SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

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Volume 12, Issue 1/2012 PRINT ISSN 2284-7995

e - ISSN 2285-3952

SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

SERIES “MANAGEMENT, ECONOMIC

ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL

DEVELOPMENT”

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Scientific Papers Series “Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development“

PRINT ISSN 2284-7995 e - ISSN 2285-3952

To be cited: Scientific Papers Series “Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development“, Volume 12, Issue 1/2012

Publishers :

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania. Address: 59 Marasti, District 1, 011464 Bucharest, Romania, Phone: + 40213182564, Fax: +40213182888, www.managusamv.ro S.C. Editura Ceres S.A., Address:1 Piata Presei Libere, District 1, Bucharest, 013701, Phone/Fax: +40213179023, Email: [email protected]

The publishers are not responsible for the content of the scientific papers and opinions published in the Volume. They represent the authors’ point of view.

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor in Chief: Prof. Ph.D. Toma Adrian DINU Executive Editor: Prof. Ph.D. Agatha POPESCU

Members:

Prof. Ph.D. Ioan Nicolae ALECU, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Manea DRĂGHICI, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Mihai BERCA, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Ph.D. H.C. Miguel Moreno MILLAN, University of Cordoba, Spain

Prof. Ph.D. Doc. Svend RASMUSSEN, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Prof. Ph.D. Mogens LUND, Institute of Food and Resource Economics, Denmark

Prof. Ph.D. Pascal Anton OLTENACU, Oklahoma State University, United States of America Prof. Ph.D. Rangesan NARAYANAN, University of Nevada , United States of America Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Ove MADSEN, Grinsted Agricultural Academy, Denmark

Ph.D. Patrick ANGEL, US Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Appalachian Regional Office, United States of America

Prof. Ph.D. Gerhard MOITZI, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria Prof. Ph.D. Paolo GAJO, University of Florence, Italy

Prof. Ph.D. Diego BEGALLI, University of Verona, Italy

Ph.D. Alistair Mc CRACKEN, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom Prof. Ph.D. Drago CVIJANOVIC, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Serbia

Prof. Ph.D. Nebojsa RALEVIC, University of Belgrade, Serbia Ph.D. Jonel SUBIC, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Serbia

Associate Professor Ph.D.Zuzana PALKOVA, Slovak University of Agriculture, Slovakia

Acad. Prof. Ph.D. Hab. Pavel MOVILEANU, The Agricultural State University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Veronica PRISĂCARU, The Agricultural State University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Veronica MOVILEANU, The Agricultural State University of Moldova, Republic of Moldova Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Mariana DOGA-MIRZAC, Moldova State University, Republic of Moldova

Associate Prof. Ph.D. Rashid SAEED, International Islamic University, Pakistan

Dr. Adrian TUREK-RAHOVEANU, Research Institute for Agricultural Economy and Rural Development, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Emilian MERCE, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Gheorghe MUREȘAN, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Nicoleta MATEOC-SÎRB, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat, Romania Prof. Ph.D. Ion DONA, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Bucharest , Romania

Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Radu Lucian PÂNZARU, University of Craiova, Romania

Senior Lecturer Ph.D. Gavrilă ȘTEFAN, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Iasi, Romania Publication Committee:

Dr. Mariana Burcea Ing. Teodora Popescu

This volume includes the scientific papers of the 12th International Symposium

“Prospects of Agriculture and Rural Areas in the context of Durable Development”, Session “Agriculture and Rural Areas in the context of Durable Development”,

May 17-18, 2012, Bucharest

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest, Romania

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C O N T E N T S

1.THE RESEARCHES REGARDING THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE ENTOMOLOGIC FAUNA OF THE CORN CULTURES IN THE SIBIU COUNTY

Iuliana ANTONIE, Mirela STANCIU, Camelia SAND, Robert BLAJ...

2.PROBLEMS REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BIOLOGY FOR AURADUR DURUM WHEAT IN 2011 AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION FORMATION

Mihai BERCA...

3.TOBACCO IN THE ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Elena CALCHEI...

4.SETTING PLANNING CONDITIONS FOR LANDSCAPE AND IRRIGATION OF GREEN SPACES IN BÂLDANA VILLAGE, DÂMBOVIŢA

Alexandru-Marian CHIPER , Sorin-Mihai CÎMPEANU, Ionel JINGA,

Gabriela-Mariana STOICA, Viorel DINCĂ………...

5.THE TECHNOLOGY OF WORM CULTURE – THE IMPORTANNT FACTOR IN DEVELOPMENT OF DURABLE AGRICULTURE

Larisa CREMENEAC, Tatiana BOCLACI………..

6.FOR THE RURAL ACTIVITIES IN OLT COUNTY THE CREDIT PROBLEM

REPRESENTS A FORM AND A CONDITION FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT Corina CRUCERU...

7.A NEW TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE PERFORMANCE OF NOZZLE BOOM MACHINES

Asaad DERBALA...

8. INCREASING WATER AVAILABILITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN SANDY SOILS THROUGH A GEOTEXTILE MATERIAL UNDER SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Asaad DERBALA, Adel ELMETWALLI, Nabil MANSOUR , Adel MADY……...

9. ESTIMATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF LOCAL AND PIONEER TOP COMERCIAL CORN HYBRIDS TESTED IN DIFFERENT PEDO-CLIMATIC AREAS FROM SOUTH OF ROMANIA

Viorel DINCA, Gabriela-Mariana STOICA, Alexandru CHIPER, Gabriela VALSAN, Valentin MANDACHE, Marina UBERTI, Anghelus FIERBINTEANU…………...

10. EVOLUTION OF ROMANIAN AGRICULTURE IN THE PERIOD 2007-2010

Carina DOBRE, Adina IORGA, Elena TOMA, Alexandra MUSCĂNESCU…………..

11.TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN BUZAU COUNTY

Manea DRĂGHICI, Valentina TUDOR, Raluca NECULA...

12.EFFECT OF PHENOMENON XENIA ON TRAIT SEED OF MAIZE SUB-SPECIES CROSSES

Mohammed Dhary Yousif EL-JUBOURI……….

13. IMPORTANCE OF MAIZE CROPPING

Mohammed Dhary Yousif EL-JUBOURI...

5

10

17

21

25

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53

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14.UTILIZATION OF SELF-PROPELLED HARVESTER AND SHREDDER MACHINES FOR REMOVING SOME FIELD CROP RESIDUES

M. M.ELTARHUNY, Tarek FOUDA...

15. MINMIZE ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR HEATING BROILER HOUSING

Tarek FOUDA, Mohamed DARWESH, Mohamed GHONMAE………..

16.RESPONSE OF POTATO TO NITROGEN AND WATER DEFICIT UNDER SPRINKLER IRRIGATION

Tarek FOUDA, Adel ELMETWALLI, Eltaher, ALI………...

17. RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECOTOURISM

Teodora IVASCU...

18. ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SERBIAN AGRICULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS

Marko JELOČNIK, Bojana BEKIĆ, Jonel SUBIĆ……….

19. NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN SOMBOR Nataša KLJAJIĆ, Zorica SREDOJEVIĆ, Slavica ARSIĆ……….

20.AGRICULTURAL MARKET AND INVESTMENT IN THE ROMANIAN AGRICULTURE

Mihaela KRUSZLICIKA,Vergina CHIRIŢESCU, Sia SĂRARU...

21.ISSUES OF EFFICIENT USE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND SOIL QUALITY IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Tamara LEAH………..

22.EVOLUTION OF RESOURCES AND THEIR USE IN FISH PRODUCTION IN ROMANIA

Camelia LUCHIAN...

23.THE ROLE AND PLACE OF THE AGRICULTURE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF DOBROGEA PROVINCE

Aurel LUP, Constantin CHIRILA, Liliana MIRON...

24.ESTIMATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF TOP COMMERCIAL PIONEER CORN (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS IN DRIP IRRIGATION EXPERIMENTS

Valentin MANDACHE, Gabriela VALSAN, Daniel Sorin NITU,

Ion CIOCAZANU………...

25.THE STUDY ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIAN RURAL ECONOMY Nicoleta MATEOC-SÎRB, Camelia MĂNESCU, T. MATEOC,

Aurora VENIG………...

26.DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS AND UTILIZED AGRICULTURAL AREA OF ROMANIA BY THE SIZE CLASSES ACCORDING TO LEGAL PERSONALITIES

Marius Mihai MICU, Valentina TUDOR………...

27. SOME INDICATORS OF CONSULTATIVE SERVICES DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA Branko MIHAILOVIC, Drago CVIJANOVIC, Vesna PARAUSIC...

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71

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28.BIODIVERSITY, FORESTS AND POTENTIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL HERBS ON THE TERRITORY OF CARPATHIAN SERBIA

Nada MIJAJLOVIC, Vesna POPOVIC, Predrag VUKOVIC………...

29.URBANIZATION CHALLENGES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR FROM THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Victor MOROZ, Eugenia LUCASENCO...

30. THE QUALITY AND MARKET COMPETITIVENESS OF THE AGROALIMENTARY PRODUCT

Laurentiu MUNTEANU……….

31.HUMUS SUBSTANCES AND SOIL FERTILITY

Cecilia Violeta NEAGU, Georgeta OPREA………..

32. WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CITY CALARASI

Cecilia Violeta NEAGU, Dumitra CONSTANTIN...

33.THE ANALYSIS AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS OF THE AREA BUCHAREST-ILFOV

Raluca NECULA, Diana NECULA………...

34.THE ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH WEST REGION OF ROMANIA

Raluca NECULA, Diana NECULA………...

35. ELABORATION OF SOME MODELS TO REDUCE THE HYDRIC EROSION IN OLT COUNTY

Daniel NIJLOVEANU, Victor TITA……….

36. ANALYSIS OF BANKRUPTCY RISK BASED ON THE BALANCE OF ASSETS

Elena NIREAN, Olga SÂRBU………

37.POPULATION AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UPPER DANUBE, CARPATHIAN AND METROPOLITAN AREA

Zoran NJEGOVAN, Radovan PEJANOVIC, Nikola NJEGOVAN...

38.ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND CURRICULUM REQUIREMENTS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Zuzana PALKOVA, Janette GUZMICKA, Norbert FLORIS………...

39.BASIC PRINCIPLES, IMPORTANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANIC GRAINS GROWING GLOBALLY AND IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Svetlana ROLJEVIĆ, Radojica SARIĆ, Biljana GRUJIĆ ………

40. GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PAKISTAN’S AGRICULTURE Rashid SAEED, Rana NADIR IDREES, Humna IJAZ, Marriam FURQANI,

Syed Husnain SAJID , Raziya NADEEM...

41. MIGRATION AND ITS ENVIROMENTAL EFFECTS

Rashid SAEED, Rana Nadir IDREES, Humna IJAZ, Marriam FURQANI,

Raziya NADEEM...

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42. STUDY ON BIODIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK FOR FOOD RESOURCES Mariana SANDU, Daniela Ruxandra ANDREI, Stefan MANTEA,

Mihaela KRUZSLICIKA, Vergina CHIRIŢESCU……….

43.CORELATIVE ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY

Olga SÂRBU, Elena NIREAN………...

44.DEGRADATION AND RECOVERY OF BIOTA IN ERODED CHERNOZEMS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Irina SENICOVSCAIA………

45.EVOLUTIONS OF THE HOUSEHOLD THROUGH AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE AND COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY

Adrian SIMION………..

46.AGRICULTURE IN TERMS OF EUROPEAN UNION STRATEGY FOR DANUBE DELTA ADOPTION

Cristiana SÎRBU………..

47.EVOLUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Alexandru STRATAN, Victor MOROZ, Eugenia LUCASENCO...

48. EXACT NAVIGATION OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL MOBILE ROBOTS WITH THE UTILIZATION OF LASER RAY

Ondrej TAKÁČ, Lukáš TOMÁŠIK, Dušan HRUBÝ, Zuzana PALKOVÁ...

49.THE EFFECT OF PESTS ATACK ON THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF ROMANIAN WHEAT CROPS

Radiana Maria TAMBA BEREHOIU, Stela POPESCU, Ciprian Nicolae POPA...

50. RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF SOME IMPROVING FORMULAS IN MEDIUM QUALITY FLOURS

Radiana-Maria TAMBA-BEREHOIU, Ciprian-Nicolae POPA, Stela POPESCU …….

51.DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE ON USING AND PRODUCING STRUCTURED WATER Georgeta TEMOCICO………...

52. HIGHLIGHTS IN MATCHING LABOUR WITH LABOUR MARKET NEEDS IN THE REGION OF SOUTH-WEST OLTENIA

Victor TITA……….

53.INVESTMENTS, SUBSIDIES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS – A LEVER TO ENHACE PHYTOTECHNICAL BRANCH EFFICIENCY

Elena TIMOFTI, Diana MEMEŢ………..

54. GENETIC GAIN OBTAINED BY INTRODUCTION OF PIONEER CORN HYBRIDS IN ROMANIA OVER FOUR DECADES

Gabriela VALSAN, Ion CIOCAZANU, Valentin MANDACHE, Viorel DINCA...

55.SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF EUROPE 2020:

INVESTMENTS IN BIODIVERSITY

George ZHELIAZKOV, Darina ZAIMOVA………...

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THE RESEARCHES REGARDING THE BIODIVERSITY OF THE ENTOMOLOGIC FAUNA OF THE CORN CULTURES IN THE SIBIU COUNTY

Iuliana ANTONIE, Mirela STANCIU, Camelia SAND, Robert BLAJ

“Lucian Blaga” University, The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and the Protection of the Environment, Sibiu, 7-9 Dr. Ion Raţiu, 550012, Sibiu, Romania, Phone: +40 269 211338, Fax: + 40 269 213381, E-mail: [email protected]

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

As Romania joined the European Community there can be noticed a greater interest for the biodiversity of the entomologic fauna in the soil mainly regarding the management of the plants protection against the pests as well as the protection by different methods of the useful biodiversity of the fauna. The first step in fulfilling this aim is the identification of the pest in the corn culture in the Sibiu County, considering rightly that the upper the soil entomologic fauna can’t be regarded as being isolated from the entomologic fauna in the soil, but on the contrary there are connections with reciprocal influences. The collected material during 3 years comes from four localities:

Poplaca, Ocna Sibiului, Axente Sever and Copşa Mică. The used methods were as follows: the direct gathering with the hand, the gathering together with different parts of the plants, the use of the entomologic jar, pheromones traps.

In the corn culture there were identified the following pest species: Tanymescus dilaticollis, Agriotes spp. and so on.

These species can produce great losses in the production and sometimes even to compromise the entire culture.

Beginning with 1996 there was confirmed the presence of the Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conté. As a result of the identification of the pest entomologic fauna we can draw the following conclusions: the changes in the biodiversity of the entomologic fauna can give important indicators of the deterioration or rehabilitation of the soil;

knowing the laws that rule the researched agro ecosystem allow us to choose the optimum method in order to keep the equilibrium between the species of the system and applying an integrated management which to affect less the system in its assembly and in the same time to obtain greater productions and a healthy, quality soil.

Keywords: biodiversity, agricultural entomologic fauna

INTRODUCTION

The corn represents the main agricultural field culture in Romania, having areas spread in all zones of the country. In the corn cultures there were identified over 20 species of pests with an important economic importance. From these we want to quote the following:

Tanymescus dilaticollis (corn leaves weevil), Agriotes spp. (sarma worms), Phyllotreta spp.

(the ground fleas), and so on [3], [4]. These species can produce a lot of damages in the production, and sometimes even to compromise the culture. Beginning with 1996 there was added the western worm of the corn roots (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conté) [1], [2] In the moment Romania joined the European Community there could be seen a raised interest for the biodiversity of the fauna on the ground as well as for that in the soil with sustained preoccupations thought the

management of the protection of the plants against the pests and protecting , by different methods, the biodiversity of the useful fauna.

The interest for the agricultural entomologic fauna in Sibiu County is determined also by the lack of researches regarding the pests of this culture. A first step in fulfilling this aim is the identification of the pest’s species in the corn culture in our County, considering rightly that the entomologic fauna on the ground can’t be regarded as being isolated from the soil entomologic fauna, but on the contrary there are connections with reciprocal influences.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

The researches of the agricultural entomologic fauna in the corn field were done in four localities in Sibiu County: Poplaca, Ocna Sibiului, Axente Sever and Copşa Mică during 2009 – 2011.

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From the used methods there are as follows:

the direct gathering with the hand, the collecting together with the other parts of the plant, the use of the entomologic jar and the pheromone trap.

In the four localities there were identified the main species of the agricultural entomologic fauna, estimating the attack of the pests on the plant. Monitoring the goal species has as its aim establishing the situation as correct as possible regarding the spreading of these in the County and the connection of these with soil fauna.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The Sibiu County is situated in the central part of Romania, in the south west of Transylvania, with a surface of 5432km² , representing 2.3% of the total surface of the country. From the total surface of 305,351 ha, the arable soil represents 115,973 ha, occupying the biggest surface (Table 1).

Table 1. The total agriculture surface of the Sibiu County (ha)

Arable 115.973

1 Vineyard 2.528

2 Orchards 4.578

3 Pasture 106.895

4 Hay Field 75.377

5 Total 305.351

The surface cultivated with corn is rendered in table 2.

Table 2. The surfaces cultivated with corn in the researched localities during 2009 - 2011 (ha) Locality

The year

2009 2010 2011

G.P S.C To

tal

G.P S.C To

tal

G.P S.C To

tal Axente

Sever

370 - 370 300 - 300 300 300

Copşa Mică 150 - 150 148 - 148 148 - 148

Ocna Sibiului

782 180 962 690 300 990 415 315 730

Poplaca 127 - 127 95 - 95 90 - 90

For each and every locality we identified the goal species of the agricultural entomologic fauna and evaluated the attack for each of the species.

Table 3. The agricultural entomologic fauna of the cultures in Axente Sever during 2009 – 2011.

The

year The goal species

The existing agricultural surface (ha)

The controlled agricultural surface (ha)

The controlled agricultural

surface with attack

(ha)

2009 Agriotes spp. 720 120 32

Ostrinia nubilalis 370 280 200

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera 370 280 15

Tanymecus dilaticollis 370 210 140

Rhopalosiphum maidis 370 280 75

2010 Agriotes spp. 680 180 42

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera - - -

2011 Agriotes spp. 40 20 3

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera - - -

The main monitoring goal species in Axente Sever during 2009 – 2011 were: Agriotes spp., Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Tanymecus dilaticollis (Coleoptera), Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Homoptera). The result of the attack is rendered in the table 4.

Table 4. The result of the attack in Axente Sever (ha).

The

year The goal species Weak attack

Middle attack

Strong attack

Very strong attack

Extremely strong attack

2009 Agriotes spp. 32 - - - -

Ostrinia nubilalis 103 80 17 - -

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

15 - - - -

Tanymecus dilaticollis

35 35 30 20 20

Rhopalosiphum maidis

65 20 - - -

2010 Agriotes spp. 42 - - - -

- - - - -

25 21 19 5 5

Rhopalosiphum maidis

22 - - - -

2011 Agriotes spp. 3 - - - -

Ostrinia nubilalis 10 42 40 20 -

- - - - -

10 20 5 3 2

65 20 - - -

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The frequency of the attacked plants presents different values for each and every species.

So, for Agriotes spp. a weak attack means that 3% of the plants are attacked; middle attack means that 4/10% of the plants are attacked, strong attack corresponds to the values of 11- 30% of attacked plants and very strong attack corresponds to 31-60% of attacked plants and extremely strong attack is of over 60% of attacked plants. For Ostrilia nubilalis the values are: weak attack with 15% attacked plants; middle attack means 16-30% attacked plants; strong attack represents 31/50% of the plants; very strong attack of 50-80% of plants and extremely strong attack of over 80% of plants. For Diabrotica virgifera virgifera a weak attack means 3% of the plants; middle attack represents 4-10% of the plants; middle attack represents 11-30% of the plants; very strong attack represents 30- 60% and extremely strong attack means over 60% of the plants. In the case of Tanymecus dilaticollis a weak attack means 3% of the plants; middle attack represents 4-10% of the plants; strong attack represents 31-60% and extremely strong attack represents over 60%

of the plants are attacked. For Rhopalosiphum maidis the values are as follows: weak attack represents 25% of plants; middle attack represents 26-50% of plants; strong attack 51- 70% of plants; very strong 70-90% of plants and extremely strong over 90% of plants. We notice that during the 3 years of monitoring the species Tanymecus dilaticollis presented all the forms of attack; from the weak one to the strongest one. So we can say that in this locality there is a focus of the corn leaves weevils.

Photo 1. Attack of Tanymecus dilaticollis in Axente Sever area, 2011

Table 5. The agricultural entomologic fauna in the cultures of the Copşa Mică locality during 2009-2011

The

(ha)

2009 Agriotes spp. 780 206 15

2010 Agriotes spp. 785 136 7

2011 Agriotes spp. 758 14 3

The goal species from the Copşa Mică locality are the same as in Axente Sever:

Agriotes spp., Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Tanymecus dilaticollis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Rhopalosiphum maidis. The result of the attack is represented in the table 6.

Table 6. The result of the attack in Copşa Mică (ha)

The

Extremely strong attack 2009 Agriotes spp. 15

Ostrinia nubilalis 32 23 12 10

2

20 12 8 2 2

20 - - - -

2010 Agriotes spp. 7 - - - -

1 - - - -

19 10 6 3 2

19 - - - -

2011 Agriotes spp. 3 - - - -

Ostrinia nubilalis 24 25 3 2

2 - - - -

9 7 2 1 1

15 - - - -

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In the Copsa Mica locality the attack with the biggest frequency was represented by Tanymecus dilaticollis. During the three years of monitoring this species presented the frequency from weak to extremely strong.

Photo 2. Attack of Tanymecus dilaticollis in Copşa Mică area. 2011

In the Ocna Sibiu locality the spectrum is formed only by Agriotes spp., Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Ostrinia nubilalis, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Tanymecus dilaticollis is missing.

Table 7. The agricultural entomologic fauna in the corn culture in Ocna Sibiu locality 2009-2011

The

(ha)

2009 Agriotes spp. 3500 260 24

Tanymecus dilaticollis - - -

2010 Agriotes spp. 3500 260 24

2011 Agriotes spp. 3200 45 2

The result of the attack is presented in the table 8.

Table 8. The result of the attack in Ocna Sibiu (ha).

The

2009 Agriotes spp. 24 - - - -

34 - - - -

216 - - - -

2010 Agriotes spp. 24 - - - -

27 - - - -

216 - - - -

2011 Agriotes spp. 2 - - - -

24 - - - -

70 45 - - -

In the case of Ocna Sibiu locality the species that produces the biggest damages is Ostrinia nubilalis. The so called the corn penetrating presents in the corn culture attacks from weak to strong ones. In the case of the so called the quarantine pest, Diabrotica virgifera virgifePra, the attack was a weak one.

Photo 3. Attack of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Ocna Sibiului locality, 2009

Photo 4. Attack of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera in Ocna Sibiului locality, 2009

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For the Poplaca locality the spectrum of the species in the corn culture is made up of only:

Agriotes spp., Ostrinia nubilalis, Rhopalosiphum maidis. Tanymecus dilaticollis, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Table 9).

Table 9. The agricultural entomologic fauna in the cultures of Poplaca locality during 2009-2011

The

(ha)

2009 Agriotes spp. 780 206 15

2010 Agriotes spp. 785 136 7

2011 Agriotes spp. 758 14 3

Analyzing the result of the attack of both Ostrinia nubilalis and Rhopalosiphum maidi the conclusion is that these species determine in the researched agricultural ecosystem strong and very strong attacks (Table 10).

Table 10. The result of the attack in Poplaca (ha)

The

2009 Agriotes spp. 24 - - - -

216 - - - -

2010 Agriotes spp. 24 - - - -

216 - - - -

2011 Agriotes spp. 2 - - - -

70 45 - - -

As result of the analysis of the attack we noticed that the pest producing the biggest damages in this area is Ostrinia nubilalis. The attack is from the weak to the strong one during the 3 years of research.

CONCLUSIONS

The researches took place in 4 localities in Sibiu County, Poplaca, Ocna Sibiu, Axente Sever and Copşa Mică during 2009-2011,

obtaining important data about the phytophaguos fauna.

The study of the complexes of the agricultural entomologic fauna emphasized a spectrum of 5 pest species of the corn culture in the studied localities. These are as follows:

Agriotes sp., Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Tanymecus dilaticollis, Ostrinia nubilalis, Rhopalosiphum maidis.

The changes in the biodiversity of the agricultural entomologic fauna can give us clues of the deterioration or the rehabilitation of the soil.

The knowing of the laws that leads the researched agricultural system allow us to chose the optimum method of keeping the equilibrium among the species of the system and the application of an integrated management, which to affect as less as possible the system in its assembly and in the same time to be obtained big productions and a quality, healthy soil.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development 2007-2013, project number POSDRU/89/1.5/

S/63258 ”Postdoctoral school for zootechnical biodiversity and food biotehnology based on the eco-economy and the bio-economy required by eco-san-genesys”.

REFERENCES

[1]Antonie, Iuliana, Researches regarding the species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte in Sibiu county, Bulletin USAMV Agriculture Cluj-Napoca, 2010, 67(1): 12-19.

[2]Antonie, Iuliana, Spânu, Simona, Researches regarding the influence of temperature and humidity on the effectives of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte in Sibiu county between 2001-2009, Bulletin USAMV Agriculture Cluj-Napoca, 2010, 67(1): 310.

[3]Bărbulescu, Al. şi colaboratorii, 1996, Evoluţia unor boli şi dăunături ai cerealelor, plantelor tehnice şi furajere din ţara noastră, în anul 1996, in: Probl.de Prot. Pl., Vol. XXIV, 1:41-60, I.C.C.P.T. Fundulea.

[4]Costea Georgeta, Mărgărit Gr., 2006, Structura faunei utile şi fitofage din solul culturii de porumb din Câmpia Vlăsiei, Probl. Prot.plant, XXX (1-2): 39-46.

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genomAA+genomBB=genomAB→genom AABB

PROBLEMS REGARDING THE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL BIOLOGY FOR AURADUR DURUM WHEAT IN 2011 AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION FORMATION

Mihai BERCA

University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest 59 Marasti, sector 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania, Phone: +40 21 318 25 64/232, Fax: + 40 21318 28 88, E-mail:

[email protected]

Abstract

Auradur durum wheat variety was introduced in production, in Romania, for the first time in 2006, after a preliminary verification of its behaviour in our experimental fields. Its production increased continuously. The highest yields were obtained în 2011 (4-7 tons/ha). However, there were controverses, especially among some farmers, but also distributors, concerning the excellent characteristics of this variety. In a multifactor experience made at Alexandria and Modelu - Călăraşi, has been equally studied the effect of some tehnological links on the production and quality of the variety. In this study are presented the detailed analysis of the variety behaviour compared with the pedoclimatic conditions, studying its biology from emergence to adulthood, as well as the main production indicators, such as: the ear weight, the number of grains in the ear and the production of grain in the ear. Correlations were established between the components of production and a pattern of production forming. In the final part, it is also presented a map of the pedoclimatic conditions which are the most appropriate for the variety Auradur, in order to obtain the best productions.

Keywords: Durum, Auradur, production components, patterns, production

INTRODUCTION

In Romania there are few varieties of Durum wheat with autumn seeding and the possibility of choosing producers is limited. Durum grain, although niche varieties, covers an important area in the food industry, offering that quality desired by consumers of pasta and bread, but also of a special bread.

Figure 1. The genetic appearance of today’s grains. A model of ecological adjustment and human selection (original)

Durum wheat appeared from rustic ancestors with 14 chromosomes, as illustrated in Figure 1 (processing after Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia - wikipedia.org/wiki/weizen), havinh a genome type AA⋅BB with 24 chromosomes [3].

Its ancestor was T. turgidum. Durum wheat has been formed by allopolyploid evolution [3].

Doubling the set of chromosomes led to a genome of equal size, but with the doubling of gene expression effect. It was formed, in this way, a smaller genome than the one from the common wheat (AA BB DD) with a complete genome (6x

= 42 chromosomes) and a smaller ecological plasticity.

For agricultural producers, the confusion between Durum and Aestivum wheat is very severe because the ecological plasticity of Durum species is much lower. It claims more calcareous soils, well-structured and aerated (usually chernozems) and a greater amount of heat, with at least 0.5-1⁰C thermal isocline. Because of this, it can’t be cultivated all over Romania, but it requires a specific zoning, that we tried to identify, al least for the Auradur variety.

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N100 kg/ha applied in the spring, in 2 rounds +

P60 kg/ha applied in the autumn Researches on production components to Premium

varieties from Romania were published in 2011 [1] and for Romanian varieties we find references in the work of Tabără and al. [6].

Triticum Durum is less cultivated in Western Europe and in Germany [4], while in Romania is at its beginnings (about 10000 ha, according to the information of MADR - Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development). The necessity of going deep with the biological and technological studies is, therefore, extremely needed.

In Romania are cultivated varieties of Durum wheat produced by The Research Institute from Fundulea such as Rodur, Pandur, Condurum and Grandur. More cultivated is Pandur, the one with the best quality properties is Condurum [5] [2].

Auradur variety is brought by us from The Pannonian Plain of Austria, where the climat is similar to the one from Romanian Plain (450 mm of precipitation and an annual average temperature of 10,5⁰C).

MATERIAL AND METHOD

Taking into account the conditions required by Durum variety, the researches were made on the experiences installed in the extreme south of Romania, under the parallel of 44⁰, on the plateaus near the Danube, both at Modelu – Calarasi, as well as at Poroschia – Alexandria.

Soils are included in chernozem type, with at least 36% clay and 3.8% humus content at Poroschia (Alexandria) and 28% clay and 3.3% humus content at Modelu (Calarasi).

The annual average temperature is slightly above 11⁰C in both studied areas, temperature of June being just above 23⁰C (average per 50 years) [7]. Average precipitation which fall are, in both locations, between the isoclines of 400-500 mm (a mean of 450 mm).

As for climate, the area in one with an accelerate risk of drought. Such pedoclimatic conditions are convenient for Durum wheat crop, Auradur variety in our case, which obtains not only the planned yields, but also an exceptional quality of them.

In the two experimental fields, measurements were made on the culture biology and on the components of production for the alternative presented above:

Measurements were made in 2011, year with an extra precipitations value (+105-111 mm) in Modelu and Poroschia. Evaluations were performed in spring, starting with 31.03, and ended in June. A total of 8 assessments on surveys from field. Plants were taken from the field, were washed, their main biological characteristics were noted and they were measured. In the laboratory were determined, on 100 plants, the major indicators of production components: the ear weight, the number of grains in the ear and the weight of grain in the ear.

The interpretation of results was carried out through analysis of variance, of simple and complex correlations. Results are presented, afterwards, through pictures, graphs and a map.

For compiling the map was take account of the Auradur variety requirements for the pedoclimatic conditions and were carrie out surveys and evaluations of yields together with the cultivator farmers.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Biological evolution of crop vegetation status is presented in Figure 2.

We mention that determinations were made in 8 stages, all in spring, on Auradur crops which were consciously planted delayed in order to observe even the ecological plasticity, now recognized, of the variety.

Are presented only the results from Modelu - Calarasi.

First determination has been made at 31.03.2011.

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Figure 2. Evolution of development for Auradur wheat variety planted on 10.11.2010, with a month delay than the optimal period (original)

Although planted late, the crop entered into spring extremely strong, with a density of 200 plants/m³, sufficient to obtain an optimal density of ears at harvest [1]. A very good twinning (3-4 twins) was maintained until harvest. The twinning node overlaps the root node. Plants saves, in this way, metabolic energy, by not forming of the coleoptile. Plant height is of about 15 cm, the one of the root is above 20 cm, ideal situation for a good further development.

The determination from 6.04 is a continuation of the one from 31.03, here are visible increases only at plants (+ 4-5 cm).

In 21.04 we see a robust growth of plants on each twin. Plants reach about 40 cm. Root became stronger, leaves gain force, photosynthesis is intense.

At 28.04 we notice a slight increase of plants, with a few inches.

In 10.05, twins are getting clean. It is already foresee the presence of 3-4 twins which are about to become fertile. Plants height exceeds 40 cm. On removal, the roots were broken and we could’t measure their depht any more.

At 20.05, the plants reach a height of 65 cm.

Ears come out of bellow, the plant is healthy and prepares itself for flowering.

On 1.06, the plant is right after the flowering stage, in the period of maximum storage. We find 4 well-developed ears, of approximately same size, and another 2, smaller, at the base of some plants, that will give healthy grains or not.

Finally, on 28.06 was made the last measurement, to maturity. The plant presented in the figure held 4 ears, but there were also plants with 3 ears (about 30%) and only 12%

with 2 ears. Ears average density was of 598 ears/m².

Partial conclusion: good vegetative vigor.

Growth rate of 0,75 cm/day, so 7,5 cm/10 days. Final height of the ears was of 70 ± 8 cm, 3-4 wins maintained, deep rooting visible at first measurements = 2 x h (plants height), which held to a good development of plants.

Estimated production at last measurement – 6974 kg –, effectively harvested production = 6120 kg/ha. A very good production of this variety in 2011.

Figure 3. Grains of Auradur wheat variety collected from 10 ears (original)

Figure 4. Longitudinal section in Auradur grains. Is observed a vitrescence of ≈ 70%. Are fulfilled the quality parameters after the UE standards

The results of statistical processing of variation sequence for the ear weight, the number of grains in the ear and the weight of grains in the ear are presented in Figures 5, 6 and 7.

For ear weight, the average value = 1.82 g/ear (52% in category 1-2 g/ear, 41% in category between 2-3 g/ear and 7% in class 0- 1 g/ear) – Figure 5.

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Figure 5. Statistical calculation of the variation sequence for the ear weight from the Auradur variety - Southern Romania 2011 (original)

For number of grains in the ear, the average value = 35.19 grains (49% between 30-40, 30% in the interval 40-50, 19% between 20- 30 and only 2% between 50-60).

Figure 6. Statistical calculation of the variation sequence for the number of grains in the ear at the Auradur wheat variety - Southern Romania 2011

For weight of grains in the ear, the average value = 1.30 g (75% between 1-2 g, 21%

between 0-1 g and 4% among 2-3 g).

Figure 7. Statistical calculation of the variation sequance for the weight of grains in the ear - Auradur wheat variety, Southern Romania 2011

The ratio grains weight / ear weight = 0.714 = 71.4%, a very good yield..

Correlations in 2D:

→ Between the ear weight and the number of grains in the ear is presented in Figure 8 – highly significant coefficient and correlations ratio, exponential type function.

Ear weight increases with the number of grains, but only up to the maximum value of 240 ear grains. The variation interval on which the function is valid is fron 4 to 40 grains/ear. For the ear weight, the function is valid during the interval 0.5 - 2.5 g.

Figure 8. Correlation between the ear weight and the number of grains in the ear - Modelu, Calarasi 2011 (original)

→ Between the number of grains and their weight (Figure 9) – also very significant experimental correlation r²= 0.8865, where r

= 9.9415. The functions manifests its influence on the interval 5-40 grains in the ear and on the interval of weight of 0.15 – 1.75 g/grains/ear.

Figure 9. Correlation between the number of grains in the ear and their weight for Auradur wheat variety - Modelu, 2011 (original)

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→ Between the ear weight and the weight og grains in the ear (Figure 10) – an exponential function type NL, high correlation ratio, close to determinism.

Function applies the same range as above, that is 0.5-2.5 for the ear weight and 0.15- 1.75 to the grain weight in the ear.

Figure 10. Correlation between the ear weight (g) and the weight of grains in the ear - Auradur wheat variety, Modelu 2011 (original)

Conclusion: all components of production are very significantly correlated between them and are expressed through different exponential functions.

The formation of grain yield, according to the ear weight and to the number of grains in the ear, is shown in Figure 11. Grain yield can be taken into account from 1 g ear weight and around 30 grains in the ear and obtain maximum harvest to 2.5 g ear weight and more than 40 grains in the ear. The model can be modified based on the results of the following years.

Figure 11. The production of grains in the ear (g) under the influence of ear weight (g) and of number of grains in the ear - 2011 (original)

In the end, in Figure 12 we present a zoning of Auradur durum variety in Romania’s conditions. Best growing areas of Auradur variety are the southern part and the extreme west, places where the conditions for achieving especially an excellent production quality, are excellent (very good area). This zone is surrounded, to the south and west, but also in the east (the eastern part of Moldavian Plateau) by areas of climate and soil that are suitable for the cultivation of this wheat variety. Between those two areas the difference is relatively small (only 2-500 kg/ha), but the one of quality is higher (around 10% vitrescence).

Figure 12. The zoning of Auradur wheat variety in Romania (processing after [7])

The median area is placed outside the se găseşte the good area. It occupies a large surface in the south, west and east and smaller in the area Turda – Cluj. The average difference in production in the 2^nd and 3^rd area is of approximately 500-600 kg/ha.

Outside these areas it can also be found growing areas of Auradur, but with much lower productions and, most of all, of lower quality. We recommend zones 1-3, the ones presented on the map.

Discussions. Necessity of researches presented by us in this study is extremely important for the farmers’ performance. Even in 2011, in the areas where actions in productions were unprofessional, confusing

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the behavior of Auradur variety with that of soft wheat varieties, even the results were poor.

The agricultural producer must know the fact that both, the biological characteristics of the Auradur variety and the production components, are different from those of Aestivum varieties and that it is necessary another professional approach of technologies, based on a new knowledge, like ours. Auradur is Durum, so it obtaines 40%

less productions in comparison with, it has special needs to the climate and soil and it is necessary to take all this into account.

CONCLUSIONS

Auradur variety, selected from the species T.

turgidum var. Durum, performed very well in the Romanian space in 2011, achieving exceptional growth and biological parameters.

It has good growth, deep and a very good twinning – 3-4 twins.

The process of forming the production is determined by the ear weight, the number of grains in the ear and the grains weight in the ear, to a east plant density of 200-300 plants/ha.

The number of ears obtained with the parameters presented in the second point of the conclusions are around 450-600. In this interval, the productivity indicators don’t change, they adjust themselves, and final production remains constant.

Durum, in general, and Auradur, in particular, has high needs from heat, light and soil, which is why the culture area is more restricted compared with that of Aestivum wheat. The only soils on which Auradur is doing very well are calcareous chernozem, profound and aerated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to say thank you to Ms. Noreţu Sînziana and to Miss Horoiaş Roxana for their support in the careful processing of this paper.

REFERENCES

[1] Berca M., Secuiu V., Epure D., 2011, Studii privind managementul semănatului, al răsăririi şi formării elementelor de producţie la soiurile de Premium şi Durum de provenienţă Probstdorfer în sudul României, Scientific Papers Series – Management, Economic engineering in Agricultural and Rural Tourism, vol. 11 [2] Bîlteanu Gh., 1974, Fitotehnia, ed. 2, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti

[3] Bonjean AP, Angus WJ, 2001, The world wheat book. A history of wheat breeding, Paris, Laroisier Publishing and Andover

[4] Mielke Horst, Bernd Rodemann, 2007, Triticum durum (Hartweizen), eine wenig angebaute Weizenart in Deutchland. Eugen Ulmer KG Stuttgart, Nachrichtenbl. Deut. Pl anzenschutzd 59, pag. 113-117, ISSN 0027-7479

[5] Săulescu N.N. şi colab., 2007, Cinci decenii de ameliorare a grâului la Fundulea, Analele INCDA Fundulea vol. LXXV, volum jubiliar, pag. 65-66 [6] Tabără V., Olteanu G., 2008, Principalele însuşiri de calitate ale grâului Triticum Durum (soiul Pandur) sub influenţa unor măsuri fitotehnice, Buletinul AGIR nr. 1-2/2008

[7] x x x – Profu’ de geogra’, Hărţi climatice România, http://www.profudegeogra.eu/en/harti-romania [8] x x x – Wikipedia, Enciclopedia în limba germană, wikipedi.org/wiki/weizen