Smart Power Management System Based On Wireless Sensor Networks

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Abstract- The Wireless system is consisting of many spatially distributed sensors with processing and data collection capability to monitor different situations of environments, the Wireless Sensor Network is becoming an important factor due to it is ability for managing and monitoring situational information for different intelligent services such power management, smart farming and healthcare services and it is also applied industry, military and many other applications as well. The Wireless Sensor Network are increasingly applied in controlling the energy; it monitors and controls the household appliance. Recent technologies basing on the Wireless Sensor Network are making a cutting-edge development in transmission, metering, distribution, information technology and electricity storage technology.

Index Terms- Wireless Sensor Network, Power Management, household appliance, information technology.

I. INTRODUCTION

Electric energy is an essential foundation for developing and progressing in our technological world. The science of technology is directly developing the requirement of power consumption so that power demand is increasing progressively and it occurs in both industrial and domestic sectors. As stated by the latest Annual Energy report that shows the residential electricity demand is predicted to rise up to 24% in the next decades in addition to the global electricity consumption, which are increases continuously as the reports predicted. There is a noticeable diminishing in fuels due to the increasing demand in Electric Energy and due to the rising consumption of energy. Furthermore, there is a gap between supply and demand and lack of monitoring and automation that made a major blackout in the worldwide since that there is more and more consumer electronics and home appliances have been continuously installed so that the residential energy consumption is growing rapidly. These issues lead for developing new technologies including cutting-edge developments in sensors, information technology, transmission, electricity storage, and distribution, in addition, to provide novel information and flexibility for providers and consumers of electricity to save power consumption, in addition, to easily managing the environment. A new era called smart environment, which is a physical world that connects its peripherals through a network invisibly and abundantly with actuators, sensors and computational units, it is involved in each part of seamlessly in our daily life [1].

II. RELATED WORKS

In this section, an overview is presented of some works, which are related to the proposed system:

Gill, S.P.S. .et al , 2012 [2] a smart monitoring device has been designed and developed for monitoring many parameters such as current and voltage for household appliance, the system improved grid stability and reduces consumer's cost.

Zeebaree .et al ,2014 [3] used Arduino platform in monitoring the electrical devices due to its easy to use with GSM and Ethernet technologies .the system used a mobile phone for controlling the devices.

Ramya, R.Poomurugan 2015 [4] A real time controlling and smart monitoring system for household electrical appliances is designed and developed, The novelty of this system is relies in implementing different ways of controlling mechanisms for the household appliance which leads to a flexible operation and low-cost thus it can save expenses for the consumers.

Ms. Rubana P. Shaikh1, Dr. R. R. Dube 2016 [5] Intelligent Power Management that consisting of actuators and smart sensors is implementes ,The novelty of this system is implementing controlling mechanism and it can be easily operated, economical and it is uses user authentication, these intelligent features reduces the expenses and it is friendly to the people. Controlling the electrical devices can be developed and programmed using a controller or cell phone running in anywhere in the planet.

Rekha B.Omase .et al,2017 [6] A smart controlling and monitoring system is proposed for controlling the household appliance in real time,many electrical devices were monitored such as motor,Bulb , refrigerator , Fan , Television etc. , different ways of controlling mechanism is applied which leads to flexibility in operation and reduces costs , the system views the electrical appliances through PC(GUI) .The usage of this system can be extended to monitor the entire intelligent building , it analyzes the period of peak hours of using the electricity.

Pallavi Ravindra Joshi1 and Prof. M S kha 2017 [7] Another aspect has been proposed by implementing the Internet of things (IoT) for monitoring the household appliance, it implemented a real time power management system based on wireless sensor network for controlling and monitoring the consumed power of electrical appliance in

Smart Power Management System Based On

Wireless Sensor Networks

home. Voltage and current sensors are used to sense the voltage and current and it calculates the power consumed of the appliance then the data collected will be transferred wirelessly using ZigBee protocol and then to Ethernet shield. The data transferred will be controlled and monitored using IoT, which leads to flexible control mechanism by the user remotely.

Pallavi Joshi1 .et al, 2018[8] A smart power management system based on wireless sensor network is developed for monitoring and controlling the power consumption of household appliance. The control panel of operating the appliance is provided with the user's smartphone, the main goal of this paper is to let the elderly or the handicapped people live an independent life, this can be reached by taking care of the difficult domestic appliances for elderly or handicap live.

III. THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system uses wireless sensors network for monitoring the voltage and current of an electrical line, which helps to protect the household appliance, and helps to make decisions depending on the previously collected data, turn on/off specific electrical lines according to is importance and priority. The proposed system seeks the house /factory holders to control the power consumed and lead to a better pick the right electrical line at the right time. A model of proposed system contains 2 sensors (current sensors and voltage sensors) that are organized within the wireless sensor network infrastructure. Microcontroller controls these sensors and the main server that is represented by raspberry pi3 contains the SQL database to support real time monitoring methods. A web interface is employed to monitor the complete system in styles of charts, numbers .Wi-Fi technology is employed to connect microcontrollers with server, and therefore the communication is achieved by using Message Queuing telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT). The proposed system contains two primary units; the primary unit is that the receiving part that sense power by sensors and these sensors are controlled by microprocessors. The second unit is that the web server that receive the processed data via Wi-Fi communication and store it within the main database. The system structure is shown in figure below.

Fig (3-1) the proposed system general structure 1. SCT-013 Current sensor module

SCT-013 which it is a current transformer sensor that can

particularly useful for measuring whole building electricity consumption and its features are[9]:

1. Non-invasive current transformer.

2. Suitable for lighting equipment, AC motors, air compressors, monitoring, current measurement, and protection.

3. Non-linearity ±3 %( 10%-120% rated input current). 4. Output Plug 3.5mm.

Fig (3-2) current sensor 2. ZMPT101B voltage sensor module

ZMPT101B created from the ZMPT101B voltage transformer. Its several features like high consistency with enough accuracy, for voltage measurement it can measure, voltage vary up to (250V) AC. Another feature that is its simplicity to use and it comes with a multi-turn trim potentiometer used to regulate the ADC output. An exact usage of this sensor will facilitate to find the right relationship between the input voltage and the ADC output by deploying regression analysis.ZMPT101B sensor gave a correct measurement for each voltage and power. Its small sized sensor and simple to implement on varied architecture [10].

Fig (3-3) voltage sensor 3. AC Power Calculations

The AC power can be defined as the rate of energy flow that past a given point of the circuit. In the AC circuit, the elements of energy storage like indicator and capacitors can result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. The following equation will calculate real power from the instantaneous measurements voltage and current of single-phase AC electricity [11].

Pr = (1)

Pr Actual power = average summation of voltage sample multiply by current sample for N of times.

4. Root Mean Square Voltage and Current Measurement RMS is the square root of the mean value for the instantaneous values of quantities that are changing periodically averaged on one complete cycle and it can be calculated as the following discrete-time equation to find the voltage RMS [12]:

(2)

(3) 5. Apparent Power and Power Factor calculations

Apparent power can be found by using the following equation [12]

(4) Where is the RMS of voltage and

RMS of the current. To Calculate the Power factor:

(5) 6. Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno is an open-source programmable circuit board and it can integrate with many projects for extending its capabilities, it is based on Input/output (IO) board. Arduino Uno has a reprogrammable microcontroller that is able to sense and control objects in the physical world. It can be used for developing standalone interactive objects as shown in Figure (3-4). Arduino Uno supports a variety of sensor and inputs that make it easy to control a large group of inputs motors, displays, and LED. Its boards can be easily assembled with low cost so that it becomes very popular for developers for creating interactive hardware projects. Arduino Uno is consisting of two major parts: The main board which is a piece of hardware that is designed to be reprogrammed to whatever task loaded into it, the second part is the Arduino IDE, the piece of software that runs on different computer platforms, it is used to write the computer program that will eventually be uploaded to the board for executing it. Arduino makes the programming very easy by simplifying the syntax of its IDE [13].

Figure (3-4): Arduino Uno

7. ESP32

ESP32 is a low-cost chip contains on its main board a microcontroller and two connectivity chips Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, these features let the ESP32 create a various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. ESP32 also supports different legacy connections such as SDP, GAP, and Bluetooth low energy (BLE).See Figure (3-5) [14].

Figure (3-5): ESP32 8. Raspberry pi

Raspberry Pi is low cost, credit card sized computer that enables user to use at as a normal PC, it has a system on chip (SoC) named BCM28351 which is available in many mobile phones. Raspberry Pi has many advantages such as its cheapness, its powerful computations, and it needs low power to operate. These advantages made it a suitable choice for different types of applications. The Raspberry Pi runs entirely on free open-source software which gives the students the ability to mix and match different types of software according to their desired, see Figure (3-6) [15].

Figure (3-6): Raspberry pi 9. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

Figure (3-7): MQTT message flow 10. Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy logic is a mathematical tool concern about uncertainty. It deals with imprecision and information granularity and it provides a mechanism to represent linguistic construct such as "few", "low", "medium", "many". The fuzzy logic is able to solve the problems that weren't solved before using the traditional systems, it also uses easy expression similar to the human experience for building models for different problems by mapping inputs to suitable outputs, it achieves this mapping by using probability theory for explaining if an event will occur then it measures the chance by which a given event is expected to occur [17].

11. Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a collection of small-sized individual sensor nodes. The collection of the WSNs can be varied vastly depending on the application scenario, which can reach up to hundreds to thousands apiece. Each node of the collection is connected with additional nodes. Each sensor node in the WSN is deployed to observe its environmental data in real-time and then this collected information is transmitted to the sink stations –one or more-through a wireless link. The WSNs can be structured in different ways like ad-hoc, centralized, and distributed. As depicted in Figure (3-8) the general communication structure of the WSN, which is essentially, consists of a sink node, sensor field, and user or management component. The sensor field is an area where the sensor nodes are used , each node in the sensor field have the ability to sense its neighbor environment and transmit the data collected to the central sink node with multi-hop connection then the sink node which is a special kind of sensor node that collects data from the collection of sensor field to perform the required processing and forwards the data to the user or task manager node and it also retrieves the required data that results from sending queries to the sensor nodes [18].

Figure (3-8): General communication structure of a WSN

Figure (3-10) shows the ESP32 part design architecture of the proposed system. Current and voltage sensors monitor two electrical lines source. ESP32 firstly will start its Wi-Fi connection, then it will be connect to the Raspberry Pi using MQTT protocol, once it is connected the sensed data will be transmit from the sensor nodes to the ESP32, then it will be transmitted to the Raspberry Pi.

IV.THE RESULTS

The results of the proposed system is presented by taking as an example two household appliance which are hair dryer and water boiler, four electrical lines are supplied to the proposed system, the first and the second lines are controlled by ESP32. The third and the forth lines are controlled by Arduino. The first test is performed by operating the hair dryer on the first line and the water boiler on the second one. The results in Figures (4-1) shows the usage of ESP32.

Figure (4-1): Power Measurements Chart using ESP32

Figure (4-2) represents the three types of power basing on using the Arduino.

V. THE CONCLUSION

In this paper, a low cost power management system was designed using WSN and displayed using web server. This system is easy to design and consume less power than another power monitoring systems, and because of its ability to show data in real time that make it more efficient.

VI. REFERENCES

[1] Rekha B.Omase, Kiran V.Palase, Trupti R.Mengane, Lalita B.Taware "Wireless Sensor Network based power management system in building" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Ashta Maharashtra, INDIA, Volume: 04 Issue: 04, |April -2017. [2] Nagender Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay "Smart Power Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Networks" Sixth International Conference on Sensing Technology- 2012.

[3] Dr. Subhi R. M. Zeebaree, Hajar M. Yasin "Arduino Based Remote Controlling for Home: Power Saving, Security and Protection" International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 5, Issue 8, August-2014.

[4] R. Ramya, R.Poomurugan "Energy Management System Based On Wireless Sensor Networks in Intelligent Buildings" International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 02, Issue 12, December- 2015. [5] Ms. Rubana P. Shaikh, Dr. R. R. Dube " Smart Power Management System using Wireless Sensor Network" International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 5, May -2016. [6] Rekha B.Omase, Kiran V.Palase,Trupti R.Mengane, Lalita B.Taware " Wireless Sensor Network based power management system in building" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 04 ,Apr -2017.

[7] Pallavi Ravindra Joshi, Prof. M S khan "IOT Based Smart Power Management System Using WSN" International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 04 Issue: 06, June -2017.

[8] Pallavi Joshi, Prof. Sarita Varma, Prof M S Khan, Prof Mrunmayi Joshi " WSN Based Smart Power Monitoring And Controlling System for Home Automation" International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol.5, Issue 12, December -2018.

[11] N. Tamkittikhun, T. Tantidham, and P. Intakot, “AC power meter design based on Arduino: Multichannel single-phase approach” International Computer Scince Engneering Confurence Hybrid Cloud Compute (ICSEC), 2016.

[12] N. Y. Dahlan., “Development of web-based real-time energy monitoring system for Campus University,” J. Telecommuniction Electronics Computer Engeneering, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 157–164, 2016.

[13] Zlatanov, Nikola, “Arduino and Open Source Computer Hardware and Software” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume No. 4, 2017.

[14]Http://Www.Microchip.Ua/Wireless/Esp32 .Pdf.

[15]http://www.combinatorialdesign.com/boards/Raspberry _Pi.

[16] S. N. Sivanandam, S. Sumathi, and S. N. Deepa, "Introduction to fuzzy logic". 2007.