High Gain Compact Multi-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5g Network
Surendran A/L Subramaniam, Sathish Kumar Selvaperumal, Vikneswary Jayapal Asia Pacific University of Technology and Innovation, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAbstract
The present study aims at the development of a novel high gain compact multi-band microstrip patch antenna for the unlicensed millimeter-wave (30 GHz to 300 GHz) band applications for 5G. A rectangular microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications at 28 GHz has been successfully designed by modifying the existing rectangular patched antenna in terms of the length L1 and Width W2 which in turn resulted in modifying the entire dimension for optimization, by changing the substrate material and removing the existing slot, to cover the multi band 5G applications and to improve the bandwidth. The design has been simulated using HFSS and analysed in terms of, various dielectric constants using FR4 substrate, various ground plane length and width, various substrate height, and finally various substrates such as FR4, RT5880, RT3003 and RT6010 and concluded that RT6010 outperformed and the design has been optimized with 15.5x16.4 mm2 of with and length of the patch. The patch size has been reduced by 21.86%, resulting in a compact patch size. The design achieved a high gain of 12.013 dB at 28 GHz, which is greater than the targeted 8 dB and satisfying the minimum requirement of 5G mobile communication and the bandwidth is improved by 1.6 %, 4.1%, 13.5%, 4.5%, 7.8%, 0.8% with 0.44 GHz, 1.2 GHz, 4.52 GHz, 1.62 GHz, 2.97 GHz, 0.3 GHz bandwidth at a centre frequency of 28.075 GHz, 29.57 GHz, 33.47 GHz, 35.72 GHz, 38.2 GHz and 39.85 GHz respectively, resulting in Multi-band. Further, the return loss, VSWR, directivity, and radiation efficiency achieved are -17.8338dB, 1.2994, 3.9568 dB and 92.655%. Future work would focus to increase the bandwidth and gain for 5G applications. Thus, a high gain multi band compact size microstrip patch antenna has been achieved for 5G mobile communication.
Keywords: Microstrip, patch, 5G, antenna, substrates, gain
INTRODUCTION
Fifth Generation (5G) is basically the next generation mobile and wireless connectivity system which is intended to offer greater capacity as well as be highly responsive to users’ or
individuals’ needs with much more cost effective and energy efficient than anything that are available so far. All these will be provided irrespective on how many users are connected at the same time, and without any drop in the connection or speed. It is the future technology that will go invisible like the “electricity”, with contiguous and consistent coverage. (Osama et al., 2015)
5G is needed due to the highly increasing demand for mobile data and emergent of the IOT (Internet of Things), by which as many as billions of devices will get connected in near future. The intended speed of 5G could be between 10Gbps to 100 Gbps.
5G is the next generation wireless network which is based on the IEEE 802.11ac standard. It is a super-efficient “ubiquitous” cellular network and associated related cell phones which is consistently perceptive to demand and where resources are continuously optimized to convey an accomplishment that is always adequate. This make the consumers’ life undemanding as they are connected to a network of boundless bandwidth. 5G technology is an extremely speedy scheme where it transfers data faster and has low latency. This technology makes the world more connected with its capacity. 5G wireless network is an applicant to set the global standardization of wireless industry. Also, governments and other regulators can make use of this technology for a very good governance due to the enormous features of 5G technology. (Nadeem et al., 2015)
For any antenna design, design considerations must include the system requirements, placement of antenna, selection of antenna, antenna element design/simulation and antenna measurements. (Surendran et al., 2018)
The first challenge in designing 5G antenna for mobile applications is in the selection of appropriate substrate material to be used for antenna implementation from 28 GHz and above.
Choice or selection of substrate material is an important system requirement. There are variety of substrate materials and substrate materials such as RT5800 and RT3003 are widely used by researchers to design high frequency antenna for 5G applications. However, the choice of other substrate materials are not analysed to indicate the best choice for 5G antenna design. (Muhamad et al., 2016)
The 5G antenna requires a targeted gain of almost 12 dB for mobile devices while 25 dB for base stations. Based on the literature review (Menna et al., 2016), the maximum gain achieved by other researchers using single rectangular patch antenna is only 8 dB. Currently,
most of the researchers have achieved gain of 12 dB only through array antennas and not using single patch antenna. (David et al., 2015) Hence, this research work will design a single rectangular patch antenna to achieve gain greater than 12 dB, which will satisfy the targeted gain requirement for 5G applications and will be greater than what other researchers have achieved currently.
Also, the demand for range for communication is important and researchers always tend to design the antenna to cover the maximum range in the frequency spectrum which is measured through bandwidth and multi band to cover various applications. Further, the demand for small sized efficient antenna gradually increases over time. (Osama et al., 2015)
Thus, this research will focus on improving the gain, bandwidth and size reduction of a microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications.
PROPOSED DESIGN
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The proposed microstrip rectangular patch antenna design calculation is done based on the design parameter considerations taken into account from Table 1.
Table. 1: Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna Design Specifications
Antenna Design Parameter
Existing Design (Li et al.,
2014)
Design 1
Design
2 Design 3 Design
4 Design 5
Tangent Factor 0.04 0.01 0.025 0.0009 0.0010 0.0023
Dielectric Constant 3.66 4.4 4.3 2.2 3 10.2
Substrate thickness (mm) 1.57 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
Substrate RO 4350 FR4 FR4 RT
5880
RT
3003 RT 6010 CONCEPT DESIGN DERIVED FROM FUNDAMENTAL ENGINEERING
PRINCIPLES
The proposed antenna dimensions are calculated with the operating frequency, fixed at 28 GHz, height of substrate, is 1.6 mm, dielectric permittivity of the FR4, RT3003, RT5880 and RT6010 substrates, are 4.4, 3, 2.2 and 10.2, and speed of light, being 3×108m/s. The fundamental antenna design equations (Balanis, 2005) involved are shown below stepwise.
Step 1
Width of the patch is calculated as,
1 2 2f0 r W C
(1) Step 2
The effective dielectric constant is calculated as,
2 1
1 12 2
1 2
1
W
r h
r ref f
(2)
Step 3
The effective length is calculated as,
ef f
ef f f
L C
0
2 (3) Step 4
The extension of the length is calculated as,
8 . 0 258
. 0
264 . 0 3
. 0 41
. 0
h W h W h
L
ref f ref f
(4)
Step 5
The length of the patch is calculated as, L L
L eff 2 (5) Step 6
The width of the ground plane is calculated as, W
h
Wg 6 (6) Step 7
The length of the ground plane is calculated as, L
h
Lg 6 (7)
Thus, the length and width of the patch and the ground plane are calculated theoretically and are tabulated in Table 2 as per (1) to (7), for the proposed design.
Table. 2: Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna Design Parameters Antenna Design
Parameters
Design (Dimensions in mm)
1 2 3 4 5
Height of substrate, h 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Width of patch, W 3.3 3.3 3.95 3.55 2.13 Effective dielectric
constant,εeff
3.35 3.28 1.88 4.53 7.05 Effective Length, Leff 2.96 2.96 3.91 2.52 2.01 Extension of the Length,
ΔL
0.63 7
0.63
5 0.74 0.60 1
0.53 4 Length of patch, L 1.69 1.69 2.43 1.32 0.94 Width of the ground plane,
Wg 12.9 12.9 13.5
5
13.1 5
11.7 3 Length of the ground plane,
Lg
11.2 9
11.2 9
12.0 3
10.9
2 `0.54 Table. 3: Patch Area and Ground Plane Dimensions
Design WxL(
mm2)
WgXLg (mm2) Proposed Design 1 5.577 145.641 Proposed Design 2 5.577 145.641 Proposed Design 3 9.599 163.001 Proposed Design 4 4.686 147.42 Proposed Design 5 2.002 123.634
The values shown in Table 2 and 3 are based on the design specifications given in Table 1. In this design calculation, the effect of various types of substrate has been analysed. The substrates used are Epoxy FR4, RT5880, RT3003 and RT6010. It could be observed that at this stage RT6010 has resulted in reduced patch size comparatively, as shown in Table 3. However, based on the design calculations, proposed design 5 seems to be better compared to proposed design 1, 2, 3 & 4.
SIMULATED DESIGN
The proposed antenna has been designed using HFSS with the specifications and geometries mentioned in Table 1 and 2. Fig.1 shows the proposed antenna designed using HFSS.
Figure 1. Proposed antenna designed using HFSS
The optimized final design dimensions using RT6010 substrate is tabulated as shown in Table 4, corresponding to the optimized proposed antenna designed using HFSS as shown in Fig.1. This is based on the analysis carried out through simulation.
Table. 4: Optimized Microstrip Antenna Design Parameters Parameters Existing
Design (Li et al.,
2014) Dimension
(mm)
Optimized Design Dimension
(mm)
Parameters Existing Design Dimension
(mm)
Optimized Design Dimension (mm)
W1 15.5 15.5 W14 5.75 3.6
W2 13.5 10.3 W15 0.5 3.8
W3 1 2.6 W16 0.5 3.8
W4 1 1 W17 3 0.7
W5 1.4 1.1 L1 17 16.2
W6 1 1.2 L2 15 13.6
W7 3.25 2.1 L3 9 5
W8 1.8 1.5 L4 3 3.1
W9 2.8 4 L5 4.4 3.1
W10 1.4 2.5 L6 3 1.2
W11 2.8 3.8 L7 13.4 16.4
W12 5.75 3.6 h 1.6 1.6
W13 4 8.3
SIMULATED RESULTS
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATE MATERIALS AT 28 GHZ FOR OPTIMZATION
Fig.2 and Fig.3 shows the comparison of return loss and VSWR measured through simulation of the proposed antenna design to analyse various substrate materials such as FR4, RT5880, RT3003 and RT6010 for substrate optimization.
Figure 2. Comparison of various substrate materials with the Return Loss of the Proposed Antenna Design at 28 GHz
Figure 3. Comparison of various substrate materials with the VSWR of the Proposed Antenna Design at 28 GHz
It is observed that the return loss and VSWR are minimum at -4.19 dB but not lesser than -10 dB and 4.22 comparatively far near to unity, respectively for RT6010 substrate. Inference from Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, is that FR4 and RT6010 substrate shows better results compared to RT5880 and RT3010, and RT6010 is much better when compared to FR4. Although the
minimum return loss of -10 dB and VSWR close to unity has not been achieved and hence dimensions of width, length of the ground plane and substrate height must be analysed for optimization meeting the objectives of this proposed design. Since RT6010 has high dielectric, low moisture absorption, good thermal mechanical stability and low loss is much suitable for 5G antenna design, and hence it is decided to analyse using RT6010 substrate material for the proposed antenna.
ANALYSIS OF WIDTH OF THE GROUND PLANE (WG) AT 28 GHZ
Fig.4 and Fig.5 shows the comparison of return loss and VSWR measured through simulation of the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate for various dimensions of width of the ground plane (Wg). This is done to obtain the optimized width of the microstrip patch antenna.
Fig.4: Comparison of various dimensions of ground plane width (Wg) with the Return Loss of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
Fig.5: Comparison of various dimensions of ground plane width (Wg) with the VSWR of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
It is observed that the return loss and VSWR are best when the width of the ground plane (Wg3) is 30 mm, which is -17.83 dB lesser than -10 dB and 1.2944 comparatively near to unity, respectively. Hence, it is concluded that the optimized width of the ground plane is 30mm for the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate.
ANALYSIS OF LENGTH OF THE GROUND PLANE (LG) AT 28 GHZ
Fig.6 and Fig.7 shows the comparison of return loss and VSWR measured through simulation of the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate for various dimensions of length of the ground plane (Lg2). This is done to obtain the optimized length of the microstrip patch antenna for the optimized width Wg = 30 mm.
Figure 6. Comparison of various dimensions of ground plane length (Lg) with the Return Loss of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
Figure7. Comparison of various dimensions of ground plane length (Lg) with the VSWR of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
It is observed that the return loss and VSWR are best when the length of the ground plane (Lg1) is 40 mm, which is -17.83 dB lesser than -10 dB and 1.2944 comparatively near to unity, respectively. It is observed that the return loss increases as the length increases. Hence, it is concluded that the optimized length of the ground plane is 40mm for the optimized width 30mm, for the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate.
ANALYSIS OF SUBSTRATE HEIGHT (H) AT 28 GHZ
Fig.8 and Fig.9 shows the comparison of return loss and VSWR measured through simulation of the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate for various substrate heights (h). This is done to obtain the optimized substrate height of the microstrip patch antenna for the optimized width Wg = 30 mm and optimized height hg = 40 mm
Figure 8. Comparison of various dimensions of substrate height (h) with the Return Loss of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
Figure 9. Comparison of various dimensions of substrate height (h) with the VSWR of the Proposed Antenna Design 6
It is observed that the return loss and VSWR are best when the substrate height (h3) is 1.6 mm, which is -17.83 dB lesser than -10 dB and 1.2944 comparatively near to unity, respectively.
Hence, it is concluded that the optimized substrate height is 1.6 mm for the proposed antenna design 6 using RT6010 substrate.
RESULTS USING RT6010 SUBSTRATE
Fig.10 to Fig.17 are the simulated results of the proposed antenna design with the optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate, in terms of the return loss, VSWR, gain, directivity, radiation pattern, radiation efficiency and bandwidth.
Figure 10. Return Loss of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
It is observed from Fig.10 that the proposed antenna design resonated at the centre frequency (fc) 28.075 GHz with -17.8338 dB return loss.
Also, it resonated at multiple frequencies at 29.5 GHz (f1), 33.47 GHz (f2), 35.7 GHz (f3), and 39.85 GHz (f4) apart from the centre frequency 28 GHz. Further, it could be inferred that the return loss of -26.9098 dB, -23.8971 dB, -48.9158 dB & -24.4789 dB and VSWR of 1.2728, 1.2373, 1.4464 & 1.5480 at 29.5 GHz (f1), 30.55 GHz (f2) 35.7 GHz (f3) & 39.85 GHz (f4) are observed and the maximum return loss is at 35.7 GHz. Further, Fig. 11 the VSWR at 28 GHz is 1.2944, which is less than 2 and is acceptable to have for good designed antenna and it is minimum at 35.7 GHz which is 1.0072.
Figure 11. VSWR of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Figure 12. 3D polar gaintotal plot in dB of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Figure 13. 3D polar directivitytotal plot in dB of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Figure 14. Radiation Pattern of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Figure 15. Radiation Efficiency of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Figure 16. Bandwidth of Proposed Antenna Design with optimized dimensions using RT6010 substrate
Also, from Fig.11 to Fig.16, it can be noted that the total maximum gain achieved is 12.013 dB, and the directivity is 3.9568 dB, with radiation efficiency of 92.655%. Thus, it is inferred that the antenna meets the minimum requirement of -10dB of return loss and the minimum gain of 8 dB, at the centre frequency of 28 GHz with 0.43 GH z of bandwidth. Further resonant at multi-frequency, with the minimum return loss of -48.9158 dB at 35.7 GHz and the corresponding minimum VSWR is 1.0072.
Thus, the proposed antenna design using RT6010 substrate with optimized dimensions meets the objectives of resonating at 28 GHz (fc), 29.5 GHz (f1), 33.47 GHz (f2), 35.7 GHz (f3),
and 39.85 GHz. The corresponding bandwidth obtained as shown in Fig.16 are 0.43 GHz, 1.2 GHz, 4.52 GHz, 1.62 GHz and 0.3 GHz, respectively.
ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SUBSTRATE MATERIAL AT 28 GHZ WITH OPTIMIZED DIMENSIONS
Fig.17 and Fig.18 shows the comparison of return loss and gain measured through simulation of the proposed antenna design using various substrates with optimized dimensions at 28 GHz. The optimized dimensions are the optimized width Wg = 30 mm, optimized length Lg = 40 mm and optimized substrate height h = 1.6mm.
Figure 17. Comparison of return loss and gain at 28 GHz for various substrate materials with optimized dimensions of the Proposed Antenna Design
Figure 18. Comparison of directivity and VSWR at 28 GHz for various substrate materials with optimized dimensions of the Proposed Antenna Design
Return Loss is defined as the ratio of the power fed into the antenna to the power that is reflected back to the feed point. Thus, the power fed into the antenna should be absorbed rather than being reflected, which may occur due to antenna losses. However, the best return loss if the
power is absorbed must be negative infinity value and must be equal to zero if the power is reflected. Normally the best return loss determines the resonant frequency.
It is observed from Fig.17 that the minimum return loss and maximum gain are best when the substrate used is Rogers Duroid RT6010, which is -17.83 dB lesser than -10 dB and 12.013 dB comparatively higher, respectively, as compared to other substrate materials such as FR4, RT5880 and RT3003.
Further, it is observed from Fig.18 that the minimum VSWR and the corresponding lesser directivity are best when the substrate used is Rogers Duroid RT6010, which is 1.2944 comparatively near to unity, and 3.9568 dB which is lesser, respectively, as compared to other substrate materials such as FR4, RT5880 and RT3003.
Hence, it is concluded that for the optimized dimensions the antenna parameters analysed such as return loss, gain, VSWR and directivity are at its BEST when the substrate material used is Rogers Duroid RT6010 for the proposed antenna design, which is simulated using HFSS, as compared with the FR4, RT5880 and RT3003 substrate materials.
This ensures that the proposed antenna designed operates at the 5G New Radio covering the millimeter (mm) Wave band. Thus, the performance of the proposed antenna designed is evaluated at the multi bands, namely lower frequency band, mid frequency band and high frequency band frequency as tabulated in Table 5.
From Table 5, it is understood that the proposed antenna designed has resonated at multiple frequencies with multi band covering lower frequency band, mid frequency band and high frequency band, having improved bandwidth, although not a significant improvement, covering the mm Wave Band applications. The bandwidth is improved by 1.6 %, 4.1%, 13.5%, 4.5%, 7.8%, 0.8% with 0.44 GHz, 1.2 GHz, 4.52 GHz, 1.62 GHz, 2.97 GHz, 0.3 GHz bandwidth at a centre frequency of 28.075 GHz, 29.57 GHz, 33.47 GHz, 35.72 GHz, 38.2 GHz and 39.85 GHz respectively. This improved bandwidth could be used for applications such as 3GPP New Radio deployment in USA, Korea and for Fixed Services and Fixed Satellite Services covering the higher 5G band applications
Table. 5: Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Antenna Design at Multi Bands
Parameters LFB MFB1 MFB2 MFB
3 MFB4 HFB
Frequency Range (GHz)
27.89 - 28.33
29.31- 30.51
30.51- 35.03
35.03 - 36.65
36.65- 39.62
39.62- 39.96 Centre Frequency
(GHz) 28.075 29.57 33.47 35.72 38.2 39.85
Bandwidth (GHz) 0.44 1.2 4.52 1.62 2.97 0.3
Percentage of Bandwidth Improvement
1.6% 4.1% 13.5% 4.5% 7.8% 0.8%
Higher 5G Mobile Band Application
Pre-commercial deployment in
USA
Commercial deployments in
Korea
NIL NIL NIL NIL
Application
3GPP New Radio (NR), Fixed Services (FS) and Fixed Satellite
Services (FSS)
NIL
New Radio (NR), Fixed Services (FS) and Fixed Satellite Services
(FSS) mm Wave Band
COMPARISON OF THE OPTIMIZED DESIGN WITH THE LITERATURE
The proposed antenna design results in terms of gain have been compared with the literature review as shown in Table 6, at the resonant frequency of 28 GHz with the microstrip patch antenna. From Table 6, it is clearly evident that the proposed antenna design is improved in terms of the gain as compared to the existing designs by 80.85%, 68.78%, 66.2%, 60.04%, 44.31%, 41.73%, 37.23% & 33.16% and 24.87% of [Kiran et al. (2018), Waleed et al. (2017), Neha et al. (2018), Syeda et al. (2015), Dheeraj et al. (2018), Gangadhara et al. (2016), Jandi et al. (2017) and Brajlata et al. (2014). The proposed optimized design has achieved 12.013 dB of gain which is sufficient for 5G mobile communication requirement.
Table 6: Comparison of Gain of the existing and proposed antenna design at 28 GHz
Sno Gain in dB Percentage
of gain improved Existing Designs Proposed
Design
1 Brajlata et al. (2014) 9.025 12.013 24.87%
2 Syeda et al. (2015) 4.8 60.04%
3 Gangadhara et al.
(2016)
7 41.73%
4 Jandi et al. (2017) 8.03 (CST)
33.16%
7.54 (HFSS)
37.23%
5 Waleed et al. (2017) 3.75 68.78%
6 Dheeraj et al. (2018) 6.69 44.31%
6 Kiran et al. (2018) 2.6 80.85%
7 Neha et al. (2018) 4.06 66.2%
Table 7: Comparison of Bandwidth of the existing and proposed antenna design at 28 GHz
Sno Bandwidth in MHz Percentage of
Bandwidth improved Existing Designs Proposed
Design 1 Dheeraj et al.
(2018)
269.5 440 63.26%
2 Jandi et al. (2017) 278 58.27%
Table 8: Comparison of Return Loss of the existing and proposed antenna design at 28 GHz
Sno Return Loss in dB Percentage of
Return Loss (RL) improved Existing Designs Proposed
Design 1 Dheeraj et al.
(2018)
- 12.59
-17.83 29.39%
2 Neha et al. (2018) -13 27.1%
Table 9: Comparison of VSWR of the existing and proposed antenna design at 28 GHz with
Sno VSWR Percentage
of VSWR improved Existing Designs Proposed
Design 1 Dheeraj et al.
(2018)
1.77 1.2944 26.87%
2 Kiran et al. (2018) 1.58 18.08%
Table 10: Comparison of patch size of the existing and proposed antenna design at 28 GHz
Sno Patch size in mm2 Percentage
of size reduced Existing Designs Proposed Design
1 Li et al.
(2014)
18x17=306 15.5x16.2=251.1 21.86%
The proposed antenna design results in terms of Bandwidth, Return Loss, VSWR and size have been compared with the literature review as shown in Table 7 to 10, at the resonant frequency of 28 GHz with the microstrip patch antenna. From Table 7, it is observed that the proposed antenna design bandwidth is improved by 63.26% and 58.27% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Jandi et al. (2017)and have achieved 440 MHz bandwidth at 28 GHz. From Table 8, it is clearly evident that the proposed antenna design is improved in terms of the Return Loss as compared to the existing designs by 29.39% and 27.1% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Neha et al.
(2018)and have achieved -17.83 dB of return loss. From Table 9, it is clearly evident that the proposed antenna design is improved in terms of the VSWR as compared to the existing designs by 26.87% and 18.08% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Kiran et al. (2018) and have achieved 1.2944 of VSWR. Finally, from Table 10, it could be observed that the size of the patch has been reduced by 21.86%, resulting in a compact patch size.
CONCLUSION
In summary, a microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications at 28 GHz has been successfully designed by modifying the rectangular patched antenna as proposed by Li et al.
(2014) by modifying the length L1 and Width W2 planes and resulted in modifying the entire dimension for optimization, by changing the substrate material and removing the existing slot, to cover the multi band 5G applications and to improve the bandwidth.
The design has been analysed in terms of, various dielectric constants using FR4 substrate, various ground plane length and width, various substrate height, and finally various substrates such as FR4, RT5880, RT3003 and RT6010 and concluded that RT6010 outperformed and the design has been optimized with 15.5x16.4 mm2 of with and length of the patch. The patch size has been reduced by 21.86%, resulting in a compact patch size.
The optimized proposed design using Rogers Duroid RT6010 substrate resonated at 28 GHz with multi band compact size achieved a gain of 12.013 dB, which is greater than the targeted 8 dB and satisfying the minimum requirement of 5G mobile communication.
Further, the bandwidth is improved by 1.6 %, 4.1%, 13.5%, 4.5%, 7.8%, 0.8% with 0.44 GHz, 1.2 GHz, 4.52 GHz, 1.62 GHz, 2.97 GHz, 0.3 GHz bandwidth at a centre frequency of 28.075 GHz, 29.57 GHz, 33.47 GHz, 35.72 GHz, 38.2 GHz and 39.85 GHz respectively, resulting in Multi-band.
Further, the return loss, VSWR, directivity, and radiation efficiency achieved are - 17.8338dB, 1.2994, 3.9568 dB and 92.655%. Thus, a high gain multi band compact size microstrip patch antenna has been achieved.
It is clearly evident that the proposed optimized antenna design is improved in terms of the gain as compared to the existing designs by 80.85%, 68.78%, 66.2%, 60.04%, 44.31%, 41.73%, 37.23% & 33.16% and 24.87% of Kiran et al. (2018), Waleed et al. (2017), Neha et al.
(2018), Syeda et al. (2015), Dheeraj et al. (2018), Gangadhara et al. (2016), Jandi et al. (2017) and Brajlata et al. (2014).
The proposed antenna design results in terms of Bandwidth, Return Loss, VSWR and size have been compared with the literature review at the resonant frequency of 28 GHz. It is concluded that the bandwidth is improved by 63.26% and 58.27% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Jandi et al. (2017)and have achieved 440 MHz bandwidth at 28 GHz and the Return Loss is improved by 29.39% and 27.1% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Neha et al. (2018) and have achieved -17.83 dB of return loss, as compared to the existing designs.
Also, the VSWR is improved by 26.87% and 18.08% of Dheeraj et al. (2018) and Kiran et al. (2018) and have achieved 1.2944 of VSWR as compared to the existing designs. Thus, it can be concluded that the return loss, bandwidth and VSWR of the optimized proposed antenna are improved as compared to the existing designs.
Thus, the modified optimized microstrip patch antenna designed is suitable for 5G mobile communication covering the 5G higher band of the mm Wave band of the wireless frequency spectrum.
REFERENCES
[1] Osama, M. H., Mohamed, M., Saleh, A. and Abdel-Razik, S. (2015) Design of a 28/38 GHz Dual-Band Printed Slot Antenna for the Future 5G Mobile Communication Networks. Antennas and Propagations. p.1-3.
[2] Nadeem, A., Osama, H., Muhammad, A. A. and Saleh, A. (2015) 28/38-GHz Dual- Band Millimeter Wave SIW Array Antenna with EBG Structures for 5G Applications.
Information and Communication Technology Research. p.1-5.
[3] Surendran, S.; Sathish Kumar, S.; Veeraiyah, T; and Chandrasekharan, N. (2018).
Modified Triple Band Microstrip Patch antenna for Higher 5G bands. In the IEEE conference on Advances in Electrical, Electronics, Information, Communication and Bioinformatics (AEEICB-18), Chennai and India, 1-5.
[4] Muhamad, W. A. W., Ngah, R., Jamlos, M. F., Soh, P. J. and Lago, H. (2016) Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Grid Array Antenna for 5G Applications. URSI Asia- Pacific Radio Science Conference. pp.1827-1829.
[5] Menna, E. S., Raed, M. S., Mohamed, I. A. and Nazih, K. M. (2016) On the Design of Millimetre-Wave Antennas for 5G. IEEE. pp.1-4.
[6] David, A. O., Ana, V. A, Manuel, G. S. and Maria, V. I. (2015) Microstrip Antenna for 5G Broadband Communications: Overview of Design Issues. Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, 2015 IEEE International Symposium. pp.2443-2444.
[7] Li, L., Xiaoliang, Z., Xiaoli, Y. and Le, Z. (2014) A Compact Triple-Band Printed Monopole Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications. Journal of LATEX Class Files.
13(9). p. 1-3.
[8] Balanis, A. (2005). Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, New Jersey.
[9] Kiran, T., Mounisha, N., Mythily, Ch., Akhil, D. and Phani. K. T. V. B. (2018) Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5g applications. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. 13(1). p. 14-17.
[10] Waleed, A. and Wasif, T. (2017) Small Form Factor Dual Band (28/38 GHz) PIFA Antenna for 5G Applications. IEEE MTT-S International Conference on Microwaves for Intelligent Mobility (ICMIM). pp.1-4.
[11] Neha, K. and Sunil, S. (2018) A 28-GHz U-slot Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G applications. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research. 6(1).
p.363-368.
[12] Syeda, F. S. (2015). Millimeter-Wave Frequency Reconfigurable T-shaped Antenna for 5G Networks. Body-Centric Wireless Communications and Networks, 1-3.
[13] Dheeraj, M.; and Shankar, D. (2018). Microstrip Patch antenna at 28 GHz for 5G applications. Journal of Science Technology Engineering and Management-Advanced Research & Innovation, 1(1), 1-3.
[14] Gangadhara, M. and Sudhakar, S. (2016) Compact Circular Patch Antenna for SWB Applications. International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing.
pp.727-730.
[15] Jandi, Y., Gharnati, F. and Oulad, S. A. (2017) Design of a compact Dual bands patch antenna for 5G Applications. IEEE Symposium. pp.1-4.
[16] Brajlata, C.; Sandip, V.; and Gupta, S, C. (2014). Millimeter-Wave Mobile communications microstrip antenna for 5G – A future antenna. International Journal of computer applications, 99(19), 15-18.