Institutional issues and perspectives in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in southeast Asia

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Institutional Issues and Perspectives

in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal

Resources in Southeast Asia

Edited by

Magnus T

Magnus Tor

or

orell

or

ell

Albert M Salamanca

2001

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Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Southeast Asia Edited by Magnus Torell Albert M Salamanca 2002

Published by ICLARM – The World Fish Center, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), S-105 25 (Office: Sveavagen 20, Stockholm), Stockholm, Sweden.

Torell, M. and A.M. Salamanca, Editors. 1997. Institutional Issues and Perspectives in the Management of Fisheries and Coastal Resources in Southeast Asia. ICLARM Technical Report 60, 212p.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia. Cataloguing in Publication Data

Institutional issues and perspectives in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in Southeast Asia/ editors Magnus Torell, Albert M. Salamanca.

ISBN 983-2346-07-X

1. Fisheries—management – Asia Southeastern. 2. Marine resources—Asia, Southeastern. I. Torell, Magnus.

II. Salamanca, Albert M. 639.20959

Managing editors: Sandra Child, Peter R Gardiner and Janet-Maychin Copyeditors: Terrence Clayton and Albert M Salamanca

Indexer: Barry Howarth

Layout and design: Catherine Tan Lee Mei Cover concept: Albert M Salamanca

Cover design: Sam Studio Graphics and Catherine Tan Lee Mei Cover: Diverse uses of the coastal zone.

ISBN 983-2346-07-X

ICLARM –The World Fish Center Contribution No. 1654 Printed by Sun Printers Sdn Bhd, Malaysia

ICLARM-The World Fish Center is one of the 16 international research centers of the Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research (CGIAR) that has initiated the public awareness campaign, Future Harvest.

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iii

Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangr Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangr Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangr Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangr Local Initiatives to Combat the Degradation of Mangroves and Other Coastal Roves and Other Coastal Roves and Other Coastal Roves and Other Coastal Roves and Other Coastal Resouresouresouresouresourcescescescesces

... ...

27

IIIIINSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONAL A A A A ARRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTS

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

28

Line Ministries Line Ministries Line Ministries Line Ministries Line Ministries

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

29 Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Agricultury of Agricultury of Agricultury of Agricultury of Agriculture, Fe, Fe, Fe, Fe, Fororororestrorestry and Festrestrestry and Fy and Fy and Fisheriesy and Fisheriesisheriesisheriesisheries

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

29

Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Industry of Industry of Industry of Industry of Industryyyyy, Mines and Ener, Mines and Ener, Mines and Ener, Mines and Ener, Mines and Energygygygygy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

29

Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Ty of Ty of Ty of Ty of Tourismourismourismourismourism

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30

Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Py of Py of Py of Py of Public Wublic Wublic Wublic Wublic Works and Torks and Transportorks and Torks and Torks and Transportransportransportransport

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30

Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Ry of Ry of Ry of Ry of Rural Developmentural Developmentural Developmentural Developmentural Development

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30

Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministr Ministry of Enviry of Enviry of Enviry of Enviry of Environmentonmentonmentonmentonment

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

30

P PP P Prrrrrovincial Aovincial Aovincial Aovincial Authoritiesovincial Authoritiesuthoritiesuthoritiesuthorities

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

31

Committees Committees Committees Committees Committees

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

33

National Committee for Land Management, Urbanization and Construction

... ... ... ... ...

33

National Coastal Steering Committee

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

33

Coastal Coordinating Unit

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

36

Other Committees and NGOs

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

36

National P National P National P National P National Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

36

FFFFFisheries Pisheries Pisheries Pisheries Pisheries Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

37

Industrial Sector P Industrial Sector P Industrial Sector P Industrial Sector P Industrial Sector Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

37

T T T T Tourism Pourism Pourism Pourism Pourism Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

37

P PP P Policy of the Ministrolicy of the Ministrolicy of the Ministrolicy of the Ministry of Policy of the Ministry of Py of Py of Py of Public Wublic Wublic Wublic Wublic Works and Torks and Torks and Torks and Transportorks and Transportransportransportransport

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

37

Envir Envir Envir Envir Environmental Ponmental Ponmental Ponmental Ponmental Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

38

N N N N NAATIONALAAATIONALTIONALTIONALTIONAL P P P P PLLLLLANNINGANNINGANNINGANNINGANNING

...

38

F FF FFisheries Planisheries Planisheries Planisheries Planisheries Plan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

38

Industrial Strategy and Planning Industrial Strategy and Planning Industrial Strategy and Planning Industrial Strategy and Planning Industrial Strategy and Planning

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

38

T T T T Tourism Zoning Strategyourism Zoning Strategyourism Zoning Strategyourism Zoning Strategyourism Zoning Strategy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

National Envir National Envir National Envir National Envir National Environmental Action Planonmental Action Planonmental Action Planonmental Action Planonmental Action Plan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

National W National W National W National W National Wetland Action Planetland Action Planetland Action Planetland Action Planetland Action Plan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

Conservation Plan Conservation Plan Conservation Plan Conservation Plan Conservation Plan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

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v L

LL L

LEGALEGALEGALEGALEGAL F F F F FRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORK

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

Legislative Hierar Legislative Hierar Legislative Hierar Legislative Hierar Legislative Hierarchychychychychy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39

The Constitution The Constitution The Constitution The Constitution The Constitution

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

39 L LL LLaw (Chbab)aw (Chbab)aw (Chbab)aw (Chbab)aw (Chbab)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Kram Kram Kram Kram Kram

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40 R R R R Royal Decroyal Decroyal Decroyal Decree (Reach Kroyal Decree (Reach Kree (Reach Kree (Reach Kree (Reach Kret)et)et)et)et)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Decr Decr Decr Decr Decree (Kree (Kree (Kree (Kret)ee (Kret)et)et)et)

...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Sub-Decr Sub-Decr Sub-Decr Sub-Decr Sub-Decree (Anu-Kree (Anu-Kree (Anu-Kree (Anu-Kree (Anu-Kret)et)et)et)et)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Declaration (Ministerial P Declaration (Ministerial P Declaration (Ministerial P Declaration (Ministerial P Declaration (Ministerial Prakas)rakas)rakas)rakas)rakas)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Decision (Sechkdei Samr Decision (Sechkdei Samr Decision (Sechkdei Samr Decision (Sechkdei Samr Decision (Sechkdei Samrech)ech)ech)ech)ech)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Cir Cir Cir Cir Circular (Sarachor)cular (Sarachor)cular (Sarachor)cular (Sarachor)cular (Sarachor)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Ar Ar Ar Ar Arete (Pete (Pete (Pete (Pete (Prrrrrovincial Deka)ovincial Deka)ovincial Deka)ovincial Deka)ovincial Deka)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

Customar Customar Customar Customar Customary Ly Ly Ly Lawy Lawawawaw

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40 T T T T Trrrrreaties and Conventionseaties and Conventionseaties and Conventionseaties and Conventionseaties and Conventions

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

40

National Legal F National Legal F National Legal F National Legal F National Legal Frameworkrameworkrameworkrameworkramework

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

Historical P Historical P Historical P Historical P Historical Prrrrrofile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional Systemofile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional Systemofile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional Systemofile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional Systemofile of the Cambodian Legal and Institutional System

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

L LL LLand Land Land Land Lawand Lawawawaw

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

L LL LLaw on Law on Law on Law on Land Management, Urbanization and Constructionaw on Land Management, Urbanization and Constructionand Management, Urbanization and Constructionand Management, Urbanization and Constructionand Management, Urbanization and Construction

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

L LL LLaw on Investmentaw on Investmentaw on Investmentaw on Investmentaw on Investment

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

41

L LL LLabor Labor Labor Labor Lawabor Lawawawaw

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

42

FFFFFisheries Lisheries Lisheries Lisheries Lisheries Lawawawawaw

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

42

FFFFForororororestrestrestrestrestry Ly Ly Ly Ly Lawawawawaw

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Industrial L Industrial L Industrial L Industrial L Industrial Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Law on Mineral Exploitation and Mining

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Sub-Decree on Industrial and Handicraft Management and Monitoring

... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Draft Industrial Zone Act

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

T T T T Transport Lransport Lransport Lransport Lransport Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Sub-Decree on Private Transport Services

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

43

Declaration on the Management of Vehicles and Inland Waterways Transport

... ... ... ...

43

Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks, Especially Logging Trucks

... ... ... ... ... ...

44

Declaration on Ship Construction

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

44

Declaration on Issuing Business Licenses for Tourist Boats

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

44

Sub-Decree on River Navigation

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

44

Draft Declaration with Respect to the Act of Registration of Merchant Ships

... ... ... ... ...

44

Declaration No. 018 on Overloaded Ferries, Riverboats and Sea-going Vessels

... ... ... ...

45

T T T T Tourism Lourism Lourism Lourism Lourism Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

45

Royal Decree on the Establishment of the Ministry of Tourism

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

45

Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the Ministry of Tourism

... ... ... ... ...

45

Envir Envir Envir Envir Environmental Lonmental Lonmental Lonmental Lonmental Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

46

Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management

... ... ... ... ... ...

46

Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the Ministry of Environment

.

46

Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected Areas

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

46

Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

46

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vi International and Regional Arrangements International and Regional Arrangements International and Regional Arrangements International and Regional Arrangements

International and Regional Arrangements

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

47

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

47

UNEP UNEP UNEP UNEP

UNEP-Coor-Coor-Coor-Coor-Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asiadinating Body on the Seas of East Asiadinating Body on the Seas of East Asiadinating Body on the Seas of East Asiadinating Body on the Seas of East Asia

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

48

Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

49

Convention on International T Convention on International T Convention on International T Convention on International T

Convention on International Trade in Endangerrade in Endangerrade in Endangerrade in Endangeredrade in Endangeredededed Species of W

Species of W Species of W Species of W

Species of Wild Flora and Fild Flora and Fild Flora and Fild Flora and Fild Flora and Fauna (CITES)auna (CITES)auna (CITES)auna (CITES)auna (CITES)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

49

MARPOL Conventions MARPOL Conventions MARPOL Conventions MARPOL Conventions MARPOL Conventions

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

49 Convention on W Convention on W Convention on W Convention on W

Convention on Wetlands (Retlands (Retlands (Retlands (Retlands (Ramsaramsaramsaramsar, Iran, 1971)amsar, Iran, 1971), Iran, 1971), Iran, 1971), Iran, 1971)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

50

Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention on Biological Diversity

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

50

UN F UN F UN F UN F

UN Framework Convention on Climate Changeramework Convention on Climate Changeramework Convention on Climate Changeramework Convention on Climate Changeramework Convention on Climate Change

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

50

P PP

PPOLICOLICOLICOLICYOLICYYYY, L, L, L, L, LEGALEGALEGALEGALEGAL ANDANDANDANDAND O O O O ORGANIZARGANIZARGANIZATIONALRGANIZARGANIZATIONALTIONALTIONALTIONAL C C C C CONSTRAINSTSONSTRAINSTSONSTRAINSTSONSTRAINSTSONSTRAINSTS

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

51

P PP

PPolicy Constraintsolicy Constraintsolicy Constraintsolicy Constraintsolicy Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

51

Legal Constraints Legal Constraints Legal Constraints Legal Constraints Legal Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

51 Or Or Or Or

Organizational Constraintsganizational Constraintsganizational Constraintsganizational Constraintsganizational Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

52

Human Resour Human Resour Human Resour Human Resour

Human Resources Constraintsces Constraintsces Constraintsces Constraintsces Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

52

L LL

LLaw Enforaw Enforaw Enforaw Enforcement Constraintsaw Enforcement Constraintscement Constraintscement Constraintscement Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

52

Management System Constraints Management System Constraints Management System Constraints Management System Constraints

Management System Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

52

FFFFFinancial Constraintsinancial Constraintsinancial Constraintsinancial Constraintsinancial Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

53

R R R R

RECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONS

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

53

Strategy 1: P Strategy 1: P Strategy 1: P Strategy 1: P

Strategy 1: Prrrrromote economic gromote economic gromote economic gromote economic growth in the coastal zoneomote economic growth in the coastal zoneowth in the coastal zoneowth in the coastal zoneowth in the coastal zone

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

54

Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructur Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructur Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructur Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructur

Strategy 2: Enhance administrative infrastructure and develop human re and develop human re and develop human re and develop human re and develop human resouresouresouresouresourcescescescesces

... ... ... ...

54

Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management

Strategy 3: Develop laws on coastal zone management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

54

Strategy 4: Str Strategy 4: Str Strategy 4: Str Strategy 4: Str

Strategy 4: Strengthen law enforengthen law enforengthen law enforengthen law enforengthen law enforcementcementcementcementcement

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

54

Strategy 5: P Strategy 5: P Strategy 5: P Strategy 5: P

Strategy 5: Prrrrrotect coastal rotect coastal rotect coastal rotect coastal rotect coastal resouresouresouresouresourcescescescesces

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55

Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal r Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal r Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal r Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal r

Strategy 6: Empower local communities to manage coastal resouresouresouresouresourcescescescesces

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

55

A A A A

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTCKNOWLEDGEMENTCKNOWLEDGEMENTCKNOWLEDGEMENTCKNOWLEDGEMENT

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

56

R R R R

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

56

A A A A

APPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIXPPENDIX

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

57

Coastal R

Coastal Resour

esour

esources Management in Indonesia: Legal and Institutional Aspects

esour

ces Management in Indonesia: Legal and Institutional Aspects

... ... ...

60 by Tommy H Purwaka and Sunoto

A A A A

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

60

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

61

Critical Issues Critical Issues Critical Issues Critical Issues Critical Issues

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

61 Scope and Ar Scope and Ar Scope and Ar Scope and Ar

Scope and Area of Studyea of Studyea of Studyea of Studyea of Study

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

63

M M M M

METHODOLOGYETHODOLOGYETHODOLOGYETHODOLOGYETHODOLOGY

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

63

C C C C

CHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS OFOFOFOFOF M M M M MARINEARINEARINEARINEARINE R R R R RESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCES

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

64

Mangroves Mangroves Mangroves Mangroves Mangroves

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

64 Coral R Coral R Coral R Coral R

Coral Reefseefseefseefseefs

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

64

Seaweeds and Seagrasses Seaweeds and Seagrasses Seaweeds and Seagrasses Seaweeds and Seagrasses

Seaweeds and Seagrasses

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

64

F FF

FFisheriesisheriesisheriesisheriesisheries

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

64

Marine T Marine T Marine T Marine T

Marine Transportationransportationransportationransportationransportation

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

65

Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

65 P PP

PPAATAAATTTTERNSTTERNSTERNSTERNSTERNS OFOFOFOFOF R R R R RESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCE M M M M MANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

65

F FF

FFishery Rishery Rishery Rishery Rishery Resouresouresouresouresource Managementce Managementce Managementce Managementce Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

65

Estimates of F Estimates of F Estimates of F Estimates of F

Estimates of Fishery Rishery Rishery Rishery Rishery Resouresouresouresouresources, Fces, Fish Tces, Fces, Fces, Fish Tish Tish Tish Types and Their Distributionypes and Their Distributionypes and Their Distributionypes and Their Distributionypes and Their Distribution

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

66

Allocation of F Allocation of F Allocation of F Allocation of F

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vii P

PP

PPrrrrreparation of Reparation of Reparation of Reparation of Resoureparation of Resouresouresouresource Allocation Plansce Allocation Plansce Allocation Plansce Allocation Plansce Allocation Plans

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

66

Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Andon Andon Andon Andon Andon and Migrating Fishersand Migrating Fand Migrating Fand Migrating Fand Migrating Fishersishersishersishers

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

66

Agr Agr Agr Agr Agreements on Feements on Feements on Feements on Feements on Fish Aggrish Aggrish Aggrish Aggrish Aggregating Devices egating Devices egating Devices egating Devices egating Devices (rumpon)(rumpon)(rumpon)(rumpon)(rumpon)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

66

Agr Agr Agr Agr Agreements on Conservation Areements on Conservation Areements on Conservation Areements on Conservation Areements on Conservation Areaseaseaseaseas

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

67

P PP PPrrrrrotecting Fotecting Fotecting Fisheries Rotecting Fotecting Fisheries Risheries Risheries Resourisheries Resourcesesouresouresourcescescesces

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

67

R R R R Resouresouresouresouresource Accessce Accessce Accessce Accessce Access

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

67

Management Constraints Management Constraints Management Constraints Management Constraints Management Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

67 C C C C CASEASEASEASEASE S S S S STUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIES

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

68

Sulamu V Sulamu V Sulamu V Sulamu V Sulamu Village, Killage, Killage, Killage, Killage, Kupang Bayupang Bayupang Bayupang Bayupang Bay

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

68

Natural Resour Natural Resour Natural Resour Natural Resour Natural Resourcescescescesces

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

68

Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects Social Aspects

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

68 Management P Management P Management P Management P Management Patternsatternsatternsatternsatterns

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

69

Resource Access

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

69 Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

70 Opportunities

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

71 Ameth V Ameth V Ameth V Ameth V Ameth Village (Nusa Laut, Lease Islands)illage (Nusa Laut, Lease Islands)illage (Nusa Laut, Lease Islands)illage (Nusa Laut, Lease Islands)illage (Nusa Laut, Lease Islands)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

71

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

72

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

73

Resource Access

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

73 Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

73 Opportunities

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

74 K K K K Kampung Laut, Segara Anakanampung Laut, Segara Anakanampung Laut, Segara Anakanampung Laut, Segara Anakanampung Laut, Segara Anakan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

74

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

75

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

76

Resource Access

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

76 Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

76 Opportunities

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

77 L LL L LEGALEGALEGALEGALEGAL ANDANDANDANDAND I I I I INSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONALNSTITUTIONAL A A A A ARRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTSRRANGEMENTS

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

77

Legal Aspects Legal Aspects Legal Aspects Legal Aspects Legal Aspects

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

77 The W The W The W The W The Written Lritten Lritten Lritten Lritten Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

77

The Unwritten L The Unwritten L The Unwritten L The Unwritten L The Unwritten Lawsawsawsawsaws

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

80

Institutional Aspects Institutional Aspects Institutional Aspects Institutional Aspects Institutional Aspects

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

82

Institutional Arrangements at the National Level Institutional Arrangements at the National Level Institutional Arrangements at the National Level Institutional Arrangements at the National Level Institutional Arrangements at the National Level

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

82

Fisheries

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

82

Mangroves

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

82

Coral Reefs

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

84

Institutional Arrangements at the Regional Level Institutional Arrangements at the Regional Level Institutional Arrangements at the Regional Level Institutional Arrangements at the Regional Level Institutional Arrangements at the Regional Level

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

85

Institutional Arrangements at the V Institutional Arrangements at the V Institutional Arrangements at the V Institutional Arrangements at the V Institutional Arrangements at the Village Levelillage Levelillage Levelillage Levelillage Level

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

85

A A A A ASSESSMENTSSESSMENTSSESSMENTSSESSMENTSSESSMENT OFOFOFOFOF M M M M MARINEARINEARINEARINEARINE R R R R RESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCES M M M M MANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

86

P PP PPatternsatternsatternsatternsatterns

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

86

Planning and Or Planning and Or Planning and Or Planning and Or Planning and Organizingganizingganizingganizingganizing

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

88

Actuating Actuating Actuating Actuating Actuating

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

88 Controlling Controlling Controlling Controlling Controlling

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

88 Integrating Efforts Integrating Efforts Integrating Efforts Integrating Efforts Integrating Efforts

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89 C C C C CONCLONCLONCLONCLONCLUSIONUSIONUSIONUSIONUSION

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89

(8)

viii

Integrated Coastal and Marine Resources Management Integrated Coastal and Marine Resources Management Integrated Coastal and Marine Resources Management Integrated Coastal and Marine Resources Management

Integrated Coastal and Marine Resources Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89

Establishing Integrated P Establishing Integrated P Establishing Integrated P Establishing Integrated P

Establishing Integrated Policyolicyolicyolicyolicy

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89

Decentralization Decentralization Decentralization Decentralization Decentralization

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89 Impr Impr Impr Impr

Improving Management Systemsoving Management Systemsoving Management Systemsoving Management Systemsoving Management Systems

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

89

Empowering Local Communities Empowering Local Communities Empowering Local Communities Empowering Local Communities

Empowering Local Communities

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

90

R R R R

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

90

Community

Community---Based Appr

Based Appr

Based Approaches to Marine and Coastal R

Based Appr

oaches to Marine and Coastal R

oaches to Marine and Coastal Resour

oaches to Marine and Coastal R

esour

esources Management in the

esour

ces Management in the

Philippines: A P

Philippines: A Policy P

olicy P

olicy Perspective

olicy P

erspective

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

91 by Antonio G.M. La Viña

A A A A

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

91

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

91

M M M M

METHODOLOGETHODOLOGETHODOLOGETHODOLOGETHODOLOGYYYYY

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

92

U U U U

USESSESSESSESSES OFOFOFOFOF C C C C COAOASTOAOAOASTSTSTALSTALALALAL R R R R RESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCESESOURCES

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

92

F FF

FFishing and Aquaculturishing and Aquaculturishing and Aquaculturishing and Aquaculturishing and Aquacultureeeee

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

92

Agricultur Agricultur Agricultur Agricultur

Agriculture and Fe and Fe and Fe and Fe and Fororororestryorestryestryestryestry

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

93

Mining Mining Mining Mining Mining

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

94 P PP

PPrrrrrotected Arotected Arotected Arotected Areasotected Areaseaseaseas

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

94

T T T T

Tourismourismourismourismourism

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

94

Shipping and P Shipping and P Shipping and P Shipping and P

Shipping and Ports Developmentorts Developmentorts Developmentorts Developmentorts Development

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

94

Industry Industry Industry Industry Industry

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

95 Urban Development Urban Development Urban Development Urban Development Urban Development

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

95 W W W W

Waste Disposalaste Disposalaste Disposalaste Disposalaste Disposal

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

95

M M M M

MANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT I I I I ISSSSSSUESSUESSUESSUESSUES INININININ THETHETHETHETHE C C C C COAOAOAOAOASTSTSTSTSTALALALALAL Z Z Z Z ZONEONEONEONEONE

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

95

O O O O

OVERVIEWVERVIEWVERVIEWVERVIEWVERVIEW OFOFOFOFOF THETHETHETHETHE L L L L LEGALEGALEGALEGALEGAL ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P POLICYOLICYOLICYOLICYOLICY F F F F FRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORKRAMEWORK

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

97

Historical P Historical P Historical P Historical P

Historical Perspectiveerspectiveerspectiveerspectiveerspective

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

97

F FF

FFisheries and Coastal Risheries and Coastal Risheries and Coastal Risheries and Coastal Resourisheries and Coastal Resouresouresouresources Managementces Managementces Managementces Managementces Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

98

Management of the Coastal Environment Management of the Coastal Environment Management of the Coastal Environment Management of the Coastal Environment

Management of the Coastal Environment

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

99

Environmental Impact Assessment System Environmental Impact Assessment System Environmental Impact Assessment System Environmental Impact Assessment System

Environmental Impact Assessment System

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

100

P PP P

Pollution Controllution Controllution Controllution Controllution Contrololololol

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

100

Institutional Arrangements Institutional Arrangements Institutional Arrangements Institutional Arrangements

Institutional Arrangements

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

101

Assessment of Agencies Involved in Coastal Management Assessment of Agencies Involved in Coastal Management Assessment of Agencies Involved in Coastal Management Assessment of Agencies Involved in Coastal Management

Assessment of Agencies Involved in Coastal Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

101

Devolution to Local Governments Devolution to Local Governments Devolution to Local Governments Devolution to Local Governments

Devolution to Local Governments

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

104

Institutional Integration Institutional Integration Institutional Integration Institutional Integration Institutional Integration

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

104 P PP P

Public Public Public Public Public Participationarticipationarticipationarticipationarticipation

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

105

Summary Summary Summary Summary Summary

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

106 C C C C

COMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITY---BBBBBAAAAASEDSEDSEDSEDSED R R R R RESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCE M M M M MANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT: F: F: F: F: FOUROUROUROUROUR C C C C CAAAAASESESESESE S S S S STUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIES

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

106

Historical P Historical P Historical P Historical P

Historical Perspectiveerspectiveerspectiveerspectiveerspective

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

106

Rationale for Community-based Resource Management Rationale for Community-based Resource Management Rationale for Community-based Resource Management Rationale for Community-based Resource Management

Rationale for Community-based Resource Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

106

Cor Cor Cor Cor

Coron Island, Pon Island, Pon Island, Pon Island, Pon Island, Palawanalawanalawanalawanalawan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

107

Environmental Profile Environmental Profile Environmental Profile Environmental Profile

Environmental Profile

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

107

Indigenous Use and Management of the Coastal and A Indigenous Use and Management of the Coastal and A Indigenous Use and Management of the Coastal and A Indigenous Use and Management of the Coastal and A

Indigenous Use and Management of the Coastal and Aquatic/Fquatic/Fquatic/Fquatic/Fquatic/Fisherisherisherishery Resourishery Resourcesy Resoury Resoury Resourcescescesces

... ...

108

Issues in Resource Use and Management Issues in Resource Use and Management Issues in Resource Use and Management Issues in Resource Use and Management

Issues in Resource Use and Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

111

Managing Conflicts and Decision-Making Processes Managing Conflicts and Decision-Making Processes Managing Conflicts and Decision-Making Processes Managing Conflicts and Decision-Making Processes

Managing Conflicts and Decision-Making Processes

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

112

The Interface Between the National Legal System and the Management System of the The Interface Between the National Legal System and the Management System of the The Interface Between the National Legal System and the Management System of the The Interface Between the National Legal System and the Management System of the The Interface Between the National Legal System and the Management System of the T

T T T

(9)

ix Apo Island, Negros Oriental

Apo Island, Negros Oriental Apo Island, Negros Oriental Apo Island, Negros Oriental

Apo Island, Negros Oriental

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

113

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

113

Resource Status and Demographics Resource Status and Demographics Resource Status and Demographics Resource Status and Demographics

Resource Status and Demographics

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

114

Resource Use Resource Use Resource Use Resource Use

Resource Use

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

115

Community-Based Resource Management Community-Based Resource Management Community-Based Resource Management Community-Based Resource Management

Community-Based Resource Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

115

The Legal F The Legal F The Legal F The Legal F

The Legal Frameworkrameworkrameworkrameworkramework

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

116

Management Issues and Constraints Management Issues and Constraints Management Issues and Constraints Management Issues and Constraints

Management Issues and Constraints

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

117

Bolinao, P Bolinao, P Bolinao, P Bolinao, P

Bolinao, Pangasinanangasinanangasinanangasinanangasinan

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

119

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

119

The Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project The Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project The Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project The Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project

The Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project

... ... ... ...

121

FFFFFormation of Community Orormation of Community Orormation of Community Orormation of Community Organizationsormation of Community Organizationsganizationsganizationsganizations

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

121

The Bolinao Municipal Coastal Development Plan (MCDP): F The Bolinao Municipal Coastal Development Plan (MCDP): F The Bolinao Municipal Coastal Development Plan (MCDP): F The Bolinao Municipal Coastal Development Plan (MCDP): F

The Bolinao Municipal Coastal Development Plan (MCDP): Frrrrrom CB-CRM to ICMom CB-CRM to ICMom CB-CRM to ICMom CB-CRM to ICMom CB-CRM to ICM

...

123

Local Management Arrangements in Bolinao Local Management Arrangements in Bolinao Local Management Arrangements in Bolinao Local Management Arrangements in Bolinao

Local Management Arrangements in Bolinao

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

124

The Bolinao Coastal Development Plan: Str The Bolinao Coastal Development Plan: Str The Bolinao Coastal Development Plan: Str The Bolinao Coastal Development Plan: Str

The Bolinao Coastal Development Plan: Strengths and Opportunitiesengths and Opportunitiesengths and Opportunitiesengths and Opportunitiesengths and Opportunities

... ... ... ... ...

125

Batangas Bay Batangas Bay Batangas Bay Batangas Bay

Batangas Bay, Batangas, Batangas, Batangas, Batangas, Batangas

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

126

Environmental Profile Environmental Profile Environmental Profile Environmental Profile Environmental Profile

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

126 Legal and P Legal and P Legal and P Legal and P

Legal and Policy Folicy Folicy Folicy Folicy Frameworkrameworkrameworkrameworkramework

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

127

The Integrated Coastal Management F The Integrated Coastal Management F The Integrated Coastal Management F The Integrated Coastal Management F

The Integrated Coastal Management Frameworkrameworkrameworkrameworkramework

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

128

“Community-Based” Management “Community-Based” Management “Community-Based” Management “Community-Based” Management

“Community-Based” Management

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

129

Summary of Lessons Learned Summary of Lessons Learned Summary of Lessons Learned Summary of Lessons Learned

Summary of Lessons Learned

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

129

R R R R

ROLEOLEOLEOLEOLE OFOFOFOFOF I I I I INTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL ANDANDANDANDAND R R R R REGIONALEGIONALEGIONALEGIONALEGIONAL A A A A AGREEMENTSGREEMENTSGREEMENTSGREEMENTSGREEMENTS

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

130

The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

The Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

130

The UN Law of the Sea Convention The UN Law of the Sea Convention The UN Law of the Sea Convention The UN Law of the Sea Convention

The UN Law of the Sea Convention

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

131

IMO Conventions IMO Conventions IMO Conventions IMO Conventions

IMO Conventions

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

133

The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity The Convention on Biological Diversity

The Convention on Biological Diversity

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

133

Other Agreements Other Agreements Other Agreements Other Agreements Other Agreements

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

133 Regional Agreements Regional Agreements Regional Agreements Regional Agreements Regional Agreements

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

134 Summary Summary Summary Summary Summary

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

137

IIIIINTEGRANTEGRATINGNTEGRANTEGRANTEGRATINGTINGTINGTING C C C C COMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITYOMMUNITY---BBBBBAAAAASEDSEDSEDSEDSED R R R R RESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCEESOURCE M M M M MANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENTANAGEMENT: : : : : THETHETHETHETHE S S S S STTTTATATEAAATETETETE OFOFOFOFOF P P P P PLLLLLAAYAAAYYYY INININININ THETHETHETHETHE P P P P PHILIPPINESHILIPPINESHILIPPINESHILIPPINESHILIPPINES

...

137

C C C C

CONCLONCLONCLONCLONCLUSIONUSIONUSIONUSIONUSION

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

139

A A A A

ACKNOWLEDGMENTCKNOWLEDGMENTCKNOWLEDGMENTCKNOWLEDGMENTCKNOWLEDGMENT

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

140

R R R R

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

141

Institutional and P

Institutional and Policy P

olicy P

olicy Perspectives in the Management of F

erspectives in the Management of F

erspectives in the Management of Fisheries and

isheries and

Coastal

Coastal R

R

Resour

esour

esources in Thailand

esour

ces in Thailand

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

143 by Ayut Nissapa, Awae Masae, Somsak Boromthanarat and Vichot Jungrungrot

A A A A

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

143

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

143

Methodology Methodology Methodology Methodology

Methodology

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

144

A Supply and Demand P A Supply and Demand P A Supply and Demand P A Supply and Demand P

A Supply and Demand Paradigmaradigmaradigmaradigmaradigm

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

144

The Thai P The Thai P The Thai P The Thai P

The Thai Political Economy Systemolitical Economy Systemolitical Economy Systemolitical Economy Systemolitical Economy System

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

145

A Matrix Approach A Matrix Approach A Matrix Approach A Matrix Approach A Matrix Approach

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

145 Logical F Logical F Logical F Logical F

Logical Framework Apprramework Apprramework Apprramework Apprramework Approach (LFoach (LFoach (LFoach (LFoach (LFA)A)A)A)A)

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

145

Data Collection Data Collection Data Collection Data Collection Data Collection

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

146 Interviews Interviews Interviews Interviews Interviews

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

146

Institutional issues and perspectives in the management of fisheries and coastal resources in southeast Asia