atomic emission spectra lab report

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Table of ble of ContentsContents

!itle""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##1 !itle""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##1 !able of Contents"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2 !able of Contents"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#2 Purpose"""""""""" Purpose""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#$""""#$ Hypothesis""""""" Hypothesis"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""$""""""$ %aterials"""""" %aterials"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##$"""""""##$ Proce&ure"""""""""" Proce&ure"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#$"""#$ 'ata""""""""" 'ata"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##$""""""##$ Prelab

Prelab (uestions"""""""(uestions""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""##$"""##$ 'ata

'ata Analysis"""Analysis"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""###)""""""""###) Postlab

Postlab (uestions""""""(uestions""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""#*""""#* Conclusion"""""""""

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Purpose Purpose

!o ,ain some un&erstan&in, of the relationship bet-een emission spectra an& atomic !o ,ain some un&erstan&in, of the relationship bet-een emission spectra an& atomic structure

structure Hypothesis Hypothesis

.f . hol& a (tip soae& -ith a

.f . hol& a (tip soae& -ith a solution of an element to a flame solution of an element to a flame then the flame -illthen the flame -ill chan,e color because the electrons in the element are bein, ecite& an& then they fall bac to chan,e color because the electrons in the element are bein, ecite& an& then they fall bac to their ,roun& state releasin, li,ht#

their ,roun& state releasin, li,ht# Materials

Materials o

o SpectroscopeSpectroscope o

o Solution of strontiumSolution of strontium o

o Solution of potassiumSolution of potassium o

o Solution of ma,nesiumSolution of ma,nesium o

o Solution of bariumSolution of barium o

o Solution of copper Solution of copper o

o Solution of calciumSolution of calcium o

o 3lame3lame Procedure Procedure

1#

1# CalibCalibrate thrate the no-n 4ale no-n 4alues of merues of mercury a,aicury a,ainst the onnst the ones you fies you fin& in the spn& in the spectroectroscopescope to ,et the

to ,et the calibration cur4e# 5ocalibration cur4e# 5ou -ill use this e6uau -ill use this e6uation to fin& the tion to fin& the true 4alues for alltrue 4alues for all the -a4elen,ths for all colors#

the -a4elen,ths for all colors# 2#

2# !u!urn on rn on the ,the ,as anas an& li& li,ht i,ht it -it -ith a mth a matcatch#h# $#

$# SoaSoa one en one en& of a (& of a (tip itip in a soln a solutiution of ston of stronrontiutium#m# )#

)# Hol& thHol& that same en& iat same en& into the flnto the flame an& ha4e same an& ha4e someone elomeone else loo ise loo in the specn the spectrosctroscope atope at the flame#

the flame# #

# RecorRecor& the col& the colors an& ors an& their atheir associssociate& -a4ate& -a4elen,telen,ths in thhs in the chart e chart pro4i&pro4i&e&#e&# *#

*# Repeat Repeat steps steps $ thr$ throu,h  -ou,h  -ith tith the rehe rest of st of the sthe solutiolutions#ons# Data

Data

. obtaine& the results from the spectroscope for mercury an&

. obtaine& the results from the spectroscope for mercury an& . foun& the calibration cur4e. foun& the calibration cur4e to a&7ust all the other 4alues for the lab#

to a&7ust all the other 4alues for the lab# . also foun& all the -a4elen,ths of . also foun& all the -a4elen,ths of the other solutions#the other solutions# Prelab Questions

Prelab Questions 1#

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Emission is the ability of a substance to ,i4e off li,ht -hen it interacts -ith heat#

Absorption is the eact opposite -here ener,y li,ht or ra&iation is absorbe& by the

electrons of a

electrons of a particular matter#particular matter#

$#

$# A sA system pystem proposropose& by the ;S 8ae& by the ;S 8a4y for un&e4y for un&er-ater-ater submarr submarine commine communicatunication calion calle&le& EL3 operates -it

EL3 operates -ith a fre6uency of +*Hz# h a fre6uency of +*Hz# <hat is the -a4elen,th of the ra&iation in<hat is the -a4elen,th of the ra&iation in meters= .n miles= 91 mile > 1#*1 m:

meters= .n miles= 91 mile > 1#*1 m: 2#$?10@+ meters 1#+?10@10 miles

2#$?10@+ meters 1#+?10@10 miles

)#

)# <hat i<hat is the s the ener,ener,y in 7y in 7oules oules of thof the fre6e fre6uency iuency in 6uestn 6uestion $=ion $= #0)?10@$2 oules

#0)?10@$2 oules

#

# Re& an& ,reRe& an& ,reen li,ht hen li,ht ha4e -a4ela4e -a4elen,ths of en,ths of about *0 nm about *0 nm an& )B0 nm ran& )B0 nm respectespecti4elyi4ely# <h# <hichich li,ht has the hi,her fre6uencyre& or ,reen=

li,ht has the hi,her fre6uencyre& or ,reen= <hich li,ht has the hi,her ener,y re& or<hich li,ht has the hi,her ener,y re& or ,reen=

,reen=

reen has the hi,her fre6uencyD

reen has the hi,her fre6uencyD ,reen also has the hi,hest ener,y#,reen also has the hi,hest ener,y#

*#

*# %, emit%, emits ra&ias ra&iation at 2tion at 2 nm# Coul nm# Coul& a spectr& a spectroscope be uoscope be use& to &etse& to &etect this ect this emissemission=ion= 8o because a spectroscope only &etects 4isible li,ht -hich is from about )00nm to about

8o because a spectroscope only &etects 4isible li,ht -hich is from about )00nm to about

+00nm#

+#

+# .f boro.f boron emits rn emits ra&iatia&iation at 1 nm -hon at 1 nm -hat color at color -ill bor-ill boron imparon impart to a flamt to a flame=e= reen

reen

#

# 3rom th3rom the -a4elene -a4elen,ths an& co,ths an& colors ,ilors ,i4en for th4en for the mercury e mercury emissemission spection spectrum in thrum in thisis eperiment construct a ,raphical representation of the mercur

eperiment construct a ,raphical representation of the mercur y emission spectrum as ity emission spectrum as it -oul& appear on the scale of a spectroscope#

-oul& appear on the scale of a spectroscope#

Data Analysis Data Analysis

1#

1# FbtaiFbtain a calibratn a calibration 9best fion 9best fit line: a&it line: a&7ustm7ustment for spent for spectrosectroscope from cacope from calibralibration cur4tion cur4e ofe of mercury spectrum#

mercury spectrum#

0#000010$G@$0#1$G@2+#BG120*)#

2#

2# CalCalculculate ate errerror for for Hor Hy&ry&ro,eo,en lin linesnes## 'i&nIt &o this part

'i&nIt &o this part

$#

$# !ra!ranslatnslate scale reae scale rea&in,s for m&in,s for metals inetals into -a4eleto -a4elen,ths usin,ths usin, calibrn, calibration curation cur4e#4e# E

Elleemmeennt t FFllaamme e CCoolloorr SSppeeccttrroossccooppe e ##ss !!aa""eelleenntth h $$nnmm%%

Strontium

Strontium Re&Re& 5ello-reen reen *$0 *$0 *00 *00 0 0 +1#$)1 +1#$)1 *)$#2 *)$#2 $)#$2 $)#$2

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5ello-reen reen Jlue Jlue Purple Purple *00 *00 0 0 00 00 ))0 ))0 *)$#2 *)$#2 $)#$2 $)#$2 10#2 10#2 ))#$2 ))#$2 &arium

&arium Re&Re& reen reen Purple Purple *$0 *$0 0 0 ))0 ))0 +1#$)1 +1#$)1 $)#$2 $)#$2 ))#$2 ))#$2 Copper

Copper Re&Re& reen reen Purple Purple *$0 *$0 0 0 ))0 ))0 +1#$)1 +1#$)1 $)#$2 $)#$2 ))#$2 ))#$2 Calcium

Calcium Re&Re& 5ello-Jlue Jlue Purple Purple *$0 *$0 *00 *00 00 00 ))0 ))0 +1#$)1 +1#$)1 *)$#2 *)$#2 10#2 10#2 ))#$2 ))#$2 )#

)# ConCon4er4ert -a4elt -a4elen,en,th froth from nanomm nanometeeters to metrs to metersers## < <aa44eelleenn,,tth h 99nnmm:: <<aa44eelleenn,,tth h 99mm:: R Ree&& ++11##$$)1 )1 ++##1$1$))11?1?100@@++ F Frraann,,e e ++00$$##BB)) ++##00$$BB))??1100@@++ 5 5eelllloo- - **))$$##22 **##))$$22??1100@@++  rreeeen n $$))##$$22 ##$$))$$22??1100@@++ J Jlluue e 1100##22 ##110022??1100@@++ P Puurrpplle e ))))##$$22 ))##))$$22??1100@@++ #

# CalculCalculate tate the frhe fre6uency e6uency assocassociate& iate& -ith -ith each -each -a4elena4elen,th#,th# R Ree&& $$##))??1100@@11)) F Frraann,,ee ))##22**??1100@@11)) 5 5eelllloo-- ))##****??1100@@11))  rreeeenn ##**11??1100@@11)) J Jlluuee ##??1100@@11)) Purple *#1B?10@1) Purple *#1B?10@1) *#

*# E4alE4aluatuate the amoe the amount of Eunt of Enerner,y fo,y for each -ar each -a4el4elen,en,th#th# R Ree&& 22##??1100@@11BB F Frraann,,ee 22##22??1100@@11BB 5 5eelllloo-- $$##00BB??1100@@11BB  rreeeenn $$ ++22??1100@@11BB

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5 5eelllloo-- $$##BB22??1100@@BB  rreeeenn $$##++??1100@@BB J Jlluuee $$##))BB??1100@@BB P Puurrppllee $$##))00??1100@@BB #

# CalculCalculate eate error rror an& pean& percent rcent error error for for each -each -a4elena4elen,th#,th# R Ree&& 22))##0022KK F Frraann,,ee 11))##))**KK 5 5eelllloo-- ++##22KK  rreeeenn ))##**++KK J Jlluuee 22##00))KK P Puurrppllee 1100##00KK B#

B# .&e.&entintify ;fy ;nnonno-n ba-n base& se& on beon best mst matcatch#h# . &i&nIt &o this part of the lab#

. &i&nIt &o this part of the lab#

Postlab Questions Postlab Questions

1#

1# <hat <hat is tis the purhe purpose pose of tof the slhe slit iit in the n the spectspectroscoproscope=e=

!o put the flame there so that li,ht can tra4el to the bac

!o put the flame there so that li,ht can tra4el to the bac of the spectroscope -here it isof the spectroscope -here it is

&efracte& by a prism# !he &efracte& li,ht then

&efracte& by a prism# !he &efracte& li,ht then tra4els bac to the front of the tra4els bac to the front of the spectroscopespectroscope

-here the ban&s are place& on the -a4elen,th scale#

2#

2# <hy i<hy is the sps the spectectrosroscopcope scale scale ille illumiuminatnate&=e&=

So -e can see -here the colors of the &efracte& li,ht are#

$#

$# <hy -as t<hy -as the emisshe emission specion spectrum of mtrum of mercury usercury use& to calie& to calibrate tbrate the specthe spectroscoproscope=e= !he emission -a4elen,ths for mercury are 4ery

!he emission -a4elen,ths for mercury are 4ery precisely no-n#precisely no-n#

)#

)# Coul& thCoul& the emisse emission of somion of some other elee other element be usment be use& to calie& to calibrate tbrate the specthe spectroscoroscope=pe= .t coul& but the calibration cur4e

.t coul& but the calibration cur4e -ill most liely not be as accurate as the -ill most liely not be as accurate as the one -ithone -ith

mercury#

#

# .n a&&it.n a&&ition to thion to the spectre spectral lineal lines that yos that you obser4eu obser4e& in the emi& in the emission sssion spectrpectrum of hy&rum of hy&ro,eno,en se4eral other lines are also present in other re,ions of the spectrum# Calculate the

se4eral other lines are also present in other re,ions of the spectrum# Calculate the -a4elen,ths of the n>)

-a4elen,ths of the n>)n>1 an& n>)n>1 an& n>)n>$ transitions an& in&icate in -hich re,ions ofn>$ transitions an& in&icate in -hich re,ions of

the spectrum these transitions -oul& occur 9-hat -a4elen,th an&

the spectrum these transitions -oul& occur 9-hat -a4elen,th an& type of ra&iation=:#type of ra&iation=:# *#

*# Ff the metFf the metal ions tal ions teste&este& so&ium , so&ium ,i4es the bi4es the bri,htri,htest an& moest an& most consst consistenistent color it color in then the flame# 'o you thin that potassium coul& be &etecte& 4isually in the presence of so&ium flame# 'o you thin that potassium coul& be &etecte& 4isually in the presence of so&ium burnin, in this miture in a flame= Coul& you &etect both -ith a spectroscope=

burnin, in this miture in a flame= Coul& you &etect both -ith a spectroscope= . &o thin potassium coul& be

. &o thin potassium coul& be &etecte& 4isually in the presence of &etecte& 4isually in the presence of so&ium because so&iumso&ium because so&ium

is 7ust a really bri,ht yello- -hereas potassium is ,reen an& purple so it -oul&

&efinitely sho- amon, so&ium# . thin you

&efinitely sho- amon, so&ium# . thin you can &etect both -ith a can &etect both -ith a spectroscope#spectroscope#

+#

+# !he mini!he minimum enermum ener,y re6ui,y re6uire& to brere& to brea the oy,a the oy,enoyenoy,en bon& is )B,en bon& is )B /m /mol# <haol# <hat ist is the lar,est -a4elen,th of ra&iation that possesses enou,h ener,y to brea the FF bon&= the lar,est -a4elen,th of ra&iation that possesses enou,h ener,y to brea the FF bon&= <hat type of

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Spectroscopy can be use& to &etermine an unno-n element# Jy looin, at its Spectroscopy can be use& to &etermine an unno-n element# Jy looin, at its spectroscopy -a4elen,ths -e can compare

spectroscopy -a4elen,ths -e can compare it to another elementIs -a4elen,ths an& see if it isit to another elementIs -a4elen,ths an& see if it is the same or &ifferent from that element an& compare it to

the same or &ifferent from that element an& compare it to another one# .f it is unlie ananother one# .f it is unlie any no-ny no-n element then it coul& be a ne- one# Spectroscopy can also be use& to &etermine the ener,y element then it coul& be a ne- one# Spectroscopy can also be use& to &etermine the ener,y le4els of electrons that are containe& in that