A Guide to Korean Characters

(1)

I

i

HANG&-IN-A-HURRY CHART

I

Consonants

t

I

Stressed Consonants

I

As~irated Consonants

1 I

Basic

Consanants a (two basic consonants (sgort line added to

written together) basic consonants)

I

8. ;ng (final;

no sound

as initial)

lo.

*

h

'Slightly different than basic consonant number six.

Basic consonants

k,

t, p, and ch are ~ronounced

as g, d, b,

and j, respectively, when occurring as medials. Stressed con-

sonaots are pronounced with more stress by far than their

unvoiced English counterparts,

g, d, b, s, and j. Aspirated

consonants are said with an unabashed explosion of air. Initial

"r" is pronounced akin to its Spanish counterpart.

A

HANG&-IN-A-HURRY

CHART 11

Vowels

Other Diphthongs (combinations of various vowels)

St\

wa

.

(water)

4 wae

(w_et)

~6

(w_on)

The

"0"

written with each vowel is an unvoiced consonant

which functions to indicate where an initial consonant maybe

affixed to the vowel when writing a syllable. See the inside

back cover for information on forming syllables.

-

"Y"

Diphthongs (short line added

to basic vowels )

i b .

01 ya

2b.

4 yi(

3b.

3 yo

4b.-$

YU Basic Vowels

1 .

01 a

(father)

2. 0]

6 (hut)

3.

9 o

(heme)

4. l-

(plume)

0

6

5. -

(so_o~)

*

6.

01 i

( k t )

'Pronounce without "I" Diphthongs (vowel #6 added to basic vowels)

la.

01 ae

(hat)

2a.

O))

e

(se_t)

3a.

4 oe

(w_et)

4a.

ui

(E)

5a.

5

1 iii

(we)*

(2)

A Guide to

KOREAN

CHARACTERS

Reading and

Writing

Hangiil

and

Hanja

SECOND REVISED EDITION

by

BRUCE

K. GRANT

(3)

For Audrey

Michele

Denise

Mirae

Bruce

Maynard

Monique

and Taylor

by Hollyrn International Corp. 18 Donald Place

Elizabeth, New Jersey 07208 U.S.A. Published simultaneously in Korea by Hollym Corporation; Publishers

14-5 Kwanchol-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea Phone: (02)735-7554 Fax: (02)730-5149

ISBN: 0-930878- 13-2

(4)

PREFACE

This book was designed as a guide for those who wish to

learn written Korean. It presents for the first time in English

the information necessary to read and write

hangiil,

the

Korean alphabet, and the 1,800 Chinese characters taught

in Korean schools.

A

Guide to Korean Characters

contains

simplified charts explaining

hang5l

and models showing

exactly how to write each of the 1,800 Basic Characters. Sam-

ple vocabulary words, selected on the basis of frequency of

use, are included for each character. This handbook also

functions as a character dictionary since its entries are ar-

ranged in stroke-count order and it contains both a radical

and a phonetic index.

I am very grateful to those who have helped in the prep-

aration of

A

Guide to Korean Characters.

Mr. Cho PyTing-ha

was indefatiguable, and the writing models in the text are

examples of his graceful calligraphy.

Dr.

Ch6n Y6ng-ch'd

and Mr. Yi Pang-h5n kindly read the entire manuscript and

made many useful suggestions. I am indebted to Mr. Chu

Shin-wgn, Chief Editor at Hollyrn Corporation: Publishers, for

his patient guidance. I alone, of course, am responsible for

errors.

Seoul. Korea

Bruce K. Grant

(5)

INTRODUCTION

THE

KOREAN WRITING SYSTEM

Korean is a member of the Altaic family of languages and

is very similar to Japanese.

It

has been spoken on the Korean

peninsula for more than 2,000 years but has enjoyed an in-

digenous writing system since only the fifteenth century.

Chinese exerted an early influence on Korean, and loan words

from the Chinese now comprise about sixty percent of the

Korean vocabulary.

Chinese is essentially uninflected, while Korean is poly-

synthetic. So different, in fact, are the two languages that

Chinese and English have more in common than do Chinese

and Korean. Ancient Koreans found Chinese ideographs

unsuited to phonetically represent their richly inflected lan-

guage, so they adopted written Chinese itself. Literate

Koreans wrote one language, classical Chinese, and spoke

another, Korean, until the dawn of the twentieth century, a

period in excess of 1,500 years.

In 1440, King Sejong of the Yi Dynasty set a group of

scholars to the task of inventing a means of writing the Ko-

rean language. The resulting phonetic alphabet was prom-

ulgated in 1446 but did not enjoy widespread use. Hangiil, as

it is now called, is perhaps the most scientific alphabet in

general use in the world.

In 1972, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea

directed that 1,800 Sino-Korean characters, hanja, be taught

in all middle and high schools in the nation. These are com-

monly called the Basic Characters, and each is treated in this

book.

Modern Korean is written in a mixed script in which

hanja is used for Chinese loan words and hangiil for purely

Korean items.

The Korean alphabet is so simple that its sixteen totally

(7)

INTRODUCTION

distinct letters can be learned in minutes with the aid of the

hangiil-in-a-hurry charts at the inside front cover of this book.

Use these charts to decode hangal appearing in the book

and elsewhere until it becomes entirely familiar to you. The

charts at the inside back cover illustrate how to write each

hangGI letter and how to combine the letters into sylla-

bles.

Korean consonants are pronounced much as they are in

English, though they annoyingly assume different shades of

sound when they appear as initials, medials, or finals. The five

stressed consonants are pronounced with greatest possible

stress but with no expulsion of air. For example, "tt"

(

r-c

)

is

pronounced akin to the d of don't inUDon't do that!'' The

aspirated consonants are pronounced with a heavy expulsion

of

air. The "k'

"(

3

)

is similar, for example, to the k of kill

in

ill

that rattlesnake!" Vowels are pronounced essentially

as noted on the inside front cover. Access to a native speaker

is recommended for refined pronunciation.

HISTORY

OF

CHINESE

CHARACI'ERS

1n.ancient China, pieces of bone and shell were incised with

characters and then heated. The resulting cracks among the

characters were used by oracles to foretell the future. Thou-

sands of such "oracle bones" have been unearthed. The char-

acters on them, the oldest extant, date from about

1,400

B.C.

Virtually all principles for the formation of ideographs are

evident on the oracle bones, suggesting a long period of de-

velopment prior to 1,400 B.C. After that time, characters

underwent a continuing evolution of form that ended about

2,000 years ago with the development of the "square char-

acters" still used today. The following chart traces four char-

acters through this evolution and illustrates character styles

which a modern reader is likely to encounter. Dates are very

approximate.

lNTRODUcrION

(8)

THE

SIX CATEGORIES

OF

CHINESE CHARACTERS

Characters traditionally have been classified into Six Cate-

gories according to how they were originally fabricated or how

they later accrued meaning. An understanding of these cate-

gories can bring a sense of order to the beginning reader who

is likely to be bewildered

by

a forest of seemingly unrelated

graphs. Moreover, the characteristics of the different types of

hanja

suggest varying learning strategies for their mastery.

The Sung Dynasty scholar, Ch6ng Ch'iao, apportioned 24,235

characters to the Six Categories, and his results provide an

indication of the relative size of each category. (Kwtin, page

2. See Bibliography.)

Category One: Simple Pictographs

Simple Pictographs were the first type of character

fabricated by the ancient Chinese. They picture objects, such

as tree,*. The trunk, branches and roots of a tree can be seen

even in this modern form of the character. Another Simple

Pictograph is

(sun). This stylized character was originally

round, and the line in its center represented rays of sunshine.

Only 608 of the characters classified by Cheng Ch'iao are

Simple Pictographs, but they are important because many of

them are the building blocks from which other hanja are made.

A

Simple Pictograph is easily learned by associating its

shape and meaning.

Two:

Simple Diagrams

Simple Diagrams were among the earliest characters made

and depict relationships for which no picture can readily be

drawn. Two common examples are

I:

(up) and

(down). The

diagrammatic nature of this pair is readily apparent. Simple

Diagrams are best learned by associating shape and meaning.

Ch$ng Ch'iao allotted 107 of his characters to this category.

Category Three: Simple Compounds

A

subsequent development in the history of characters, Sim-

ple Compounds are truly ideographic. They were made from

INTRODUCIlON

two or more existing characters whose combined meanings

provide a clue to the denotation of the compound. The Simple

Compound resulting from the union of

R

(sun) and

*

(tree)

is

R .

The new character is pronounced

3-

(tong), and signifies

''east," taking its meaning from the "sun" rising from behind

a "tree" in the "east."

A

Simple compound is best learned

by relating its meaning to that of its constituent elements. Of

the graphs classified by Ch2ng Ch'iao, 740 were Simple

Compounds.

Category Four: Phonetic Compounds

About ninety percent of the characters of Ch2ng Ch'iao,

21,811 hanja,

are Phonetic Compounds. These graphs can

be characterized as semi-ideographic and semi-phonetic since

each is composed of a semantic element which furnishes a hint

to the general meaning of the compound and a phonetic

element which provides a direct clue to its pronunciation.

The phonetic clue in the vast majority of Sino-Korean char-

acters is a significant potential mnemonic aid but is widely

regarded as of limited value. Chinese lexicography obscures

the phonetic relationships among characters, and some

Phonetic Compounds which share an identical phonetic ele-

ment have differing readings either because they were not

originally homophonous or because their pronunciations

diverged during centuries of

phonetic

and dialectic

evolution. Nevertheless, it is likely that the phonetic

clue is underexploited rather than overexploited by students

of hanja .

Category Five: Derived Meanings

Derived Meanings originally belonged to one of the first

four categories of characters. The evolution of Chinese gen-

erated a need to assign abstract meanings to characters with

concrete denotations. Graphs of this type took on abstract

meanings but maintained their original denotation as well. An

example is

9,

originally a Simple Pictograph of a man sitting

with crossed legs. Its derived meanings are "exchange, com-

(9)

INTRODUrnON

municate, intercourse, mix, join." This leap in meaning is

comprehensible to anyone who has watched old Korean

gentlemen sit cross legged by the hour and "communicate"

with cronies. Chtng Ch'iao assigned

372 of his characters to

this category. Its characters are best learned by relating their

original and derived meanings.

Six:

Arbitrary Meanings

Characters of this type also belonged to one of the first four

categories and took on additional denotations, but they sur-

rendered their original meanings altogether. An example

is

jff ,

a Simple Pictograph of a growing stalk of grain. Other

characters possessed the same meaning, but there was no

character for "to come," which was pronounced the same as

% .

As a homophone,

%

was pressed into service to denote

"to come" and has maintained only that meaning for millenia.

Graphs of this category account for 598 of the characters of

ChSng Ch'iao. They are best learned arbitrarily.

HINTS ON

LEARNING

IiANJA

There is no royal road to learning characters, but the task

is not as difficult as it may appear, either. The sheer number

of

hanja

is daunting; large character dictionaries may run to

50,000 entries. But no one need learn anything like this ridic-

ulous number, and fewer than 300 discrete graphs compose all

others.

A

study in Taiwan showed that the most common 400

characters in use there comprised fully seventy-three percent

of all written material. (DeFrancis, page xix.)

The learning of Chinese characters will unavoidably entail

some memorization. Homemade flash cards and repeated

writing of characters can be valuable memorization aids. Any-

thing, including

hanja

,

is easier to learn when approached as

part of a meaningful context. Those already participating in

a Korean language program can easily meld specific informa-

tion about the 1,800 Basic Characters into their language

materials. Those undertaking independent study can meld

16

INTRODUCTlON

characters into available selections of written Korean

.

The

vocabulary words accompanying each character in this book

can also supply a measure of meaningful context. The 900

middle school characters in the appendix can be useful

because the most common and frequently used characters

appear in this list in the order they are first learned

by

Korean

pupils.

Early attention to radicals, the 214 characters under which

all others are listed in

hanja

dictionaries, is recommended for

all. Familiarity with the radicals is requisite to the full use

of a dictionary, and many radicals are numbered among the

discrete graphs which comprise all others. The radicals can

be found in the radical index of this handbook.

A student of

hacia

will find it valuable to develop the habit

of estimating to which of the Six Categories a target character

belongs since this will enable him to choose an appropriate

learning strategy for it. Consult the preceding section of the

Introduction for suggestions on learning strategies for each of

the Six Categories of Chinese characters.

The vast majority of characters, perhaps ninety percent of

all

hanja,

belong to the Phonetic Compound category. Each

graph of this type mntains an internal clue to its own pro-

nunciation. One beginning student schooled himself to look

for this internal phonetic clue, and, on a quiz, successfully

matched readings to eleven of thirteen Phonetic Compounds

he had not previously encountered. The student will be well

advised to make it a practice to estimate the reading of a target

character, whether newly-encountered or unrecalled, by

assigning to it the pronunciation of its major component

elements.

A

forthcoming handbook by the present editor will contain

some 2,000 characters arranged in sets. Each graph in a set

contains the same phonetic element and shares an identical

or similar reading as well. The mnemonic value of a set of

characters which both look and sound alike can be appreciated

by perusing the following chart.

(10)

lNTRODUCTJON

Phonetic Compound Set

EXPLANATION OF

A SAMPLE

CHARACI'ER

ENTRY

The character entry below is typical of the 1,800 in

A

Guide

to

Korean Characters.

Sample

Entry

The main character of the sample entry,

2 ,

is one of the

Basic

Hania

taught in a11 Korean secondary schools. It appears

first in

a

large-type, slightly-abbreviated form common in

published material. In the box beneath the main character is

listed the radical under which it can be found in a character

dictionary. This radical is given in its unabbreviated form,

while it may appear in the main character in its common,

abbreviated form. (A chart of abbreviated radicals appears

on page 348.) The number to the right of the radical indicates

the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the main

character, datum that is vital when using a

hanja

dictionary.

INTRODUrnON

The

1,800 main entries are numbered consecutively. For

7 ,

this number is 238. These character numbers are used in cross

references and indices.

To the right of the main character are nine squares in which

its proper stroke order is progressively illustrated. The com-

plete pen-written form of the main character occurs as the

final entry in these squares.

It

is important to compare and

contrast the written and printed forms of the main character

since both will be encountered in reading materials.

The formal definition, or

h u n ,

of the main character occurs

in the upper left corner of the area following the writing

models. The

hun

for the sample character is

2 x 1 .

This is

followed to the right by English definitions of the main char-

acter and by its reading, or u'm, in boldface

hangiil.

In the

sample entry, this iim is

xi.

The

hun

and iim are ordinarily

said together as a verbal means of identifying a character.

Sample voc3bulary words comprise the remainder of the

entry:These were selected on the basis of frequency of use in

the language. Usually, three such words are included in an

entry. The

hanja

typeface used for sample words is the

stylized variation increasingly common in published material.

Compare and contrast these with the main character typeface

in an entry.

A

Guide to Korean Characters

is designed to aid in learn-

ing

hangiil

and

hania

. As a mini-dictionary, its English def-

initions are not exhaustive. For the convenience of the reader

and to exploit limited space, many English definitions appear

in verbal, adjectival or adverbial form even though Korean

referents may occur only as nouns.

English definitions were purposely inserted between

hanja

entries and their

hangiil

readings in order to cause the eye of

the reader to encounter first

hanja

and then its English mean-

ing before coming to pronunciation. This arrangement

may

facilitate the learning process by obliging the reader to relate

form and meaning for milliseconds before dealing with pro-

nunciation.

P=-

'f- 3 238 , 113 9 x 1 character, letter

4 *?

character, letter, writing

Ez\

@7

Sino-Koreancharacters,

9 x 1

Chinese characters ?$8, character dictionary

4 zd

'

17 ,

'

(11)

INTRODUCTION INTROWCTION

WRITING

CHARACI'ERS

A

general rule of writing is to make the graphs of uniform

size no matter how simple or complex they may be. Hanja are

listed in character dictionaries in ways inextricably related to

stroke count. (See How to Use a Character Dictionary, p.347.)

A

character must be written, therefore, with strokes of con-

stant shape set down in unvarying order. Details regarding

stroke type and stroke order are provided below, but the

reader will doubtless find the writing models accompanying

each character in the text to be a more practical calligraphic

guide.

Types of Strokes

The following chart illustrates eighteen types of strokes

used in writing characters. The samples are done in brush

style, but the principles also apply to pen calligraphy. Gen-

erally, perpendicular strokes are made from top to bottom,

while horizontal strokes are made from left to right. Even

when it includes an angle, a stroke is written without lifting

pen from paper.

I

Types of Strokes

I

The Rules of Stroke Order

Two basic rules govern stroke order.

1. Top to bottom.

2. Left to right.

Seven auxiliary rules also control the order of strokes.

3. ~orizontal

strokes usually are written first when they

cross perpendicular ones.

m

j

(12)

5. A center stroke is written first, then the left and final-

ly the right.

6. An enclosure precedes its contents.

7. Diagonals running to the left precede diagonals flow-

ing to the right.

8. A piercing perpendicular-stroke is written last.

lNTR0WCnON

9. A piercing horizontal stroke is written last.

GLOSSARY

Basic Characters. Basic Characters are the 1,800 hanja

taught by order of the Ministry of Education since 1972 in all

Korean middle and high schools. Their formal name is "Basic

Characters for Use in Classical Korean Instruction" (hanmun

kyoylakyong kich'o hanja).

Basic

Hanja

.

See Basic Characters.

Chinese Characters. See Six Categories of Chinese Char-

acters.

Classical Korean. Classical Korean (hanmun) is classical

Chinese used by Koreans as their written language for more

than 1,500 years.

Hangiil.

Hangu'l is the modern name for the Korean

alphabet promulgated in 1446 but not widely used until the

present century.

Hanja

.

See Sino-Korean Characters.

Ideograph. An ideograph is a symbol representing an

object or an idea but not the sound associated with that object

or idea in spoken language.

Polysynthetic

.

Polysynthesism is the grammatical practice

in Korean of combining word elements into a single word that

can be the equivalent of phrases or even a sentence in English.

Phonetic Compound. One of the Six Categories of Chinese

characters, Phonetic Compounds comprise some ninety

percent of all characters. They are semi-ideographic and semi-

phonetic.

Reading.

-

The

iim,

or pronunciation, of a character is its

reading.

Semantic Element.

A

semantic element is that part of a

Phonetic Compound, usually one-half the total character,

which provides a hint to the general meaning of the compound.

(13)

INTRODV(;TION

Simple Compounds. One of the Six Categories of Chinese

characters, Simple Compounds were formed from two ele-

ments whose combined meanings provide a clue to the deno-

tation of the compound. They are ideographic.

Simple Diagrams.

One

of the Six Categories

of

Chinese

characters, Simple Diagrams depict relationships for which

a picture cannot readily be drawn.

Simple Pictographs. One of the Six Categories of Chinese

characters, Simple Pictographs are drawings of objects. They

were the first characters fabricated by the ancient Chinese.

Sino-Korean Characters. Chinese characters as they are

used in the Korean language.

Six Categories

of

Chinese Characters.

A

traditional

classification of Chinese characters into six types accordmg

to how they were originally fabricated or later accrued mean-

ing.

The Six Categories are Simple Pictographs, Simple Dia-

grams, Simple Compounds; Phonetic Compounds, Derived

Meanings and Arbitrary Meanings.

(14)

1 and 2 strokes

seventy years

1

(15)

(16)

3 strokes

I

3 strokes

k

His Royal Majesty

kfi$f@

high society

kg

senior official

man, gentleman;

a rooming house

74

till now, up to the present

P5

n&

3

die, perish; be lost; absent

rb-

#

i

t

flee, run away, escape

@

-t-

be destroyed, collapse, fall

9

o,F

12 &

defect, seek foreign refuge

9

9 T

A

common, ordinary

A

R

in general, as a rule 20

A ,

2 2 1

n

1 26

a

n

1 27

)

k

" 2

_h

_%

apil1;abullet _{pill, pellet}

_a

4.

_"_,_t

7 n

h

@1

pill, pellet

@

41 $$

h

bullet; projectile; shell

!&a

fl

A

'8

mediocre; common, ordinary

%

.'k

3

knife blade, knife edge ?!

&

A

bladed weapons;

$!q

bayonets; weapons

(17)

3 strokes

3,e,

one's own child;

fB

degree of kinship

+gill

short dramatical performance; skit

novel, story; fiction

/J\g

retail selling

~ I J \ large and small; size,

hg

fields and mountains

1

3

stream bank, riverside

CLl)ll

mountains and rivers

T

#9i

a thousand years f-

lf.

a thousand characters

a

population; inhabitants 0J

?

k

ti4

land, real estate

f

nature of the soil

f

*

civil engineering

officer; soldier

it$

gentleman, man of honor

0 32

A ,

A

0 33

-

_f

_$-,

p

TI]

evening edition

+&

4

morning and evening; _E"? breakfast and dinner

3

big. great

4

very, very much, greatly

₄

_@ major portion, large part

d+g

(18)

3 strokes 4 strokes

Branches; snake

Ze

42d of the 60 binary terms

9 x 1

of the sexagenary cycle

zek#d

literati purge of 1545 + A ~ A ) #

T 0 44

3

0 45 49

R e

3 50 9

17

7 -

?%

intervene, meddle in

3 4

reclaim land by drainage

+

₄

a bow

3 9%

archery,bowmanship

%$

3%

archer, bowman

3S-f

#+

red, cinnabar; pill

g

autumnal tints,

cJ%

red and yellow

A.$?

colors; red and green

9 4

--!+fl#L\

fidelity; a sincere heart

?J%Q>J

(19)

4 strokes

et cetera; thus and thus,

A

9

now, the present time

4 strokes

12

mercy; beneficence

woman

I4

@

the substance, details; contents

I4

a<

the interior, the inner

2 n

2 6 1 I,

I\

n

2 6 2

/

-12

1 2- / \

/

\

2~

L A 1

39%

impartial, fair; public 3

royal princess 37 o T

af$$R

civil servant, government

%y%

employee

public opinion; fair

%%

criticism

4 R,!

six

3

(i+)

June

+Pi

4

f;;

+

sixty .

f ; the Six Categories of

Q

4

(20)

04 %

difficulty, distressed

JE

@ misfortune, bad luck

#$E

unexpected misfortune

calamity, disaster

I4

8

a year of famine wicked, bad

f a poor crop

@I

ft

be immediate, real

&l6g

a forget-me-not flower TnJZ

, surprise, surprisingly

a d

Z

W

mention, say

Q propagate, disseminate the state examination

gj

opposition, resistance; 39

9

2 67

1k

t 2 68

:,

"

enough

3

transform, change

4. g i k

*deteriorate, aggravate, %L%) worsen

iLb

chemistry

*

";F

i

k

inspire, influence 7J3)

(21)

4 strokes

Korea in 1592

Z

19th of the 60 binary terms

od

of the sexagenary cycle

farmer, peasant

L more, moreover

R g

extreme, severe

ER

a very short distance

ZRBT

a mere child

droop; demand, ask

3 I

,#

transfer of duties

nd, affections;

.

ention; core; center

(22)

4 strokes 4 strokes

direction; square; region; plan; recipe; just now

f i

method, way, means

7 ) s speak; say, it is said

6

argue pro and con

$13

8 Confucius said

8

p+

a female ruffian; a rowdy

%q

a

@ monthly salary

a

YJ

a monthly magazine, a monthly publication

Fj

X

the end of the month, end

3

2 *

g-

the planet Jupiter

pg

governmental vi

-ft@

pay, disburse

*

i k

culture ; civilization 33\

*

0 9 1

44-

4

0 92

-

f( E1Jj civilization; culture

39

2

(:h a literatus, a man of letters

9

*J

3

a dry measure (18 liters,

.4-

3.97 gallons)

@

+

an authority, a luminary, E)J f a star

+

measuring by pecks

7

%b

(23)

$ ratio, percentage

%@%

woolen fabrics, woolen

_{9 3}

₉

a clan, a family surname and personal

name, one's full name

.Ic

!3

father and mother,

sliced boiled meat

cow, ox

+

f

L

cow's milk

"Read classics into a

5

4

(24)

5 strokes ₅_strokes

E$

the world, the earth

j&L

the world; society;

+&

R

a generation

fi,fi

-

4

115

T

be firm, decisive, resolute

4

others, et cetera

#$IT

office boy; errand girl;

SS

transfer, hand over;

J+

commit to; pay

f

ask, solicit, request; charge +EL

with, entrust with

+j- remit, forward, send

*+

A

3 120

A

3 121 / -

-I

1%

;,

r3

I;f

4

3d of the Stems ; 10 the third Heavenly

'+I

3%

3d of of the the sexagenary 60 binary terms cycle

9

6J

third class, third grade

9%

f'

'

-

transfer, hand over,

''

pass along 3l+

AJ Taoist immortal, fairy,

4

genie

(dl&

fairy, nymph

4

@ (& Taoist immortal; hermit, AJAJ

ascetic; a spirit

(h),

hermit, ascetic; a spirit;

"J

Taoist immortal

(25)

5 strokes

5

strokes

good; tenn of respect command, order

5 %

brothers, sisters, brethren

g

41

a%

husband of a girl's elder

3 +-

Iffff

books, publications f f f f ~ a m ~ h l e t , booklet

+$E

the winter solstice

4

publish; engrave, cut

process, work; manufacture; treat

rfig meritorious service, meritorious deeds

a k

merit and virtue;

a

7_% be included, contained, embraced, covered wrap, pack up

(26)

5

strokes

$ occupy; seize, take,capture ;do

qj

occupy, possess (territory)

$ 4

possess, occupy (property)

jff

come and go; lending and

4

borrowing; transactions

A

9

now, the present { merely, only; but,

however, provided that, on condition that

5

strokes

%W

exclaim, cry out

p4~&

a cry, shout, shriek

~ 4 %

impeach, censure, denounce, arraign

(27)

5

strokes

criminal case

5

strokes

-T

q g

flattery, honeyed words

~4

E R

huge, colossal

E

an enormous object; a

prominent person

E

a great man; a huge star

4 *%

propagate, proselyte

(28)

5

strokes

5

strokes

k

b

s

kindergarten

@

%

an infant, a baby

2

@J the young and the old

o\* not,no;un-,in-,non-;

%

theU.S.dollar

certain victory

f J

!@ hit, strike; a blow

fJ

h$ destroy, break down

fJ

calculate, reckon

(29)

a

k

mother and daughter homeland, mother

ilc

,$!& the freezing point

*$ij a glacier; an icebound river MJ

3

entrance hall

3

unpolished rice

7

a kind of harp

JJL

+

final year of term of service; a girl 15 or 16

X#$

disintegrate, fall to pieces;

q q

break up, collapse

i Z W

a tile-roofed house

7 j (

*

1 174 0 180

*

1 0 181 J transgress, violate; offend; invade

d

%

%$

an offender, a criminal,

_%

₄

_x\ a convict

%

f i

commit a crime

3 *A'

A

2

&

break the law, violate

175 _{the law}

% $

'

-

**H * r**

I

.)+

3

-f-- )-

&

71

-tf

)j

4

perpetual, eternal, long

54 &

perpetual, eternal

9%

permanence; perpetuity,

9 =p

eternity

&%

final farewell, part forever

9

4

3

sweet; pleasant,

voluntary

3 IfI

IfI

$ licorice be willing root to suffer,

&a

_4-f-

submit willingly

#'%

sweetness, a sweet taste ;Id- nl

be born; produce; life;

d

student; raw, fresh;

arbitrary, forced

living, existence

%

life

d

(30)

5 strokes

use, employ forms; stationery

EEI

k

cultivated land, fields

means; source; permit

t; the sexagenary cycle

0 A

Caucasian, white man

5

strokes

Ffia

skin, the skin

Emm

superficial, shallow

&%

a conveyor belt

purpose, object, goal

2~

contradiction

3%

$%

contradictory terms _p+$_A\

marshal; display, set forth

%

ti

arrows and stones

4 "4

(in ancient warfare)

$$

%

a poisoned arrow

+

4

E;

9

bow and arrow

3

4

6 ,a

kerosene

(31)

6 strokes 6 strokes

4

growing grain,

growing rice a)

%&%

edible grains, cereals

9-35

8

0 194 >

'

Tpd

cave, hole

%I

R E

dwell in a cave

37.1 R

R

depth of a grave

53 "d

a grave -zt%

E

0 195

2 &

exchange, interchange

2 &

negotiate, bargain

#

incident, affair, matter

1%

{+ condition, stipulation

(+ @ number of cases, number of incidents

&

gu

plans; make a plan

-

4 198

A

4 203

iR

A 4 204

7 ;f

1 2 - 2

-5

:K

L

'

4--

4K-

1

12th of the 12 Earth's

4

Branches; boar, pig

&@ Watch of the Boar, the period

4

A )

between9 and 11 P.M.

%

'?.

Year of the Boar

d d

Day of the Boar

4 "2

&

intend; contemplate; 7 ) E

undertake

a

5

3 prostrate; yield; humble;

q

hide, lie in ambush; suppress; secret

{A

surrender, capitulate 32

+

3

{A

three "dog daysw of summer

+

hide, conceal oneself;

_"d-+

(32)

6 strokes 6 strokes

O?

E

a trillion; omen, sign

E

9

indication, sign; omen

~2

Zi?

k

,,$ sign, indication, omen

a4

9

a hundred million and a

04

thewhole,all

+@ pan-national, nation-wide,

JJ

%

the whole country

eg,

completely, entirely

communism

'

%

combined, joint 3 - 5 5 . o o

#EZ%

communism

n

4

t."JTq

2 1 3 &@ be common, be common to

+ g

1 rli

again, repeated

4 B@

reconstruction

34 4.

j

I

j

ifj Bj-

@ A

a second time, twice

3?rl

3-

efiq

year before last

34 ?-d

n

4

2 1 4

-

4

9

punishment

4 f l ]

f a criminal case; detective,

3

A\

police investigator

fl]

&

criminal law

% g

fl]

g

place of execution

n

4 7jd

%I-

215

4

₇

)tF

9

arrange in order; enumerate, 34

classify; each one; file, rank; series

a train

03 >\

n

4

?IJ

@ the Great Powers

9 3

2 1 6

811

archipelago

95

JL 4 2 0 9 .

fk*

a teacher; gentleman; "J

"8

Mister (honorific)

f k

a senior, an elder .';!

~ f l

fk,@&

a forerunner; I L 4

47.1

2 1 0 the vanguard ) 1- I + trillion ;myriads

(33)

6 strokes

ft

&

crisis, emergency, critical situation

@

&

an impression

@

$g

a seal impression

&

each, every; all;

(34)

6 strokes

s o \ & return; Mohammedan;

4

time, occasion

EZE

the present, now;at present;

gxq

this world; present tense

&E& exist, be extant

S

4 %@

site, position, location; &

31

whereabouts

Bll..

many and few; some;

4-k

quantity, amount

good fortune, good luck L+ 88

kindness, humaneness

4 x 2

232

k

3 6 strokes 233

k

3

BR

%i as before, as ever

g

senility, dotage

*F

character, letter, writing

+PI-

t@5j?. Sino-Korean characters, Chinese characters

9%

character dictionary

t

life and death; existence

5 ~2

4

spouse; wife of

g g $ &

ZL

/ -

----7

%L

"1

queen; royal concubine;

4

wife; lady *

*hi?,

queen dowager

4 "1

342

queen consort %L

"1

42%

queen and royal concubine

dl

M I

3

2971

barbarians; eastern

01

barbarians; squat

(35)

6 strokes 6 strokes

arrange safety, security

&

$$?j place of a ceremony

f$$

&

a ceremony, a rite

k%@

Watch of the Dog,

between 7 and 9

P.M.

-J

$

entrust; request

q

fi

)-E depend on, rely on

qe

E?- "2

3

2 5 1

)

4%

harvest; collect; receive what

+

is due, gather together;

bind; bring to an end

income, earnings $- "d

5

2

4frB

to house, accommodate f-

-$

2 5 2

4

harvest, gather in

f

4

, ' . 3 243

3 .I-

3 244

1 - J

'

--

%

1

vanguard

'I;-%! be sharp, acute; be radical %,dl

1. '

) I

,I.

3 245

:

3 246

7f

,

.Jx

-

.I-I

Buddhist temple; hall

*I

-+E

amonastery, A\

3

a Buddhist temple

Buddhist temple A \

3 ~

k

%famous Buddhist temple

l

in KyZingju dating from 691 A.D.

*?+pointed, sharp

3 .

k

.LOA fine point, pointed tip;

44-

.]

j-1-

-).

j-1-1

'I;-

&

military spearhead

34

%!

3% region, state, province

f

J + l f $ S provinces and counties

?%

h

,,.I, the nine provinces of Silla j'-

7

(36)

6 strokes

@ early marriage El 2

253

3

period of ten days; A

ir one-third of a month

f; $ the final ten days of Sl-5 a month

+

$ the middle ten days of

%*

El 2 a month

254

$#I

first and tenth of a month

9

36

crooked, bent, false.

P

wrong; tune

,,

1%

$&

""

₃

a curvedline, curves _{a tune, a melody}

*

_{* E}

4

El 2 @~ meandering ; circumstances

+

3 9%

exist, be; have, possess

%

?3 %

be famous, well-known

-8-g

4%

2

be influential;

%'rl

convincing; powerful

?34

full of promise. hopeful

-8-

nk

6 strokes

tkf& hereafter, in the future

a

1 4

rivers and mountains,

$1

4

rivers and lakes,

(37)

6 strokes

@

&

lotus pond; pond

gray; ash color,

the common people

i'Zg&

department store

fl

one

-

hundred days

7 2 6 strokes

.1

nl* 4;

%

brown rice, 8J

~1

unpolished rice rice/grain dealer D \ ~ A J

X

0 2 7 1

,

- 1

-2

0 , sheep, goat

"2

F E

wool 0,t 4-

2 -

2

I

4

goat; antelope 0,t

milk

"&

-E-

well-cooked; experienced

z@

old woman

E

0

+

_{the old and the young} _k&

2 7 4

-

9 3 +z%

examine, consider 1

S$ $ examination, test

3-4

3 18

deliberate, consider

3 4

S$g

examine, inquire into 3 22

45

0

275

-

7 7 -

9 6 1

3

and; but; like; nevertheless 01 \

%Zt;;iTii~-+ however, be that as it may

_{3 6 1}

9

61

~ k q

ifii

0

2 7 6

*

-

(38)

6 strokes

fif.

$ boating; a boat ride

E

$3 skiff, small boat

$3 @j pontoon bridge

%

color, hue; coloring

f5

S

color blindness

a

%?

blood vessel

6

@ behavior, conduct; action, movement

6

5

conduct, actions; a function, an event

63

whereabouts 6 strokes

IhJg the body, the flesh

8

self, oneself; himself,

3 0 281

=is

?? 0 282 74 1

?

k

L - 4 - 4

.

%-

tongue

₄

&$B

unfortunate slip of the

JJ

S\

tongue

(39)

I

4

5

rank; esteemed; seat; position

fZ

df

4;

aa

place, location;

$1

21

position; situation

a"a

(2

dignity; nobility

9

91 A

4

2 SB

gentlemen

293 211

$1

)%{kg

assistant, helper, aide

E E

residents, inhabitants

fE'%

residence, home, house

lid

OUBs'l

in any event, anyway

%

slightest, any, little

(40)

7 strokes

13

strive, endeavor 7 strokes -7 ,

'

4%

-

_J+y

Buddha; France

%-

a&

Buddhism

+gz

@@

statue of the ~ u d d h a AL Buddhist scriptures

z

0

-%4

'

(41)

7 strokes

7

strokes

i%Jk

absorb, assimilate, suck in

*

%

I

absorb, suck up

#@ smoke tobacco

g

;-h I, me; we, us; mankind

rn

*

9

be difficult; troublesome

3

awkward situation,

E

l

&

balance, equilibrium

3

equal, uniform, even

(42)

7 strokes

Idj

obstruct, hamper,prevent d&

4 gE

compromise, come to terms with

g

E

reasonable, appropriate E\

#i& compromise

7 strokes

chess situation

6

bureau director

1

tail; follow; end follow; surveil

j

g

@ make one's rounds; inspection tour

tI\

9

hope for; Greece

fiR

hospital bed a wooden bed

(43)

7

strokes 7 strokes

,em

shun, avoid

,e@

evade, shun, shirk; take 71

91 ,G

!.#

patience; perseverance

Jiff

ingredient, component, succeed, achieve the court, the government

3

@

ff

the court, the government 376

&z

court of law, tribunal

4

4 g g

the Royal Court

3 Jd

/ j-

7

$

(44)

4

41 warn, caution; precepts

a

transgress, violate Buddhist law

%

support, maintain

j g ~ m g t ~ mutual assistance,

fit in; submit; go toward

E%

cast a ballot, vote

@ invest, put up money

E

$J anonymous note; contribute to write for

4 %kq

oppose, resist

fiii)E resist; rebel against

~ pcraftsmanship, j mechanical skill

&

B#

attack, assault; verbally

3

attack, denounce

(45)

7 strokes 362 xq J+ material, stuff

4 '

'

w

H

materials

4 s-

H

$ lumber, timber

4

9

resources, material

4

71

1

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i l , a g e , rural community

I-/

-&A-

- .

363

$$

'

_I.

₁

*$%

village, hamlet

I#I

#$'%

village house, cou.try house

% S T $ -

$w

sentry, guard j~

f i

walk, go afoot

@

El every day, each day each year, yearly

R

resolve; resolution

R

&

decide, resolve

inspect; sight-see

gloomy, melancholy

t k ~

go to the bottom, sink

bathe, wash oneself

A -

-,

3%

bind; control, restrain, -I

keep in order

KJ3R

%#

bind, promise, put give under one's the yoke, word

+*

_q+

shackle

*

3 364

g+f

fj? helpless, one's hands f ++*j are tied

(46)

7 strokes

disaster victims

g 3

a man, a male

&

man and woman, male and female

&

one's own children; brother and sister

All is lost!

E l

gracefuI; handsome a prodigy, a genius @ superior; predominant 7 strokes 91

$L

private establishment

$L

&

private ownership

$L +q

self-interest, private gain A\ Z]

8%

study, research

%@.

lineage; source, origin;

f@ a portrait, likeness

W

resemblance

/I; be unworthy of one's father, be unlike one's

af

liver and gall; one's innermost heart

(47)

7 strokes

117: a right angle

ffj @ an angle; view, standpoint +E

-

'

%

9%

words, speech; talk,

₉

speak, express; mean

- ,

+-

* *

=+z urt language. speech

90-1

\ allude to, mention

_9%

-.

s

o

4 f i

words and deeds,

9 *J

386 speech and action

i L

f 1 z valley, ravine

=

1

7. _L4

6

mountain valley

"J+

6

dark valley, deep valley

++

'

F-

s'

6 .

gorge, canyon, ravine

TI+

@ 0 38,

As

/ - C +

,

beans;peas

r

kg

soy beans

4 7

bean curd

74-

T'

F:

green peas

++

53: 0

3

388

-

1

17

shells; treasure

4 I!

%Q shellfish

4 5-

9 F!

Ihi

shellware, shell goods

~1

%

,

W

%

a shell

₅₁

q~

" 0

_gJ

389 1 \

,&

fk

communize, sovietize

a look from a running

j#j@ satisfied, contented

-

0

@$@ bicycle

4-73

4

$@ vehicles

-

*F

?+

A

ijj& automobile, car, truck

_{4 - 5 4}

$ 0

3 94

'

f

bitter, acrid; distressing,

F

toilsome, grievous

4 P X

suffer bitter experiences

AJx

-

%

be sharp, biting, pungent

"Jg

(48)

7 strokes 8 strokes

confederation

E R

ally, friendly state

?l]% moment, instant @ #Si'$ hell, an inferno

%

3

vicinity, neighborhood;

Branches; cock, rooster Watch of the Cock,

the period between 5 a n d 7 P.M.

E%

Year of the Rooster

B B DayoftheRooster

guard against, ward off

@?

defense (as in "defense

dkql

&

3

include, contain; embraces; covers

$3

imply, suggest

$La

a wet nurse

$1

the female breast

1 7 406 / u /

g&

/ / - A

%

2

affair,matter;undertaking, A\ business; serve

BR

fact, reality; actua1ity;truth

*)a

circumstances, the situation,

4 7 d

state of things

(49)

8 strokes 8 strokes

H

use, employ, apply

W

concrete example

flJ

$7 common practice,

custom; customary

the fixed official pric

7

rJ

5 7 7 1 rabbit 4.

%

rabbit droppings LES

utch, rabbit box +_A\

&

rabbit skin

LE

31

JL 6 417 J L 6 418

L7

/

i'

47

9 b

a

o t o ] son, child O\

a

child, children

.)a

orphan z o t

(50)

8 strokes

law; documents; control; mortgage

%

$$ dictionary, lexicon

&E

a classic, the classics, old books

$tC@BtJ typical, model

1

arrive at, reach arrive at a destination $1) everywhere, everyplace

$1)

%

arrival, advent; visitation

laws; regulate, govern; 41

determine, decide, fix; prepare

%I] restrict, limit .l)

5

1

establish, enact, institute 3) ZJ

$ j J j ~ regulation dress, uniform

+

8 strokes

chit, bank note

B

%

certificate, bond,

34 work laboriously;

craven

(51)

8 strokes

I

overwhelm, overrun

@a

examine, investigate

5 1%

take over, assume

8 strokes

34 W E

call to; act in concert

H %

stubborn; persistent

(52)

8 strokes

1 '+J

night, nighttime; the dark 0 )

&Be'] nighttime, night

0k

4 b s

night guard

0k

8 &a

night duty, night shift work

44 3

s

3-

7)

01 2

strange, rare, wonderful ₇₁

9

curious, extraordinary 71

&

$

P$$

strange. odd; exquisite, 7) 3

I wonderful

'

3%

a strange story 71

S

service, serve serve in government,

hold official office

concubine, mistress

of one's sister

father's sister

&a

paternal aunt mother-in-law and

8 strokes