Document of
The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Repo No. P-5252-PH
MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION
OF THE
PRESIDENT OF THE
INTERN&TIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A
PROPOSED LOAN
IN AN AMOUNT EQUIVALENT TO US$200 MILLION TO THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A
SECOND ELEMENTARY EDUCATION PROJECT
June 12, 1990
This d
_men
hs a resticted dibution and y be Wed bY recpenSt only In th pefoumnce Of their offichd duies. its cntents may not otherwise be disclowd witbout World Bsnk authorhatlon.Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized
a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
Currency Unit - Philippine Peso (3) US$1 = P 22.80
P 1 US$0.04 (As of May 1990)
FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31
ACADEMIC YEAR June - March
ACRONYMS
DECS - Department of Education, Culture and Sports PCR - Project Completion Report
PPAR - Project Performance Audit Report
.
FOR OFFICIAL
USS ONLYPHILIPPINES
SECOND ELEMENTARY EDUCATION PROJECT
Loan and Project Sumnary
Borrower: Republic of the Philippines Amount: US$200 million equivalent
Terms: Twenty years, including a five-year grace period, at the Bank's standard variable interest rate.
On-lending Rate: Not applicable
Financing Plan: Government US$ 210.0 million Bank US$ 200.0 million TOTAL US$ 410.0 million
Economic Rate of Return: Not applicable
Staff Appraisal Report: Report No. 8395-PH, dated May 30, 1990
map: IBRD No. 22098
This document has a sddisributin and may be usd
byripiens on in the pwfommnce
of thi ofcl dutiw Its contnts may not odrwi be dicmed wihout Wod Bank authouirtij.
MEMORANDUM AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE PRESIDENT
OF THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS
ON A PROPOSED LOAN
TO THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR A SECOND ELEMENTARY EDUCATIGN PROJECT
1. The following memorandum and recommendation on a proposed loan to the Republic of the Philippines for US$200 million equivalent is submitted for approval. The proposed loan would be repayable in 20 years including five years of grace at the Bank's standard variable interest rate, and would help finance a second elementary education project.
2. Background. Recent Bank sector work (Report No. 7473-PH, December 1988) noted significant achievements of the Philippine educational system:
enrollment rates comparable to those in developed countries, extensive private sector participation, and exceptionally high female representation. Another unique feature is that public resources for education are directed largely toward elementary schooling, a pattern of subsidization fully justified by the positive externalities associated with basic education, and which
contributes to a high degree of structural equity in the system. At the same time, however, the system is characterized by serious internal inefficiencies, reflected in high dropout rates and low levels of student achievement,
particularly among students from lower-income housqholds. This adverse Social selectivity originates in the early grades of the basic education cycle. Efforts to reduce social inequities in the system, therefore, need to focus on improving survival at the elementary leve_. Similarly, as the outcomes of elementary schooling determine the quality of entrants into
subsequent educational levels and into the work force, sector-wide development depends strongly on the improved provision of basic education services.
3. The first Elementary Education Project (Loan 2030-PH), which was part of a ten-year (1981-90) development program of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), was recently completed with Bank assistance. The project introduced new policies and structures for financing and management, a revised curriculum with improved instructioz.al materials, and staff
development programs for central and local DECS offices and for schools.
Reports on project performance show major accomplishments in expanding the institutional capacities of the DECS operating units involved in planning, management and program implementation for the elementary education subsector,
as well as encouraging signs of improved student achievement. However, much remains to be done to build on these accomplishments, as well as to address the continuing weaknesses in the subsector which include the following;
(a) the physical inputs necessary for teaching and learning remain inadequate;
(b) schooling effectiveness is limited by weaknesses in teachers' subject mastery and pedagogical skills and by the lack of professional support from
school administrators and supervisors; (c) serious inefficiencies and
inequities exist in the system due to the high dropout rate at the elementary level; (d) related to the dropout issue, some six million out-of-school youth and adults lack functional literacy skills, with an additional half million joining their ranks each year; and (e) subsector as well as sector planning
and management are hampered by inadequacies in the systems for management information and monitoring and evaluation.
4. Rationale for Bank Involvement. The Bank has maintained a dialogue on general education issues through the first Elementary Education Project and
-2-
recent sector work. The proposed project vould enable the Bank to continue this dialogue and to provide the technical and financial support that would enable the Government to adiress the outstanding sector issues. Bank
involvement would also support poverty alleviation by targeting educational resources to depressed localities and children at a high risk of failure and dropout, which is a priority need in the Philippines.
5. Proiect Objectives. The overall objective of the project would be .o increase equity, efficiency and quality in elementary education through assistance to the DECS subsector investment program and action plan for Government fiscal years 1990-92. Specifically, the project would aim tot
Ca) provide essential school infrastructure and other physical resources equitably; (b) improve the effectiveness of teachers and administrators;
(c) increase the basic learning attainments of targeted groups; and (d) strengthen DECS institutional capacities in planning and management.
6. Project Description. The proposed project would support the
three-year DECS physical investment program for elementary education through:
(a) construction of school facilities to reduce classroom shortages and accommodate enrollment growth, and the rehabilitation and replacement of
damaged classrooms and workshops; these would be allocated according to a formula based on physical need and poverty incidence; (b) provision of about 1.5 million desks to reduce severe deficits5 (c) production and distribution of some 47 million textDooks and other instructional materials to improve the student-textbook ratio to 1:1 by 1992; and (d) provision of school equipment and instructional aids to further enhance learning. The proposed project would also support the DECS action plan for elementary education, comprising three components to meet specific objectives. To improve teacher and administrator performance, the project would institutionalize the program for in-service
training developed under the first Elementary Education Project, and continue to provide training for teachers, school principals, district and subject matter supervisors. Studies to increase the effectiveness of pre-service teacher training and certification would also be carried out in preparation
for future actions and investments. To increase basic education attainments for children at risk of leaving school prematurely and the out-of-school population lacking functional literacy, the project woulds (a) introduce dropout prevention measures on a pilot basis in selected low-income
municipalities in six regions of the country, involving the participation of nongovernmental organizations in these communities; (b) carry out a study to determine the relative effects of school and non-school factors on student attendance, achievement and retention; and (c) expand the DECS literacy program through the development and dissemination of learning materials, training of literacy teachers, support for organizing, monitoring and evaluating classes, and assistance for post-literacy activities including community reading centers and provision of neo-literacy materials. To strengthen DECS capabilities to plan and manage the sector, the project woulds (a) introduce an annual assessment program of elementary school performance; (b) improve the DECS management information system; (c) carry out studies to improve methodologies
for enrollment and financial projections; and (d) establish a system for more efficient dissemination and maintenance of DECS organizational information.
7. The total cost of the project is estimated at US$410 million equivalent, with a foreign exchange component of US$102 million (252). The proposed Bank loan of US$200 million equivalent would finance 55Z of total project costs, net of taxes and duties. Retroactive financing of up to
US$20 million equivalent would be provided for eligible expenditures incurred before loan signing but after January 1, 1990. A breakdown of the costs and the financing plan are shown in Schedule A. Amounts and methods of
procurement and disbursements, and the disbursement schedule are shown in Schedule B. A timetable of key project processing events and the status of Bank Group operations in the Philippines are given in Schedules C and D, respectively, and a map is attached. The Staff Appraisal Report, No. 8395-PH dated May 30, 1990, is being distributed separately.
8. Actions Agreed. The Government has agreed on the following actions:
(a) the maintenance of a newly-created Project Advisory Group and Project Implementation Coordinating Unit in DECS throughout the project period;
(b) annual meetings between the Government and the Bank to review and update the action plan and corresponding budget requirements; (c) setting aside of the budget for textbook distribution to ensure timely transport of textbooks to schools; td) authorization of district offices of the Department of Public Works and Highways to send reimbursement documents for school building
construction directly to the DECS central office, to expedite disbursements;
and (e) separation of the budget for elementary school desks from the general category of supplies and materials, to help assure budget availability for the planned quantity of desks.
9. Benefits. The project would improve the quality of the national elementary education program and enhance learning at the primary level.
It would also promote equity and support the Government's poverty alleviation efforts by: (a) using budgetary allocation criteria which target the
distribution of educational resources to disadvantaged areas; (b) laying the groundwork for reducing dropouts from elementary schooling among children of poor families; and (c) expanding literacy training to the out-of-school youth and adults who lack functional literacy. In addition, the development of student assessment capacities at the elementary level would provide a basis for improved sector-wide monitoring and evaluation, and improvements in the DECS information system would result in more efficient and effective sector planning and management.
10. Risks. The main risk is delayed project implementation due to inadequate budgetary allocations to the subsector and changes in the project management organizational structure and staffing. To minimize this risk, the Bank has confirmed that sufficient funds have been appropriated to meet the 1990 project costs; joint annual reviews of project performanc and budget allocation requirements would be held; and organizational and staffing arrangements as agreed with the Bank would be maintained throughout the project period.
11. Recommendation. I am satisfied that the proposed loan would comply with the Articles of Agreement of the Bank and recommend that the Executive Directors approve the proposed loan.
Barber B. Conable President Attachments
Washington, D.C.
June 12, 1990
Schedule A
PHILlPPINEs
SECOND ELEM1NTARY EDUCATION WOJECT
ESTIIWtE COSTS ANiD FIAN&CIN PLAN
Estimated Costs
Local Foreign Total ---48$ million--- Infrastructure and materials 250.6 88.7 339.3
School buildings 203. 7 50.9 254.6
Desks 26.8 4.7 31.6
Textbooks 19.8 30.2 49.9
Equipment 0t3 2.9 3.2
Teacherladministrator performance 4.3 0.8 5.0 In-service staff training 4.1 0.7 4.8 Teacher training revien's 0.2 0.0 0.2
Basic education 4.2 0.7 4,9
Dropout interventions 0.2 0.0 0.3 Educational outcomes evaluation 0.2 0.0 0.3 Literacy training 3.7 0.7 4.4
Planning and management 2.0 1.0 ,0
Student assessment 0.8 0.5 3
Information system 0.5 0.4 9
Management studies 0.1 0.0 0.2
Information distribution system 0.6 0.1 0.7 Project management 0.1 0.0 0.2 Total Baseline Costs 261.2 91.3 352.5 Physical contingencies 8.1 2.8 11.0 Price contingencies 38.4 8.1 46.5 Total Prolect Cost W 307.7 102.3 410.0
I Includes an estimated US$44.8 million equivalent in identifiable duties and taxes.
Schedule B Page i of 2
PHILIPPINES
SECOND PLIEBNTARY EDUCATION PROJECT PROCUUSBKNT SITRO'r AID DISBELSEMENTS
Proiect Costs bY Procurement Arranaements
(US$ mil$$on)
Procurement method Total cost Category of Expenditure ---
including
ICB LCB Other NA contingencies
Civil works - 267.7 30.0 - 297.7
(128.3) (14.4) (142.7)
Desks - 33.2 3.8 - 37.0
(15.6) (1.8) (17.4)
Textbook printing - 15.7 - -
1S.7
and distribution (7.8) (7-8)
Textbook paper- 36.5 4.1 - _ 40.6 90
(25.6) (2.8) (28.4)
Local
training - - 8.9 8.9C-)
(-)miscellaneous
- - - 4.6 4.6C-)
(C)Equipment - 4.1 0.5 - 4.6
( 3) (0.4) (3.7)
Local experts - - 0.7 0.7
C-)
(-)Foreign
experts - - - 0.2 0.2(-) C-)
Totals 36.5 324.8 34.3 14.4 410.0
(7379) (I3) (CT) (2f_i27)
W Of which US$9.3 million are import duties.
Notes Figures in parentheses are the amounts to be financed by the Bank.
Schedule B Page 2 of 2
Disbursement Categories
Category Amounts Bank financing percentage
Civil works USS138.7 million 482 (of expenditures)!y -the first USS5S1.7 million -
902
- the next US$66.6 million - 702 - the remaining US$20.4 million - 202
Deaks USS16.9 million 47? (of expenditureo)fI - the first USS5.9 million -
902
- the next US$8.4 million - 702 - the remaining US$2.6 million - 202 Printing/
distribution
of textbooks US$7.6 million 50Z (of expenditures)V -
the
first US$2.2 million - 902-
the
next US$4.4 million - 70?-
the
remaining US$1.0 million - 20X Equipment andprinting paper
for textbooks US$31.7 million 712 (excluding duties)P/
-
imported
- 1002 (of c.i.f. costs)- locally manufactured - 1002
(of
ex-factory) - locally procured - 752 (of expend3.ures) Unallocated US$5.1 millionTotal US$200.0 million 49Z V
' Averages.
Estimated IBRD Disbursements
Bank FY
1991 1992 1993 1994 --- US$ million ---
Annual 74.8 75.2 42.0 8.0
Cumulative 74.8 150.0 192.0 200.0
Schedule C
PHILIPPINES
SECOND ELEM4ENTARY EDUCATION PROJECT TIMETABLE OF KEY PROJECT PROCESSING EVENTS
Time taken to prepare: Eight months
Prepared by: Government with Bank assistance First Bank mission: February 1989
Appraisal mission departures October 1989
Negotiations: May 7-9, 1990
Planned Date of Effectiveness: October 1990
List of relevant PCRs and PPARs: The Development Program of the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture
(PPARIPCR No. 0820-PH) Second Education Project (PPAR/PCR No. 4162-PH)
Third Education (Textbook) Project (PPAR/PCR No. 6279-PH)
Fourth Education Project (PPAR/PCR No. 6348-PH) Mass Media Pilot Project
(PCR No. 5004-PH)
FJrst Elementary Education Project (PCR in preparation)
uSchadg D Page 1 of 2
THE -IATUS OF BAMK IROIJP OPEROTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES A STATENEIT OF BANK LOANS AND IDA CREDITS 8
(As of March 31, 1990)
Loan or Amount Cless cancellations)
Credit Fiscal Bank IDA Unuisbursed
Number Year Borrower Purpose ---USS million.
Eighty-nine loans and six credits fully disbursed 3,551.77 105.18 Of which SECALs, SALs, and Program Loans
2469 1985 Rep. of the Philippines Agriculture Sector Irputs 150.00 2787 1987 Rep. of the Phliippines Economic Recovery Program 300.00
Sub-Total 450.00
1809 1980 Rep. of the Phitlippnes NedlWu-Scate Irrigation 32.93 3.30
2040 1982 Rep. of the Philfppines Agric. Support Services 22.00 3.4S
2173 1982 Rep. of the Philippines Coamuntl Irrigation 38.50 9.61
2200 1983 Rep. of the Philippines Education VIII 16.40 4.89
2206 1983 Rep. of the Philippines UWter Supply and Sanitation 29.00 1.27 2257 1983 Rep. of the PJF1lippines Regiotnal Cities Development 42.08 20.72 2360 1984 Rep. of the Philippines Central Visayas Regional Development 24.97 9.58 2u18 1984 Rep. of the Philippines Highways V 102.00 75.26 2435 1984 Rep. of the Philippines Municipal Devetopment 40.00 29.72 2495 1985 Rep. of the Philippines Teteoom. Tech. Assistance 4.00 0.77 2676 1986 Rep. of the Philippines Manila Water Distribution 38.00 18.20 2716 1986 Rep. of the Philippiwnes Rural Roads it 82.00 73.74 2823 1987 Rep. of the Philippines Provincial Ports 32.00 18.21 2948 1988 Rep. of the Philippines Irrigation Operations Support 23.50 18.94 '2956 1988 Rep. of the Phitippines Program for Goverrment Reform 200.00 125.00
2969 1988 Philfppine Nat't Oit Co. 8acon-Manito Geothermal Power 41.00 25.50 2969-1 1988 Phit. Net't Power Corp. Sacon-Manito Geothermat Power 59.00 56.34 2974 1988 Rep. of the Phitippines Housng Sector 160.00 55.75
3038 1989 Rep. of the Philippines SI IV 60.00 46.05
*3049 1989 Rep. of the Philippines Financial Sector AdJustment 300.00 150.00 3084 1989 Dev. Bank of the Phil. Manila Power Distribution 65.50 65.50 3099 1989 Rep. of the Philippines Health Develop ent 70.10 66.10 3123 1990 Dev. Bank of the Phil. Industrial Investment Credit 65.00 55.47 3124 1990 Metro. Iaterworks & Sew. Angat Water Supply 40.00 33.10 3146 1990 Rep. of the Philippires hunicipal Development It 40.00 40.00
*3149 1990 Rep. cf the Philippines Debt Management Loan 200.00 50.00 3163 1990 Phil. Mational Power Corp. Energy Sector Loan 200.00 200.00 3164 1990 Phil. National Oil Co. Energy Sector Loan 150.00 150.00 3165 1990 Rep. of the Philippines Energy Sector Loan 40.00 40.00
Total 5.769.75 105.18 1.4 6.4
Of which has been repaid 1,364.29 2.53
Total now held bv Bank and IDA 4.405.47 102.65
Amount sotd 31.35 Of which repaid 33
Total undisbursed 1.446.47 1.446.47
A/ The status of the projects listed in Part A is deseribed in a separate report on all Bank/IDA-financed projects in execution, which is updated twice yearly and circulated to the Executive Directors on April 30 and October 31.
* SAL, SECAL or Program Loan.
Scbhedule ,D Page 2 of 2
(As ot March 1, 90)
Investment Fiscal Loan Equity Total
nwrxer year Obligor Type of business USS mllion--
57/233 1963/1973 Private Dev. Corp. of the Philippines Development finance 15.0 4.4 19.4 116/1088 1967/1989 Meralco Securities Crparation Utilities 33.2 4.0 37.2 1I71899/ 1970/82/87/ Phil. Long Distance Telephone Co. Utilities 127.7 0.8 128.5 109i/1191 88/90
158/218 1970/1972 Mariwasa Manufacturing, Inc. Cement & constr. met. 0.8 0.4 1.2 165 1970 Paper Industries Corp. of the Phil. Pulp & paper products - 2.2 2.2 188/369 1971/1977 Philippine Petroleum Corporation Chemicals & petrochem. 6.2 2.1 8.3 207 1972 Marinduque Minirg & Industrial Corp. Mining 15.0 15.0 241 1973 Victories Chemical Corporation Chemicals & petrochem. 1.9 0.3 2.2 257 1974 Filipinas Synthetic Fiber Corp. Textiles & fibers 1.5 - 1.5 272/464 1974/1979 Maria Christina Chem. Ind. Inc. Iron & steel 1.6 0.6 2.2 288 1974 Republic Flour Mills Corp. (RFM) Food & food processing 1.2 1.2 300 1975 Philippine Polyamide Industrial Corp. Textiles & fiber 7.0 - 7.0 329 1976/1980 Philagro Edible Oils Inc. Coconut oil & copra 2.6 0.2 2.8 379/756 1977/1985 Acoje Mining Ccmpany, Inc. Mining 2.5 1.2 3.7
374 1977 Sarmiento Industries, Inc. Plywood 3.5 - 3.5
423 1978 Cebu Shipyard & Eng. Works, Inc. Ship repairing 2.1 - 2.1 469 1979 General Milling Corporation Food & food processing 4.0 1.1 5.1 481/665/ 1980/83/ PISO Leasing Corp. (All Asia capital) Money & capital market 11.1 0.5 11.6
1148 85/89
480 1980 Ventures in Industry & Business Money & capital market 0.3 0.3 Enterprises, Inc.
519 1980 Consolidated Industrial Gases, Inc. Chemicals & petrochem. 4.5 - 4.5 582 1981 Loans to Seven Corp. for SMSE Money & capital market 18.5 0.6 19.1
553 1981 Phil. Assoc. Smelting & Refin. Corp. Mining 5.0 5.0
572 1981 Davao Union Cement Corp. Cement & constr. mat. 16.0 - 16.0
627 1982 NDC-Guthrie Plantations Palm oil 11.0 - 11.0
841 1986 Pure Foods Food & food processing - 1.4 1.4
946 1988 BPI Agricultural Oevelopment Bank Development finance - 1.0 1.0
1051 1988 Phi ifund Money & capital markets 4.2 4.2
1125 1989 Hambrect and Quist Money & capital markets - 2.3 2.3
1182 1990 Manila Fund Money & capital markets - 7.0 7.0
1194 1990 TFPF Money & Capital Market 29.7 29.7
Total aross commitment 286.9 69.3 356.2
Less cancellations, terminations,
repayments and sales 159.8 57.6 217.4
Total commitment now held by IFC 127.1 11.7 138.8
Total undisbursed (including participants' portion) 88.8 1.4 90.2
18RD 22098
ri6~~~~~~~~~~~~Iq 1ag 2W|
CLASSIFICATION OF PROVINCES
PHILIPPINES
BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS
I im ItOCSTEN VIlAVASECOND ELEMENTAR_
0, 1[Ilocos None t Aklap EDUCATiN
PROJECT
2 lIocos Sur 4s Capir
La UUdon 4f0 Antique BATANES
4 Pagasil 41 lIoIlo o
CORSILtERA ADMINISTRATiE 42 Negro OCdalonal ffces
REGION (CARM 43 Gu CmrS
Abra Yit CENTRALVISAYAS 0 Province Capitals
oKalinga'Apaao 4 4 Cebu
* MounteiO Province 4 . Nei OftWi National Capital
i Ifugo 46 0Bhai
Be"ge 47 Siquior Province Boundaries
it CAGAYAN VALtEY VlIU EASTERN4VISAYAS
Io Salanes 441 NOIImM Sami I 1 -
I I
Cayan 4I Western Samar Region Boundaries12 Isabela 70 Eastern S tnternatIonal Boundaries
13NuesaYwzaya si Lten 0 t
14 Quifino 2 Sothern Leyte 13841 I
i11 CENTiRAL LUZON ,5 SU 8ilan I olta a
1 5 Nueva Ecda IX WEStERN MINDANAC 7
16 Tiaac 54 Zamboanpa del Norte 4\ 1-
1 7 Zamnbalaes s5 Zainbotga del Sur ' Ii uLOSIeTeRS 0 100 200 300
1 ft PanpagI sb 8ain I - I I
I19 Saan o S 7 Sulu I i '14 MILES O so 1 00 1 00F
20 Bulana li Go ISO 20OS.V
NATIONAL CAPAL X NORTHERN MINANAO 6
REGION (INCK) 5' Suripao del Norte 0 oee
IV SOIJTHERN TAGALOG 60 canigun* oa. 2
21 Aurora f 1 Agsan del Norte | llt
22 Quezon 62 Wurilsa OrIenta
L
U Z 0 N23 Rrz i 3 Maumts Ocdental 17 * S '
24 CavIte b4 SukldmnosOO5P~~J
25 Lagun 6 i -an del Sur 2 ' ' , - /
206 Balagas Xi SOtjHERtN MINDANAO e C 0^
2 7 MarindUque 66 Sunigan del Sur D 3
2 11 Mindtot Orietal 6 7 Davao OfIental 32DoiI V
_9 Mindoro Occkdent2t b8 vao del Norte / . -2
,3o Roimblon 69 Davao del Sur CATANDUANES
31 Palawa 70 South Cstabato C, TANIDUAES
V BICOL Xii ENTRAL MINDANAO J 0 o,i 0Vlrae
32 Caanrlnes None 71 latao det Norte Z7
3 3 Camnaines SU 72 LUnO del Sur oN 28" 3ai
34 Canunduanes 73 NoritCotabato , i > 251
35 Albay 74 MiegUb-nI 243
36 Sornogen 75 Sulla Ku6rl IN OR
37 Masbate MINDORO
2/ iiI/V'I Wi C
~ ~ ~ ~~\\
__i -".X/ff-.viA'-& < / V I4 9~~~~~~~~~4
' f 1 m Ssw~~~~~~EBU, f2
PALAWAN V |`1
31 o 4 j,a ob
64~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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14~~~~~~12
HINA /I C l
PHILIPPINES / 7 I 9
wEr j<Ew \ SULU
UAUnA OC
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Bath.a _ h haf d _MAt ,-,. 'ia a"
I N D o N E S I A
MUAY 1990
