Estimating Seepage Losses from Canal Systems

11960

turassid by the U. s. Dopartmem of AgtickaPall UM1

MARCH 1978

JOURNAL OF

THE IRRIGATION

AND DRAINAGE DIVISION

ESTIMATING SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM CANAL SYSTEMS

By Robert V. Worstell i

INTRooucnom

Seepage and operational losses from distribution systems are continuing problems for designers and managers of irrigation districts and for water users. The designer must provide sufficient capacity in the canals to allow for these losses, and the managers must divert extra water into parts of the system to assure ample flow to the lower reaches of all laterals. The water users must provide for ample storage to offset seepage losses. The managers also have to deal with more complex legal and . technical problems that arise if seepage losses cause high water tables in fields adjacent to the canal.

As demands increase on all the water supplies of the West, regional and state resource management agencies are looking critically at the large volumes of water diverted by agriculture, especially when these volumes are much larger than the amounts used in evapotranspiration. These agencies need guidelines for more accurately determining reasonable water diversions to irrigated agricul-ture. Some information is available. Hart (6) estimated seepage losses from canals in several of the soils found in southern Idaho (Table 1), but such information for other areas is not available in the literature. This paper presents a simplified method that engineers and resource planners can use to estimate seepage losses from new or existing canal systems.

METHODS OF SEEPAGE MEASUREMENT

Four principal methods have been used to estimate or measure seepage and operational losses from distribution systems. Normally, estimates are made with an "inflow-outflow" approach by using the records of diversion and delivery for the district. This approach gives an estimate of the total seasonal operational losses, which include canal seepage, canal spill, generous deliveries, and gains Note.—Discussion open until August 1, 1976. To extend the closing date one month,

a written request must be filed with the Editor of Technical Publications, ASCE. This

paper is part of the copyrighted Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 102, No. IR1, March 1976. Manuscript was submitted for review for possible publication on May 7, 1975.

' Agr. Eng., Snake River Conservation Research Center, Kimberly, Idaho.

332-IR1

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11960 ESTIMATING SEEPAGE LOSSES FROM CANAL SYSTEMS

KEY WORDS: Canals; Irrigation; Seepage; Seepage losses; Water loss; Water resources; Water supply

ABSTRACT: Canal seepage rates for broad soil textural groups were evaluated by analyzing results of 765 tests made in the western United States. Seepage rates varied widely within each broad texture class, but the average rates for all the classes ranged from 0.2 ft to 2.0 ft (0.06 m/day to 0.6 m/day). Seepage rates were less than 1.0 ft (0.3 m) per day in most tests. Average rates were similar, whether measured by ponding or by seepage meter. No significant linear regression was found between canal dimensions and seepage rates within any one soil texture group. Average seepage rates for lined canals ranged from 0.1 ft to 1.0 ft (0.03 m to 0.3 m) per day. Irrigation system designers and resource planners will find these average rates helpful in estimating seepage losses for existing or planned systems. Average rates also will be helpful in evaluating alternative improvements in water management, such as canal-lining programs, modernizing measurement and delivery methods, and installing computer-controlled automatic regulation of diversions and deliveries.

REFERENCE: Worstell, Robert V., "Estimating Seepage Losses from Canal Systems,"

Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. IR1, Proc.