Resources Systems Management

YEN

Resources

Systems

Management

Tools

✓ Decision support systems

✓ Optimization methods

✓ Optim al control methods

✓ Risk methods

WATER RESOURCES

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

WATER RESOURCES

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

TOOLS

Larry W. Mays, Ph.D., P.E., P.H.

Department o f Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University

Tempe, Arizona

G IF T O F

s a b r e

f o u n d a t io n

u s a

NOT FOR RESALE!

DAI H O C THAI NGUYEN

TRUNG TAM HOC LIEU

McGraw-Hill

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CONTENTS

C o n trib u to rs vii Preface ix

C ha p te r 1. S yste m s Analysis Larry W. Mays and Yeou-Koung Tung 1.1

1.1 Systems Concept / 1.1

1.2 Linear Programming (LP) / 1.3

1.3 Nonlinear Programming (NLP) / 1.8

1.4 Dynamic Programming (DP) / 1.15

1.5 Optimal Control / 1.23

1.6 Interfacing Optimizers with Process Simulators / 1.26

1.7 Multiobjective Programming / 1.27

1.8 Global Optimization Techniques / 1.32

1.9 Selected Applications in Water Resources / 1.37

References / 1.42

Chapter 2. Uncertainty and Reliability Analysis Yeou-Koung Tung 2.1

2.1 Introduction / 2.1

2.2 Review o f Pertinent Probability and Statistical Theories / 2.3

2.3 Methods for Uncertainty Analysis / 2.13

2.4 Load Resistance Interference Reliability Analysis / 2.23

2.5 Reliability Analysis: Time-to-Failure Analysis / 2.3J 2.6 Monte Carlo Simulation / 2 J S

2.7 System Reliability / 2.45

2.8 Risk-Based Design o f Water Resources Systems / 2.50 References / 2.57

Chapter 3. Regional Water Supply Planning and Capacity Expansion Models

Messele Z. Ejeta and Larry W. Mays 3.1

3.1 Introduction / 3.1

3.2 Model Formulations / 3.2

3.3 Applications to the Rio Grande Project and the City o f El Paso Water Supply / 3.10

3.4 Model Results / 3.2S References / 3.34

Chapter 4. River-Reservoir System Operation for Sediment Control

John W. Nicklow 4.1

4 . 1 Problem Statement / 4.1

Vi CONTENTS

4.3 Solution Techniques / 4.5

4.4 Example Applications / 4.8

Appendix 4 .A: SALQR Algorithm / 4.13

Appendix 4.B: Genetic Algorithm / 4.17

References / 4.18

Chapter 5. Water Distribution System Operation: Application of Simulated Annealing Fred E. Goldman and Larry W. Mays

5.1 Introduction / 5.1

5.2 General Problem Statement / 5.2

5.3 Solution M ethodology / 5.3

5.4 Development o f Software / 5.7

5.5 Applications / 5.8

5.6 Summary and Conclusions / 5.14

References / 5.15

Chapter 6. Optimal Feedback Control of Irrigation Water Delivery System s

B. T. Wahlin 6.1

6.1 Introduction / 6.1

6.2 Irrigation Water Delivery Systems / 6.2

6.3 Control o f Irrigation Water Delivery Systems / 6.3

6.4 Basic Control Definitions / 6.8

6.5 Types o f Automatic Control / 6.10

6.6 Integrator-Delay Model (Process M odel) / 6.13

6.7 Fundamentals o f Automatic Control System s / 6.17

6.8 Optimal Feedback Control O f Irrigation Water Delivery System s / 6.24

6.9 Overall Control Schemes for Irrigation Water Delivery System s / 6.35

References / 6.36

Chapter 7. Optimal Location of Isolation Valves in W ater Distribution Systems: A Reliability/Optimization Approach Sukru Ozger and Larry W. Mays 7.1

7.1 Introduction / 7.1

7.2 Demand-Driven Analysis versus Pressure-Driven Analysis / 7.3

7.3 Semi-Pressure-Driven Analysis (SPDA) Framework / 7.8

7.4 Reliability M odels / 7.11

7.5 Optimization Model / 7.15

7.6 Example Application o f Reliability/Optimization Model / 7.22 References / 7.25

Chapter 8. G roundw ater Remediation Design Using Simulated Annealing

Richard L. Skaggs and Larry W. Mays 8.1

8 .1 Introduction / 8.1

8.2 Enhanced Annealing / 8.3

8.3 Annealing with Directional Search / 8.6

8.4 Annealing with Memory / 8.8

8.5 Memory Components / 8.11

8.6 Overall Enhanced Annealing Algorithm / 8.12

8.7 Application o f Algorithm: N-Springs Site Description / 8.12

8.8 Summary and Conclusions / 8.22

References / 8.23

CONTRIBUTORS

Messele Z. Ejeta California Department o f Water Resources, Sacramento, California( C h a p . 3 )

Fred E. Goldman Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, Phoenix, Arizona( C h a p . 5 )

L a rry W. M ays Department O f Civil And Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona( C h a p s . 1, 3 , 5 , 7 , 8)

John W. Nicklow Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois(C h a p . 4 )

Sukru Ozger Carollo Engineers, Phoenix, Arizona( C h a p . 7 )

Richard L. Skaggs Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington(Chap. 8) Yeou-Koung TVing Department o f Civil Engineering, Hong Kong University o f Science and Tech­ nology, Kowloon, Hong Kong( C h a p s . 1, 2 )

PREFACE

This book is the third book in a series of books dealing with management tools for water. The titles of the first two books in this series are Urban Water Supply Management Tools and Urban Stormwater Management Tools, both published by McGraw-Hill in 2004. This third book, first and foremost, is intended to be a reference book for those wishing to expand their knowledge of state-of-the-art tech­ niques for the management of various types of water resources systems. This book focuses upon the use of optimization techniques, in many cases interfaced with simulation models, to operate water sys­ tems such as river-reservoir systems, water distribution systems, and irrigation canals. Also this book looks at the use of optimization techniques for remediation design of groundwater systems and the operation and capacity expansion of regional water supply systems. A second major focus is the use of uncertainty and reliability analysis for the analysis of water resources systems. This book will be of value to engineers, managers, operators, and analysts involved with the various aspects of analysis and operation of various water resource systems. Another use of this book will be as a text for graduate level courses in water resource systems analysis.

Preparation of this book has been a special treat for me because all of the authors (Drs. Messele Z. Ejeta, Fred Goldman, John Nicklow, Sukru Ozger, Richard Skaggs, Y.K. Tung, and Brian Whalin) are former Ph.D. students and close friends of mine. Each of these chapter authors has become a leading expert in the field of water resource systems. The authors were chosen, not only because they are for­ mer students of mine, but because of their proven knowledge in the specific area of their contribution. Chapters 1 and 2 are updated versions, respectively, of Chapters 6 and 7 of the Water Resources Handbook, published in 1996 by McGraw-Hill, for which I was also the Editor-in-Chief.

One of the quotes that I used in the Water Resources Handbook was by Chief Seattle, chief of the Suquamish tribe, who lived across Puget Sound from the site of the city that later arose in Seattle’s name, “Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does, to the web, he does to himself.” Humans have obviously done some fairly major changes to affect this web that will have serious consequences for the future. Among these changes on Earth are those that affect our water resources and environment. Humans have created some very interesting and challenging water resource problems that will challenge us for many decades and centuries into the future. These include the challenges that we face from global climate change, the challenges that we face for sus­ tainability, the challenges related to water supply systems security from terrorist activity, just to name a few. Hopefully the types of methodologies discussed in this book will at least fulfill some small advancement in the solution of our future water resources challenges.

During the past 28 years of my academic career as a professor, I have received help and encour­ agement from so many people that it is not possible to name them all. These people represent a wide range of universities, research institutions, government agencies, and professions around the world. To all of you I express my deepest and sincerest thanks.

Each book that I have developed has been a part o f my lifelong journey in water resources and this book certainly is no exception. I have gained more from my experiences in developing books than can ever be measured in words. To develop a book such as this one, with all the authors being former Ph.D. students has been a very special experience. All of these authors, I consider a part of my extended family, which includes all of my former Ph.D. students. They have represented a very valuable part of my life.

I must acknowledge my three children, Travis, Elyssa, and Tyler for their love and willingness to enjoy the water-related sports with me, especially at our second home in Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Probably they will never read any part of this book, but they do represent the most valuable part of my life.

PREFACE

This book has been a part of my personal journey in life to learn as much as possible about water and to use this knowledge in my teaching, research, and writing. I hope that you will be able to use this book in your own journey of learning about water. As I continue my efforts in the study and photogra­ phy of ancient water structures, especially those built by the Romans, I am placing many of my photo­ graphs on my web site (www.public.asu.edu/~lwmays/). Take a look, these may be of interest to some of you readers.

I dedicate this book to humanity and human welfare.

Larry W. Mays

Scottsdale, Arizona Pagosa Springs, Colorado