solution of Sodium thiosulphate9 using starch solution as inthiosulphate9 using starch solution as indicatordicator11 +l

+l==L=)% L=)% =)+lL%==)+lL%=

%=L=(a

%=L=(a==SS==OONN (a(a==SSIIOO>>L=(a%L=(a%

N1 ' known 

N1 ' known olume of one of olume of one of the gi7en samples of water is treated with athe gi7en samples of water is treated with a known 7olume of leaching powder solution1 The amount

known 7olume of leaching powder solution1 The amount of residualof residual chlorine is determined y adding e.cess potassium iodide solution and

chlorine is determined y adding e.cess potassium iodide solution and thenthen titrating against standard sodium

titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate solution1 I1 thiosulphate solution1 I1 @@rom the readingsrom the readings in = and N9 the

in = and N9 the amount of chlorine and amount of chlorine and hence leaching powder re!uirehence leaching powder re!uired ford for the disinfection of a gi7en 7olume of

the disinfection of a gi7en 7olume of the gi7en sample of water can ethe gi7en sample of water can e calculated1

calculated1

Proced$re8

;1 Preparation of leaching powder solution1 Weigh accurately =1<g of ;1 Preparation of leaching powder solution1 Weigh accurately =1<g of thethe gi7en sample of leaching powder and transfer it to

gi7en sample of leaching powder and transfer it to a =<4ml conical Dask1a =<4ml conical Dask1 'dd aout ;44#;<4ml of distilled water1 Stopper the Dask and shake it

'dd aout ;44#;<4ml of distilled water1 Stopper the Dask and shake it

7igorously1 The suspension thus otained is ltered through glass wool and 7igorously1 The suspension thus otained is ltered through glass wool and the ltrate is diluted with water Ain a measuring Dask

the ltrate is diluted with water Ain a measuring Dask to make the 7olumeto make the 7olume =<4ml1 The solution otained is ;R leaching powder solution1

=<4ml1 The solution otained is ;R leaching powder solution1

=1 Take =4ml of leaching powder solution in a Stoppard conical Dask and =1 Take =4ml of leaching powder solution in a Stoppard conical Dask and add it to =4ml of ;4R )% solution1 Stopper the Dask and shake it 7igorously1 add it to =4ml of ;4R )% solution1 Stopper the Dask and shake it 7igorously1 Titrate

Titrate this solution against 41;( (athis solution against 41;( (a==SS==OONN solution taken in the solution taken in the urette1urette1

When the solution in the

When the solution in the conical Dask ecomes light yellow in color9 addconical Dask ecomes light yellow in color9 add aout =ml starch solution1 The

aout =ml starch solution1 The solution now ecomes lue in solution now ecomes lue in colorcolor1 +ontinue1 +ontinue titrating till the lue color just disappears1 $epe

titrating till the lue color just disappears1 $epeat the titration to get a set oat the titration to get a set of f three concordant readings1

three concordant readings1

N1 Take ;44ml of the water sample in a =<4ml Stoppard conical Dask and N1 Take ;44ml of the water sample in a =<4ml Stoppard conical Dask and add it to ;4ml of leaching powder solution1 Then

add it to ;4ml of leaching powder solution1 Then add =4ml of )% solutionadd =4ml of )% solution and stopper the Dask1 Shake 7igorously and titrate against 41;( (a

and stopper the Dask1 Shake 7igorously and titrate against 41;( (a==SS==OONN

solution using starch solution as indicator as descried in step =1 solution using starch solution as indicator as descried in step =1

(14)

I1 $epeat the step N with other

I1 $epeat the step N with other samples of water and samples of water and record therecord the oser7ations1

oser7ations1

Res$t89

'mount of the gi7en sample of leaching powder re!uired to disinfect one 'mount of the gi7en sample of leaching powder re!uired to disinfect one litre of water litre of water Sample %  g Sample %  g Sample %% g Sample %% g Sample %%% g Sample %%% g

Biliography

;1+alcium &ypochloride ;1+alcium &ypochloride http5GGen1wikipe

http5GGen1wikipedia1orgGwikiGBdia1orgGwikiGBleachingVpowderleachingVpowder =1Water Treatment =1Water Treatment http5GGen1wikipedia1orgGwikiGWaterVtreatment http5GGen1wikipedia1orgGwikiGWaterVtreatment N1Bleach N1Bleach http5GGen1wikipedia1orgGwikiGBleach http5GGen1wikipedia1orgGwikiGBleach

I1:rinking Water Treatment5+ontinuous +hlorination I1:rinking Water Treatment5+ontinuous +hlorination http5GGwww

http5GGwww1ianrpus1unl1eduGepulicGpage1ianrpus1unl1eduGepulicGpagesGpulication:1jspsGpulication:1jsp pulication%dN<?

(15)

<1+hlorination of

<1+hlorination of :rinking Wate:rinking Waterr

http5GGwww1water#research1netGwatertreatmentGchlorination1htm http5GGwww1water#research1netGwatertreatmentGchlorination1htm >1+hlorination Of

>1+hlorination Of :rinking Water:rinking Water

www1edstrom1comGdocliGmiI;I1pdf www1edstrom1comGdocliGmiI;I1pdf 1X:rinking Water Standards9X

1X:rinking Water Standards9X www1epa1go7GsafewaterGmcl1html www1epa1go7GsafewaterGmcl1html

?1 :%S%(@-+T%(Q "OU$ W- W'T-$5 S&O+) +&O$%('T%O( ?1 :%S%(@-+T%(Q "OU$ W- W'T-$5 S&O+) +&O$%('T%O( http5GGwww