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Lead-free perovskite solar cells using Sb and Bi-based A3B2X9 and A3BX6 crystals with normal and inverse cell structures

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Fig. 1 Structures of fabricated solution processed lead-free  A3B2X9 and  A3BX6 crystal (A: monovalent cation; B: trivalent cation; X: halogen anion) solar cells: normal mesoscopic (n-i-p) (a) and inverted planar (p-i-n) (b) structures
Fig. 3 SEM images of  ANiO: (3B2X9 films [(CH3NH3)3Bi2I9: (a, b);  (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9: (c, d);  (CH3NH3)3SbBiI9: (e, f)] grown on different substrates  [TiO2: (a, c, e); b, d, f)]
Fig. 4 SEM images observed for elemental analysis of  A3B2X9 films [(CH3NH3)3Bi2I9: (a, b);  (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9: (c, d);  (CH3NH3)3SbBiI9: (e, f)] grown on dif-ferent substrates  [TiO2: (a, c, e); NiO: (b, d, f)]
Table 2 Elemental distribution (atomic %) of the individual elements observed on  a particular spot on  (CH3NH3)3Bi2I9/NiO film shown in Fig. 4b
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