TOWARD
CIVILIZATION
I. UNDERSTANDING OUR PAST
Geography and History
_________________ is the study of people, their environments and
the ____________ available to them.
Five themes sum up the impact of geography on human
history.
1. _____________: tells where a place in on the surface of the Earth.
____________ measures distance north and south, while
____________ measures distance from east and west.
2. ______________: Geographers describe places in terms of their
physical features and ____________ characteristics.
Examples :
Physical Features:
Human Characteristics:
3. Human - ______________ Interaction: How humans have shaped
and been shaped by the places in which they lived.
HOW DO WE KNOW?
The search for the human past has led us as far
back as __________which refers to the long period
of time before people invented ____________.
________________ is the study of the origins and
development of people and their societies.
(scholars about 200 years ago)
In this field, __________ refers to the way of
life
of
a society that is handed down from one
generation to the next by learning and
experience.
________________ is the study of past people and
cultures.
By analyzing ________________ or objects made by
human beings, this specialized branch draws
conclusions about our ancestors.
________________ refers to the skills and ___________
people use to meet their basic needs.
Examples:
________________ study how people lived in the
past by using both artifacts and ______________
evidence.
About ____________ years ago, people in different
II. THE DAWN OF HISTORY
The Old Stone Age
The earliest period of human history = Old Stone
Age or the _____________
Age. (Dates: 2 million B.C., first toolmakers, to
about 10,000 B.C.)
Paleolithic people lived in small hunting and food
gathering bands numbering about 20 - _____ people.
These hunters and gatherers were ____________,
moving from place to place as they followed game animals and ripening fruit. ( following ___________ )
Paleolithic people depended on their environment
for survival but did make simple tools,
______________, and developed spoken language.
Prehistoric people faced many challenges from the
environment. Several ____________ with thick glaciers, or sheets of ice, spread across parts of the world.
To endure Paleolithic people invented clothing and
learned to build ________.
Early Religious Beliefs
30,000 years ago, people began to believe in
_______________ or a world full of ___________.
(animals – objects – dreams / mother earth goddess )
How do we know? cave paintings, small stone
statues, ritual sites…
Toward the end of the Paleolithic Age, people
began to ________ their dead with great care. What may this suggest? _____________________________.
The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
11,000 years ago, nomads made a
breakthrough. They learned to __________.
The change from nomadic to settled farming
villages ushered in the _______ Stone Age or Neolithic Age. (
Date: 10,000 B.C. – 3000 B.C.)
Who: ________________ / Where:
____________________
The second feature of the Neolithic revolution
was when people began to ________________ or tame animals they had once hunted.
Farming = food production = growth in ___________ = more interaction.
In farming communities work was divided up
by ___________ and age.
The status of women declined and older men
formed ____________ of elders to make decisions for the community.
When food was scarce, ________________
increased, and some men gained prestige and power as _______________. (differences in wealth and power)
To farm successfully, people had to develop
new ___________.
Farmers developed the first _____________ and
learned to use animals to plow the fields.
By about 5,000 years again, the advances
made by early farming communities led to a new stage of development –
BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION
The Rise of Cities
A _______________ is a complex, highly organized social order. The first __________ emerged after farmers began cultivating
fertile lands along river valleys and producing ______________ food. (extra)
Farming more food more people (population) Civilizations
River Valley Civilizations
Cities rose independently in the valleys of:
Tigris and _____________ rivers in the Middle East. This region is
also known as ________________________.
The ___________ River in Egypt ( North Africa ).
The Indus River in _____________, and the Yellow River or
____________ _______, in China.
Why would Ancient Cities emerge near rivers?
-Ancient cities were frequently surrounded by high __________ The two early, major civilizations in the Americas did not rise in
river valleys. Rather the Aztecs and ______________ civilizations emerged in the highlands of Mexico and ______________.
FEATURES OF CIVILIZATION
Historians distinguish __________ basic features found in early civilizations.
1. To be an early civilization you must have the growth of _____________.
2. Organized _______________: Religious leaders then _________ kings emerged as the political leaders. Became more complex as rulers issued ____.
3. Complex ______________: Ancient people were ____________, that is, they believed in many gods – most of which were believed to control natural forces and human activities. ( ________ god, _________ god, god of _________________)
In ancient religions, priest and worshipers sought to gain the favor of the gods through complex
rituals, _______, prayers, and hymns.
4. _______ Specialization : ________ or skilled workers, bricklayers, merchants. 5. Social ___________: People were ranked according to their ___________.
Top - Nobles and _________
- Wealthy Merchants
- Peasants, farmers ( majority of people ) Bottom - _____________ ( war and debts )
6. _______ and Architecture: These expressed the beliefs and values of the people who created them. ( temples, __________, paintings, ________ )
7. _________ Works: Projects including irrigation, roads, bridges and walls.
8. ____________: A critical new skill which earliest form was made up of ____________, or simple drawings that looked like the objects they represent.
SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION
As ancient rulers gained more power, they conquered
new territories. This expansion led to the rise of
_______ ________, a political unit that included a city and
its surrounding lands and villages. (peasants =
provide)
Often rival leaders battled for power and some
conquered many cities and villages with led to our
first _________, or groups of states or territories
controlled by one ruler.
Graph / Drawing:
Most people still followed the older, simpler way of
life – Nomadic hunters and gathers - that tended
herds and small farms on sparse grasslands called
________.
All societies and civilizations change. Changes in the
________________ could have an immediate impact on
people’s lives. Examples:
An even more important source of change was
