The French and Indian War.ppt

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The French and

Indian War

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Competing European

Claims

 In the middle of the 18th In the middle of the 18th

century, France and England

had competing claims for

land in North America.

 The French held trapping and The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio

trade routes in the Ohio

Valley.

 The English colonies were The English colonies were encroaching on French

encroaching on French

territory are the population

grew.

 They also competed over They also competed over trade issues with the Native

trade issues with the Native

Americans in the disputed

region.

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Competing European

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The Battle of Fort

Necessity

 The French set up forts along The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading

to protect their fur trading

interests.

 Some of these forts conflicted Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.

with English claims.

 Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George

dispatched a young George

Washington in 1753 to deliver

a protest to the French. This

protest was ignored.

 The British sent a party to The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of

construct a fort on the site of

modern Pittsburg.

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The Battle of Fort

Necessity

 The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed _{The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed} Fort Duquesne on the site.

Fort Duquesne on the site.

 The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by

French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by

superior French and Native American numbers.

 Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort _{Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort}

Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This

incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War. A recreation of Ft.

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The Albany Congress

 In 1754, war was inevitable._{In 1754, war was inevitable.}  The colonies sent delegates to _{The colonies sent delegates to}

Albany to discuss strategy for

common defense.

 They approved a document _{They approved a document} written by Benjamin Franklin

written by Benjamin Franklin

promoting a substructure of

government below British

authority to govern the

colonies.

 The council would be _{The council would be} comprised of elected

comprised of elected

representatives from each

colony and headed by a

President-General appointed by

the crown.

 The colonies were not ready for _{The colonies were not ready for} political union and it is unlikely

political union and it is unlikely

that the British government

would have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political

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 9. That the assent of the President-_{9. That the assent of the} President-General be requisite to all acts of the General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.

execution.

 _{10. That the President-General, with the}_{10. That the President-General, with the} advice of the Grand Council, hold or advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make direct all Indian treaties… and make

peace or declare war with Indian nations. peace or declare war with Indian nations.

 _{11. That they make such laws as they}_{11. That they make such laws as they} judge necessary for regulating all Indian judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …

trade. …

 _{15. That they raise and pay soldiers and}_{15. That they raise and pay soldiers and} build forts for the defence of any of the build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies…

Colonies…

 16. That for these purposes they have _{16. That for these purposes they have} power to make laws, and lay and levy power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… such general duties, imposts, or taxes…

 ““[the President]…he shall take care [the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully

that the laws be faithfully

executed…”

 “_“[the President]…shall have power, _{[the President]…shall have power,} by and with the advice and consent

by and with the advice and consent

of the Senate, to make treaties,

provided two thirds of the Senators

present concur…”

 “_“[Congress will] regulate _{[Congress will] regulate}

Commerce with foreign Nations,

and among the several States, and

with the Indian Tribes…”

 ““[Congress will] raise and support [Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a

Armies…To provide and maintain a

Navy…”

 “_“The Congress shall have Power To _{The Congress shall have Power To} lay and collect Taxes, Duties,

lay and collect Taxes, Duties,

Imposts and Excises…”

From the Albany Plan of

Union (1754)

From the

Constitution

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Braddock’s Defeat

 In July 1755, the British sent a _{In July 1755, the British sent a} force from Virginia to attack

force from Virginia to attack

Fort Duquesne.

 The heavy force was defeated _{The heavy force was defeated} by the smaller French force and

by the smaller French force and

their Native American allies.

 Both the British commander, _{Both the British commander,} Braddock, and the French

Braddock, and the French

commander Beaujeu, were

killed.

 23 year old George Washington _{23 year old George Washington} won accolades for rallying the

won accolades for rallying the

defeated British and preventing

the battle from turning into a

rout.

 The first two years of fighting _{The first two years of fighting} were characterized by

were characterized by

humiliating defeats for the

British.

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The Seven Years War in

Europe

 The French and Indian War was essentially the North American _{The French and Indian War was essentially the North American}

theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.

 Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France,

Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain.

 Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight _{Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight}

in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning

the war against the French in North America.

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Fortunes Reverse

 In 1757, expansion advocate In 1757, expansion advocate

William Pitt became the William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to vowed to lead country to victory.

victory.

 Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on:

 expelling the French from expelling the French from

North America

 buying the cooperation by buying the cooperation by

the colonists by stimulating

the North American

economy with a massive

infusion of British currency

 buying the support of the buying the support of the

Native Americans with

promises of fixed territorial

boundaries.

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Fortunes Reverse

 The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and

began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.

 The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759.  In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal.

 In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and _{In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and}

took French colonies in the Caribbean.

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French Defeat: Treaty of

Easton

 The Treaty of Easton, signed The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially sealed

in 1758, essentially sealed

France’s fate.

 In the treaty, the British In the treaty, the British promised the Six Iroquois

promised the Six Iroquois

Nations to stop settlements

west of the Alleghenies in

exchange for their neutrality

in the war.

 This caused the French to This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne and,

abandon Fort Duquesne and,

by 1760, Detroit and

Montreal, the last two French

strongholds in North

America, had fallen.

 This was the end of major This was the end of major fighting in North America.

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The Treaty of Paris

 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. _{The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.}

 The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain _{The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain} and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.

and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.

 The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.

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Pontiac's Rebellion

 Native Americans quickly grew _{Native Americans quickly grew}

disenchanted with the British.

 The British exhibited little The British exhibited little

cultural sensitivity, traded

unfairly, and failed to stop

encroachments on Indian land.

 This unrest culminated in a This unrest culminated in a

rebellion by Pontiac, a Native

American leader who united

various tribes with the goal of

expelling the British.

 The uprising lasted from 1763 _{The uprising lasted from 1763}

to 1766.

 Massacres and atrocities _{Massacres and atrocities}

occurred on both sides— most

notably, British General Jeffrey

Amherst gave the Native

Americans blankets infested

with smallpox.

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Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and

Pottawatomie Indians

(May 5, 1763)



“

It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this

nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I

do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done

from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods

twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last.

…

When I go to see the English commander and say to him

that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing

their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and

at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the

reply that he has no use for us. …

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The Royal Proclamation

of 1763

 Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to _{Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to} attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the

attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the

Indians.

 Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”_{Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”}

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Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg

Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpg

Slide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html

Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg

Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpg

Slide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm

http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2 Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpg

Slide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpg

Slide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpg

Slide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpg Slide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg

Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.html

Slide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdf Slide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpg

Slide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg Photo and Text

http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg

http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpg

http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html

http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpg

http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm