The French and
The French and
Indian War
Competing European
Competing European
Claims
Claims
In the middle of the 18th In the middle of the 18th
century, France and England
century, France and England
had competing claims for
had competing claims for
land in North America.
land in North America.
The French held trapping and The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio
trade routes in the Ohio
Valley.
Valley.
The English colonies were The English colonies were encroaching on French
encroaching on French
territory are the population
territory are the population
grew.
grew.
They also competed over They also competed over trade issues with the Native
trade issues with the Native
Americans in the disputed
Americans in the disputed
region.
Competing European
Competing European
The Battle of Fort
The Battle of Fort
Necessity
Necessity
The French set up forts along The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading
to protect their fur trading
interests.
interests.
Some of these forts conflicted Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.
with English claims.
Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George
dispatched a young George
Washington in 1753 to deliver
Washington in 1753 to deliver
a protest to the French. This
a protest to the French. This
protest was ignored.
protest was ignored.
The British sent a party to The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of
construct a fort on the site of
modern Pittsburg.
modern Pittsburg.
The Battle of Fort
The Battle of Fort
Necessity
Necessity
The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site.
Fort Duquesne on the site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by
French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by
superior French and Native American numbers.
superior French and Native American numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort
Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This
Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This
incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.
incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War. A recreation of Ft.
The Albany Congress
The Albany Congress
In 1754, war was inevitable.In 1754, war was inevitable. The colonies sent delegates to The colonies sent delegates to
Albany to discuss strategy for
Albany to discuss strategy for
common defense.
common defense.
They approved a document They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin
written by Benjamin Franklin
promoting a substructure of
promoting a substructure of
government below British
government below British
authority to govern the
authority to govern the
colonies.
colonies.
The council would be The council would be comprised of elected
comprised of elected
representatives from each
representatives from each
colony and headed by a
colony and headed by a
President-General appointed by
President-General appointed by
the crown.
the crown.
The colonies were not ready for The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely
political union and it is unlikely
that the British government
that the British government
would have supported the plan.
would have supported the plan.
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political
9. That the assent of the President-9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.
execution.
10. That the President-General, with the 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make direct all Indian treaties… and make
peace or declare war with Indian nations. peace or declare war with Indian nations.
11. That they make such laws as they 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …
trade. …
15. That they raise and pay soldiers and 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies…
Colonies…
16. That for these purposes they have 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… such general duties, imposts, or taxes…
““[the President]…he shall take care [the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully
that the laws be faithfully
executed…”
executed…”
““[the President]…shall have power, [the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent
by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to make treaties,
of the Senate, to make treaties,
provided two thirds of the Senators
provided two thirds of the Senators
present concur…”
present concur…”
““[Congress will] regulate [Congress will] regulate
Commerce with foreign Nations,
Commerce with foreign Nations,
and among the several States, and
and among the several States, and
with the Indian Tribes…”
with the Indian Tribes…”
““[Congress will] raise and support [Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a
Armies…To provide and maintain a
Navy…”
Navy…”
““The Congress shall have Power To The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties,
lay and collect Taxes, Duties,
Imposts and Excises…”
Imposts and Excises…”
From the Albany Plan of
Union (1754)
From the
Constitution
Braddock’s Defeat
Braddock’s Defeat
In July 1755, the British sent a In July 1755, the British sent a force from Virginia to attack
force from Virginia to attack
Fort Duquesne.
Fort Duquesne.
The heavy force was defeated The heavy force was defeated by the smaller French force and
by the smaller French force and
their Native American allies.
their Native American allies.
Both the British commander, Both the British commander, Braddock, and the French
Braddock, and the French
commander Beaujeu, were
commander Beaujeu, were
killed.
killed.
23 year old George Washington 23 year old George Washington won accolades for rallying the
won accolades for rallying the
defeated British and preventing
defeated British and preventing
the battle from turning into a
the battle from turning into a
rout.
rout.
The first two years of fighting The first two years of fighting were characterized by
were characterized by
humiliating defeats for the
humiliating defeats for the
British.
The Seven Years War in
The Seven Years War in
Europe
Europe
The French and Indian War was essentially the North American The French and Indian War was essentially the North American
theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.
theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.
Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France,
Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain.
Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain.
Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight
in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning
in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning
the war against the French in North America.
the war against the French in North America.
Fortunes Reverse
Fortunes Reverse
In 1757, expansion advocate In 1757, expansion advocate
William Pitt became the William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to vowed to lead country to victory.
victory.
Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from expelling the French from
North America
North America
buying the cooperation by buying the cooperation by
the colonists by stimulating
the colonists by stimulating
the North American
the North American
economy with a massive
economy with a massive
infusion of British currency
infusion of British currency
buying the support of the buying the support of the
Native Americans with
Native Americans with
promises of fixed territorial
promises of fixed territorial
boundaries.
Fortunes Reverse
Fortunes Reverse
The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and
began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.
began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.
The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal.
In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and
took French colonies in the Caribbean.
took French colonies in the Caribbean.
French Defeat: Treaty of
French Defeat: Treaty of
Easton
Easton
The Treaty of Easton, signed The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially sealed
in 1758, essentially sealed
France’s fate.
France’s fate.
In the treaty, the British In the treaty, the British promised the Six Iroquois
promised the Six Iroquois
Nations to stop settlements
Nations to stop settlements
west of the Alleghenies in
west of the Alleghenies in
exchange for their neutrality
exchange for their neutrality
in the war.
in the war.
This caused the French to This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne and,
abandon Fort Duquesne and,
by 1760, Detroit and
by 1760, Detroit and
Montreal, the last two French
Montreal, the last two French
strongholds in North
strongholds in North
America, had fallen.
America, had fallen.
This was the end of major This was the end of major fighting in North America.
The Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.
Pontiac's Rebellion
Pontiac's Rebellion
Native Americans quickly grew Native Americans quickly grew
disenchanted with the British.
disenchanted with the British.
The British exhibited little The British exhibited little
cultural sensitivity, traded
cultural sensitivity, traded
unfairly, and failed to stop
unfairly, and failed to stop
encroachments on Indian land.
encroachments on Indian land.
This unrest culminated in a This unrest culminated in a
rebellion by Pontiac, a Native
rebellion by Pontiac, a Native
American leader who united
American leader who united
various tribes with the goal of
various tribes with the goal of
expelling the British.
expelling the British.
The uprising lasted from 1763 The uprising lasted from 1763
to 1766.
to 1766.
Massacres and atrocities Massacres and atrocities
occurred on both sides— most
occurred on both sides— most
notably, British General Jeffrey
notably, British General Jeffrey
Amherst gave the Native
Amherst gave the Native
Americans blankets infested
Americans blankets infested
with smallpox.
Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Pottawatomie Indians
Pottawatomie Indians
(May 5, 1763)
(May 5, 1763)
“
“
It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this
It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this
nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I
nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I
do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done
do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done
from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods
from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods
twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last.
twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last.
…
…
When I go to see the English commander and say to him
When I go to see the English commander and say to him
that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing
that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing
their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and
their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and
at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the
at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the
reply that he has no use for us. …
reply that he has no use for us. …
The Royal Proclamation
The Royal Proclamation
of 1763
of 1763
Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the
attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the
Indians.
Indians.
Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”
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