Hindi Verbs
Verb list
A to
advance - age barhna to
answer - jawab dena to arrive - ana,
pahunchana to attack - hamla karna to
attempt - koshish karna B to bathe - nahana to be - hona to bear - sahna to beat - marna to beg - mangna to behave - bartav karna to believe - vishwas karna to be
sleepy - nind ana to be tired - thakna to bind - bandhna to bite - katna to break - torna to breakfast - nasta karna to bring - lana to bring - palna
up to burn - jalna, jalana to burst - phutana to bury - dafnana C to call - bulana to care - parwah karna to cast - dhalna to catch - pakarna to change - badalna to clean - saf karna to climb - charhna to comb - kanghi
karna to come - ana to
converse - bat karna to cook - pakana to copy - nakal karna to cover - dhakna to creep - rengna to cry - chillana, rona to cruch - kuchalna to cut - katna D to depart -
juda hona, alag hona, jana
to
decend - utarna to dig - khodna to die - marna
to dine - khana khana to do - karna
to
dream - sapna dekhna to drink - pina
to dry - sukhna, sukhana to dye - rangna
E
to eat - khana to
excuse - maf karna to
expect - asha karna to explain - samjhana to express - vichar prakat karna F to fall - girna to fear - darna to fight - larna to fill - bharna to fly (in air) - urna to fly (run away) - bhag jana to forget - bhulna to forgive - maf karna
G to get - pana to get up - utha na to give - dena to go - jana H to
have - hona, rakhna to
hate - nafarat karna to hear - sunna to help - sahayata dena, madad dena to hide - chhipana I to
improve - thik karna to
irrigate - pani dena to irritate - chirhana, naraz karna J to jump - kudna to join - jorna to judge - vichar karna K to keep - rakhna
to kick - thokar marna to kill - marna
to kiss - chumna, chumma lena to know - janna L to laugh - hansna to lead - karne dena to learn - sikhna
to let - makan kiraye dena
to lie (on bed) - letna
to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna to lift - uthana to like - chahna to live (reside) - rahna to live (not to
die) - jina to look - dekhna to lose - khona to love - pyar karna M to make - banan a to measure - napna to mould - dhaln a to move - sarka na N to nibble - kutar na
O to open - kholna to order - hukum dena P to pat - thapthapa na to pay - dena to play - khelna to play (music) - baja bajana to pour - dalna to promise - vada karna to pronounce - bolna to pull - khinchna to push - dhakka dena to put - rakhna Q to quarral - jhagra karna R to read - parhna to receive - pana to recollect - yad karna to recommend - sifarish karna to reject - napasnd karna to reply - jawab dena to ride - charhna
to rise - uthana S
to say - kahna to
scold - dantna
to see - dekhna, talash karna to seek - dhundhana to sell - bechna to send - bhejna to sew - sina to shake - hilna to shout - chillana to show - dikhana to
shut - band karna to sing - gana to sit - baithna to sleep - sona to smell - sunghana to
solve - hal karna to sow - bona to speak - bolna to spin - katna to spit - thukna to - thaharna
stay to steal - churana to stop - thaharna, tharana to swim - tairna T to take - lena to talk - batchit karna to taste - chakhna to tear - pharna to
tease - tang karna to tell - kahna, batana to think - sochna U to understand - samajh na V to vomit - ulti karna W to walk - chalna, ghumna to wander - idhar-udhar phirna to wash - dhona
to
waste - barbad karna to weep - rona
to
weave - bunna
Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to
• gender of the subject (masculine, feminine) • number of the subject (singular, plural) • tense (present, past, future)
• action (perfect, imperfect, continuous)
• degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)
Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.
Examples:
boln a to speak likhn a to write lena to take ana to comeThe stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.
Examples:
bol lik h le aPresent Tense
Present tense of hona (to be):
main
tu hai you are (intimate) yah hai this, he, she,
it is
vah hai that, he, she, it is
ham
hain we are tum ho you are
(familiar) ap hain you are
(respect) ye hain these, they
are
ve hain those, they are
Present Imperfect
The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to the
stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.
main bolta
hun I speak tu bolta hai you speak
(intimate) yah bolta hai this, he, it speaks vah bolta hai that, he, it speaks ham bolte hain we speak tum bolte ho you speak (familiar) ap bolte hain you speak (respect) ye bolte these, they
hain speak ve bolte hain those, they speak Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is
formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
main bol raha
hun I am speaking tu bol raha hai you are speaking
(intimate) yah bol raha
hai this, he, it is speaking vah bol raha
hai
that, he, it is speaking ham bol rahe
hain we are speaking tum bol rahe
ho
you are speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe hain
you are speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe hain
these, they are speaking
ve bol rahe hain
those, they are speaking
Past Tense
Past tense of hona (to be):
main tha /
thi I was tu tha / thi you were
yah tha / thi
this, he, she, it was
vah tha / thi
that, he, she, it was ham the / thin we were tum the / thin you were (familiar) ap the / thin you were (respect) ye the / thin these, they were ve the / thin those, they were
(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)
Past ImperfectThe past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present
imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bolta
tha I used to speak tu bolta tha you used to speak
(intimate) yah bolta
tha
this, he, it used to speak
vah bolta tha
that, he, it used to speak
ham bolte
the we used to speak tum bolte
the
you used to speak (familiar)
ap bolte the
you used to speak (respect)
ye bolte the
these, they used to speak
ve bolte the
those, they used to speak
Past Continuous
The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in English.
It is formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bol raha
tha I was speaking tu bol raha
tha
you were speaking (intimate)
yah bol raha tha
this, he, it was speaking
vah bol raha tha
that, he, it was speaking
ham bol rahe
the we were speaking tum bol rahe
the
you were speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe the
you were speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe the
these, they were speaking
ve bol rahe the
those, they were speaking
Future Tense
Future ImperfectThe future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about the
presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to the
stem.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i.
main
tu bolega you will speak (intimate) yah bolega this, he, it will
speak
vah bolega that, he, it will speak
ham
bolenge we will speak tum
bologe
you will speak (familiar) ap
bolenge
you will speak (respect) ye
bolenge
these, they will speak
ve bolenge
those, they will speak
Future Continuous
The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the
present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.
main bolta
rahunga I will be speaking tu bolta rahega you will be speaking
(intimate) yah bolta
rahega
this, he, it will be speaking
vah bolta rahega
that, he, it will be speaking
ham bolte
rahenge we will be speaking tum bolte
rahoge
you will be speaking (familiar)
ap bolte rahenge
you will be speaking (respect)
rahenge speaking ve bolte
rahenge
those, they will be speaking
Imperative
There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.
The tu imperative is the stem itself
The tum imperative is the stem + o
The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye
Examples:
pani la bring water (intimate) pani lao bring water (familiar) pani laie bring water (respect)
The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin.
Use mat with the tu imperative.
Use mat or na with the tum imperative.
Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.
Examples:
vahan mat ja don't go there (intimate) vahan na jao don't go there
(familiar) vahan nahin jaie don't go there (respect)
To Have
There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.
Movable ObjectsPossession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
Examples:
Ram ke pas gari hai
Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")
`mera pas kitab hai
I have a book ("near me a book it is")
Immovable Objects
Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive particles
ka, ki, ke.
Examples:
uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is") Ram ke do bete
hain
Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place)
- as-pas
about (pertaining to) - bare men
above
- upar
across
- uspar
after
- bad men
again
- phir
again & again
- bar-bar
against (opposite)
- khilaf
against (touching)
- bhira kar
alas
- afsos
aloof
- dur
almost
- karib-karib
also
- ohi
although
- halanki
altogether
- ekdam
always
- hamesha
among
- unke bich men
and
- aur
around
- as
as if
- mano
as far as
- jahantak
as soon as
- jyonhi
at
- taraf
backward
- pichhe
backwards &
forwards
- age-pichhe
because
- kyonki
because (him)
- vajah se (uski)
before
- pahle
behind
- pichhe
below
- niche
beneath
- niche
between
- bich men
bravo
- shabash
but
- lekin
by
- se
certainly
- zarur
certainly not
- hargiz nahin
down
- niche
downward
- niche ki taraf
during
- us bich men
early
- jaldi
either
- ya to
enough
- kafi
especially
- khas kar
even
- bhi
even then
- tab to
ever
- hamesha
every moment
- hardam
far
- dur
for
- (uske) liye
for ever
- hamesha ke liye
forward
- age
from
- se
generally
- am taur par
gradually
- dhire-dhire
hence (place)
- yahan se
hence (time)
- ab se
here
- yahan
here and there
- yahan vahan
hither
- yahan
how
- kaise
how much
- kitna
if
- agar
if not
- agar nahin to
if possible
- ho sake to
if so
- agar aisa hai to
immediate
- zaruri, turamt andar
in
- andar
in brief
- thore men
indeed
- vastav men
in front of
- samne
inparticular
- khas taur se
in general
- am taur se
in short
- thore men
inside
- andar
just now
- abhi-abhi
late
- der se
little by little
- thora-thora karke
near
- pas
never
- kabhi nahin
neither
- na vah
no
- nahin
nor
- na vah
nothing
- kuchh nahin
not yet
- abhi tak nanin
now
- ab
now or never
- abhi ya phir kabhi nahin
of
- ka
of course
- albatta
off
- dur
oft / often
- aksar
on
- upar
once
- ek bar
only
- kewal
or
- ya
out
- bahar
out and out
- bilkul
over (higher)
- upar
over (finished)
- khatam
perhaps
- shayad
please
- krpaya
quite
- bilkul
quietly
- chupchap
really
- sachmuch
scarcely
- mushkil se
seldom
- kabhi-kabhi
since (time)
- tab se
since (conditional)
- chunki
so
- isliya
some
- kuchh
somehow
- jyon tyon karke
so much
- itna
so and so
- falana
so late
- itni der se
so soon
- itni jaldi
soon
- jaldi
still
- phir bhi
sorry
- afsos
suddenly
- achanak
surely
- zarur
that (conjunction)
- ki
than
- se
then
- to, tab
there
- vahan
therefore
- isliye
thither
- yahan se
though
- yadyapi
through
- us mense
thrice
- tin bar
thus
- aise
till
- tab tak
today
- aj
together
- ek sath
tomorrow
- kal
tonight
- rat ko
towards
- taraf
truly
- sach taur par
truly
- sahi
twice
- do bar
under
- niche
until
- tab tak
up
- upar
unless
- jab tak
very
- bahut
well
- achchha
when
- kab
whenever
- jab kabhi
whenever it de
- jab kabhi ho sake
where
- cahan
wherever
- kahin bhi
whereas
- chunki
while
- jab tak
why
- kyon
yes
- han
yesterday
- kal
Syntax
Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs are placed
at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other Indian languages) uses
postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are
written after the noun.
Normal sentences
English: Subject Verb Object => I learn Hindi
Hindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn
English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shop
Hindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go
Imperative sentencesEnglish: Verb Place Adverb => Come here now
Hindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come
English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quickly
Hindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat
Interrogate sentences
English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?
Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?
First Person I - main To
me - mujhko
My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)
We - ham To
us - hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)
Second Person You - tum , ap (r) To
you - tumko , apko (r)
Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)
Your
(r) - apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl) Third Person
He, she, it
(there) - vah , ve (r) He, she, it (here) - yah, ye (r) To him, her, it
(there) - usko, unko (r) To him, her, it
(here) - isko, inko (r)
His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)
They - ve
To them - unko
Their - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)
Demonstrative & relative
This - yah
This very, this
same - yahin
That - vah
That very, that
same - vahin These - ye Those - ve Who - kaun Whom (s) - kis ko Whom (pl or r) - kin ko
Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)
Which (s) - kaun si Which (pl) - kis ko Of which (s) - kis ki Of which (pl) - kin ki
Pronouns in the direct and indirect cases Singu lar Plural Direc t - Indir ect | Direct - Indir ect yah - is | ye - in yahin - isin | ye hin - inhin vah - us | ve - un vahin - usin | ve hin - unhin kaun - kis | kaun - kin koin - kisin |
koin-koin - kinhin jo - jis | jo - jin
Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.
The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.
The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.
nominativ
e larki the girl
(direct case) genitive
s, m larki ka
kam the work of the girl s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl pl, m larki ke
kam the works of the girl pl, f larki ki
baten the words of the girl dative larki ko to the girl
accusativ e
larki a girl (direct
case) larki ko the girl
vocative larki girl! (direct
case) ablative larki se from / with / of the girl
agentive larki ne the girl locative
larki men in the girl
larki par on / upon / after the girl larki tak as far as / as long as / up to
the girl
An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of the noun it
qualifies.
chota = small
Singul ar Masculine Feminine chota kamra choti narangi chota
ghar choti mez Plur al Masculine Feminine chote kamre choti narangiyan chote
ghar choti mezen
Other adjectives do not change form.
saf = clean
Masculi ne Feminin e Singul ar saf
kamra saf mez Plural saf
kamre saf mezen
The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (or se) and sabse
in front of the positive form.
Positive sundar Comparat ive usase sundar / se sundar Superlativ e sabse sundar
When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the intensity
or selectivity.
Adjective list
easy - asan difficult - mushkil sweet - mitha bitte - karwa sour - khatta good - achchha bad - kharab blunt - bhaunta sharp - paina dark - light open - khula closed - band full - bhara empty - khali tired - thaka fresh - taza stale - basi fat - mota lean - dubla dirty - ganda clean - saf thick - mota thin - patla true - sachcha false - jhutha distant - durnear - pas hot - garam cold - thanda honest - imandar dishonest - beiman hollow - pola solid - thos liquid - taral glad - khusk sad - ranjida wealthy - maldar rich - dhani poor - garib healthy - tandurust sick - bimar long - lamba short - chhota new - naya old - purana young - jawan old - buddha light (color) - halka dark (color) - gahra light - halka heavy - bhari polite - namra rude - badtamiz mannerles s - badtamiz narrow - sankra, tang
wide - chaura broad - chaura active - phurtila lazy - sust smart - hoshiyar dull - mattha, manda angry - naraz kind - meharban pleased - khush displeased - naraz proud - ghamandi humble - namra cheap - sasta dear - mahnga dry - sukha wet - gila clever - hoshiyar stupid - bewakuf deep - gahra shallow - uthla urban - shahri rural - dehati brave - vir coward - kayar handsome - sundar pretty - sundar beautiful - sundar ugly - kurup raw - kachcha
cooked - paka smelling good - khushbudar smelling bad - badbudar noisy - shorgul ka quiet - shant all - sab little - kuchh interesting - dilchaspa dull - ubane wala durable - mazbut not
durable - kamzor strong - takatwar weak - kamzor elder - (usase) bara younger - (usase) chhota big - bara small - chhota high (person) - bare low (person) - chhote high (things) - uncha low (things) - nicha some - thora much - zyada few - kuchh
many - bahut right - sahi wrong - galat excellent - barhiya worthless - raddi wise - buddhiman foolish - bewakuf sweet - mitha harsh - kara national - deshi ya rashtriya foreign - videshi this much - itna, itni as many - jitne, jitna several - kai
that much - utna, utni such - aisa, aisi whatever - jo kuchh hard - sakhta soft - mulayam other - dusra same - vahi
Different words
Questions who - kaun what - kya why - kyon when - kab where - kahan how - kaise which - kaun sa how many - kitne how much - kitna Cardinal numbers 0 - sunya, sifar 1 - ek 2 - do 3 - tin 4 - char 5 - panch 6 - chhah 7 - sat 8 - ath 9 - nau 10 - das 20 - bis 30 - tis 40 - chalis 50 - pachas 60 - sath 70 - sattar 80 - assi 90 - nabbe 100 - ek sau 101 - ek sau ek 200 - do sau 1.00 - ek hazar
0 lac - ek lakh (100.000) cror e - ek karor (10.000.000)
Other words having to do with numbers 1st - pahla 2n d - dusra 3rd - tisra 4th - cauth a 5th - pancv an 6th - chath a 7th - satvan 8th - athva n 9th - nauva n 10t h - dasva n 1/2 - adha 1/3 - tihai 1/4 - cauth ai 3/4 - pauna Colors black - kala blue - nila brigh t - chamk ila
brow n - bhura color - rang golde n - sunahr a gray - bhura gree n - hara indig o - baingn i oran ge - naranji red - lal rosy - gulabi white - safed yello w - pila
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place) - as-pas about (pertaining
to) - bare men
above - upar across - uspar after - bad men again - phir again & again - bar-bar against (opposite) - khilaf against
alas - afsos aloof - dur almost - karib-karib also - ohi although - halanki altogether - ekdam always - hamesha among - unke bich men
and - aur around - as as if - mano as far as - jahantak as soon as - jyonhi at - taraf backward - pichhe backwards & forwards - age-pichhe because - kyonki
because (him) - vajah se (uski) before - pahle
behind - pichhe below - niche beneath - niche between - bich men beyond - us par bravo - shabash
but - lekin
by - se
certainly - zarur
certainly not - hargiz nahin
downward - niche ki taraf during - us bich men early - jaldi
either - ya to enough - kafi especially - khas kar
even - bhi
even then - tab to
ever - hamesha
every moment - hardam
far - dur
for - (uske) liye for ever - hamesha ke liye forward - age
from - se
generally - am taur par gradually - dhire-dhire hence (place) -yahan se hence (time) - ab se
here - yahan
here and there - yahan vahan hither - yahan
how - kaise
how much - kitna
if - agar
if not - agar nahin to if possible - ho sake to if so - agar aisa hai to immediate - zaruri, turamt
andar
in - andar
in brief - thore men indeed - vastav men in front of - samne inparticular - khas taur se in general - am taur se in short - thore men inside - andar just now - abhi-abhi late - der se
little by little - thora-thora karke
near - pas
never - kabhi nahin neither - na vah
no - nahin
nor - na vah
not - nahin
nothing - kuchh nahin not yet - abhi tak nanin
now - ab
now or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahin
of - ka
of course - albatta
off - dur
oft / often - aksar
on - upar
once - ek bar
only - kewal
out - bahar out and out - bilkul over (higher) - upar over (finished) - khatam perhaps - shayad please - krpaya quite - bilkul quietly - chupchap really - sachmuch scarcely - mushkil se seldom - kabhi-kabhi since (time) - tab se since
(conditional) - chunki
so - isliya
some - kuchh
somehow - jyon tyon karke so much - itna
so and so - falana so late - itni der se so soon - itni jaldi soon - jaldi still - phir bhi sorry - afsos suddenly - achanak surely - zarur that (conjunction) - ki
than - se
then - to, tab there - vahan
therefore - isliye thither - yahan se though - yadyapi through - us mense thrice - tin bar
thus - aise
till - tab tak
today - aj
together - ek sath tomorrow - kal tonight - rat ko towards - taraf
truly - sach taur par truly - sahi
twice - do bar under - niche until - tab tak
up - upar
unless - jab tak
very - bahut
well - achchha
when - kab
whenever - jab kabhi
whenever it de - jab kabhi ho sake where - cahan
wherever - kahin bhi whereas - chunki while - jab tak
why - kyon
yesterday - kal
Examples of sentences in Hindi
Greetings
Good morning - subh prabhat Good day - subh din Good afternoon - subh sandhya Good night - subh ratri
Hello - namaskar / namaste / subh din
Good bye
(hindus) - namaste Good bye
(muslims) - khuda hafiz How are you
(r,m) - ap kaise hain? How are you
(r,f) - ap kaisi hain? I am fine,
thanks - bahut accha, sukriya I am fine,
thanks -
main thik hun, dhanyavad
Hindus greet each other with namaste. The answer is also namaste.
Muslims greet each other with salam alekum. The answer is valekum as salam.
QuestionsWho is that? - yah kaun hai? What is this? - yah kya hai? What is that? - vah kya hai? Where is it? - vah kahan hai? Where is ...? - ... kahan hai? How much is it? - yah kitne ki hai?
Who are you? - ap kaun hai?
What is your name? - apka subh nam kya hai?
Where are you from? - ap kahan ke rahne vale hain? Which country are you
from? - ap kis des ke hain? How old are you? - ap ki umar kya hai? What is your job? - ap kya kam karte hain? What are you
studying? - ap kya padethe hain? What is wrong? - Kya bat hai?
Do you speak Hindi? - kya ap hindi bol sakte hain?
What time is it? - kya samay hua? What time is it? - kya baja hai? Misc. sentences
(Masculine forms used)
My name is Poul - mera nam poul hai
I live in Denmark - main denmark men rahta hun
I am a student - main vidyarthi hun I go to school in
Lyngby -
lyngby men main skul jata hun
I speak a little Hindi - main hindi kuch-kuch bol sakta hun
I would like some tea - mujhe cay cahiye I am tired - main thak gaya hai I am thirsty - mujhe pyas lagi hai I am hungry - mujhe bhukh lagi hai I am not hungry - mujhe bhukh nahin hai I have to go - mujhe jana hai
I don't understand it - mujhe samajh men yah nahin a raha
I understand (now) - (ab) main samajha It is important - yah zaruri hai
I would like to buy a ... - main ... karidhna chahtha hun
I would like a ... - mujhe ... chahiya I would like some ... - mujhe kuch ... chahein Poul speaking (on the
phone) - yah poul bol raha hai Who is it? (on the
phone) - kaun bol raha hai?
Hindi Verbs
Hindi is one of the main languages of India and is spoken by a large number of people worldwide. If you are learning this language, knowledge of Hindi grammar can come in handy. Let's take a look at Hindi verbs.
Verbs, for those who don't know, most frequently denote action. Hindi verbs usually have the following characteristics:
•They have two elements, one is the verb stem and the other is the infinitive suffix.
•It is essential for Hindi verbs to agree with their subjects in both number of the subject and gender of the subject.
•When Hindi verbs describe the action of a pronoun, the verbs take on the gender of the noun that the pronoun indicates.
•Hindi verbs distinguish past tense, present tense, and future tense. They also distinguish different kinds of actions. For example, actions that have been completed, actions that regularly occur, and actions that are going on. •Hindi verbs are also influenced by the degree of respect accorded to the subject. For example, intimate, familiar, or formal.
Some common Hindi verbs are irregular, like the following: •Hona - to be •Karna - to do •Jana - to go •Lena - to take •Dena - to give •Khana - to eat •Pina - to drink •Sona - to sleep
Different Forms of Hindi Verbs
By adding the infinitive suffix to the verb stem, you get the infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive suffix is 'na'. For example, 'likh' means 'write' and if you add 'na' to 'likh', we have 'likhna', which is 'to write'.
•Mujha likhna hai - I have to write •Tujhe likhna hai - You have to write •Use likhna hai - He/she has to write •Unhe likhna hai - They have to write
The present participle suffix is 'ta' or 'ti'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likhta' (m.) or 'likhti' (f.), which is 'is writing'.
•Main likhta hoon - I am writing •Wo likhta hai - He is writing •Wo likhti hai - She is writing
The past participle suffix is 'a'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likha', which is 'had written' or 'was written'.
•Maine likha - I have written •Usne likha - He/she has written
•Wahan likha tha - It was written there
The present continuous (progressive) tense is formed by adding 'raha', 'rahi', or 'rahe' to the verb stem along with the present tense of 'hona', that is 'to be'.
•Main likh raha hoon - I am writing (m.) •Main likh rahi hoon - I am writing (f.) •Tum likh rahe ho - You are writing •Hum likh rahe hain - We are writing
Although, raha, rahi, and rahe are written separate, they are pronounced as one with the verb stem.
For past tense, you add 'a' (for masculine singular), 'e' (for masculine plural) or 'i' (for feminine singular and plural) to the verb stem. along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the'.
•Maine likha tha - I had written •Maine likhe the - I had written •Usne likha tha - He had written •Usne likhi thi - She had written •Unhone likhe the - They had written
Past imperfect tense is achieved by adding 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the' to the verb stem.
•Main deta tha - I used to give (m.) •Main deti thi - I used to give (f.) •Tum dete the - You used to give
•Hum dete the - We used to give •Wo deta tha - He used to give •Wo deti thi - She used to give •Woh dete the - They used to give
For future tense, verb stems are appended with 'unga' (for I), 'ega' and 'oge' for 'tu', and 'tum' (you), 'ega' and 'egi' for 'wo' (he and she), and 'enge' for 'woh', 'hum' or 'aap' (us, you formal/plural, or they).
•Main khaunga - I will eat •Tu khayega - You will eat •Tum khaoge - You will eat •Wo khayega - He will eat •Wo khayegi - She will eat •Woh khayenge - They will eat •Hum khayenge - We will eat
•Aap khayenge - You will eat (formal, singular/plural)
For future continuous (progressive) tense, verb stems are appended with 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' and 'rahunga', 'rahega', 'rahegi', 'rahenge', or 'rahoge'.
•Main jata rahunga - I will keep going •Tu jata rahega - You will keep going (m.) •Tu jati rahegi - You will keep going (f.) •Woh jate rahenge - They will keep going •Tum jate rahoge - You will keep going
Hindi, a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian sub-group of the Indo-European family of languages, is one of the official languages of India. It is mainly spoken in Northern India, but is also spoken and understood in other parts of the
country. Hindi grammar is called “Vyakaran”.
Pronouns in Hindi:
Pronouns in Hindi are called “Sarvanam”. Like pronouns in English and other languages, Hindi pronouns perform the task of making the language easier to use.
Here are some characteristics of Hindi Pronouns:
•In Hindi, the first person, second person and third person pronouns all have a single gender. There is no “he” and “she” difference as in the English language. It is the verb that, upon conjugation, usually indicates the difference in gender. •The first person pronouns and second person pronouns are indicated by personal pronouns.
•The third person pronouns are indicated by demonstrative pronouns. •Hindi pronouns have accusative and genitive cases.
•Hindi pronouns do not have vocative cases. There are five main types of pronouns in Hindi:
1. Personal Pronouns, known as Purush Vachak Sarvanam
3. Indefinite Pronoun, known as Anischay Vachak Sarvanam
4. Relative Pronoun, known as Sambandh Vachak Sarvanam
5. Interrogative Pronoun, known as Prashna Vachak Sarvanam
Personal Pronouns:
There are three types of personal pronouns – First Person, Second Person and Third Person.
First Person Pronouns, also known as Uttam Purush, are
-•Mai (I) •Mai Ne (I) •Mera (My/Mine) •Hum (Us/We) •Humara (Ours)
“Hum” and “Humara” are sometimes used as “I” and “Mine”. It was common in the days of the royalty – a royal person always referred to himself/herself as “Hum”. It is still common in some areas nowadays, particularly in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. For example - “Hum nahi karange” (I won't do it/We won't do it).
Examples
-•"Mai ga raha hoon" (I am singing) •"Mai ne kavita likhi" (I wrote a poem)
•"Mera kutta kala hai" (My dog is black)
•"Hum banaras jane wale hain" (We are going to Banaras) •"Humara ghar Lucknow main hain" (Our house is in Lucknow) Second Person Pronouns, also known as Madhyam Purush, are
-•Tum (You) •Tu Ne (You) •Tumhara (Yours) •Tera (Yours)
•Aap (You, formal, singular and plural) •Aap Ne (You, formal, singular and plural)
“Tum”, “Tu ne”, “Tumhara” and “Tera” are informal second person pronouns and may be used for friends, family, children and pets. “Aap” and “Aap ke” are
formal second person pronouns and are used on formal occasions, to address strangers, seniors and authority figures. They are also quite often used between family members. This is mostly seen in Northern India, where parents may use “Aap” when addressing their children. For example - “Beta, aap khaoge?” (Son/daughter, will you eat?)
Examples
-•"Tum mere sath aaoge?" (Will you come with me?) •"Tu ne khana khaya?" (Have you eaten?)
•"Tumhara nam kya hai?" (What is your name?) •"Tera ghar kahan hai?" (Where is your house?) •"Aap ka nam kya hai?" (What is your name?)
•"Aap ke kyun taklif ki?" (Why did you trouble yourself? Actually, a polite form of 'Oh, it really wasn't necessary, you shouldn't have bothered'. Taklif is an urdu word for trouble or bother)
-•Woh (He/She/They) •Uska/Uski (His/Her) Examples
-•"Woh bazaar gaye hain" (They have gone to the market)
•"Woh pathshala ko gaya/gayi hain" (He/She has gone to school) •"Uski aaj exam hai" (Today is his/her exam)
Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns indicate a particular person or persons or a particular thing or things.
•Yeh (This/He/She/It) •Woh (That/He/She/It) •Ye (These) Ve (Those) Examples
-•"Yeh mera ghar hai" (This is my house) •"Woh uska ghar hai" (That is his/her house)
•"Ye log wahan rahate hai" (These people stay there) •"Ve log kal jayenge" (Those people will leave tomorrow) Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns indicate general rather than particular people and things.
•Koi (Someone) •Kuch (Something) •Kuch bhi (Anything)
•Sab kuch (Everything) •Sab log (Everyone) Examples
-•"Koi ja raha hai" (Someone is passing/going) •"Kuch karna hoga" (Something must be done) •"Kuch bhi chalega" (Anything will do)
•"Sab kuch karke dekho" (Try everything) •“Sab log aayenge” (Everyone will come) Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns give the relation between words, people and things.
•Jo (Who) •Jiski (Whose) •Jaisa (Like) Examples
-•“Jo kal aayega, usko dena" (the one who comes tomorrow, give it to him) •"Jiski chal hathi jaisi" (Whose walk is like that of an elephant)
•"Uske jaisa koi nahin" (There is no one like him) Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns ask questions about people and things.
•Kaun (Who) •Kya (What) •Kisko (Whom)
Examples
-•"Kaun banega crorepati?" (Who will be a millionaire?) •"Kya baat hai?" (What is the matter?)
•"Kisko phal diye?" (Whom did you give the fruit to?)
C'mon, dinner's ready - Chalo, khana tayar hain.
Sit down - Baith jao.
I'm hungry - Mujhe bhook lagi hai.
What will you eat? - Tum kya khaoge? (informal) / Aap kya khaoge? (formal)
What's for dinner? - Khane may kya hai?
Today we have made Hyderabadi biryani - Aaj humne Hyderabadi biryani banayi hain.
And there is also rice, roti, sambhar, paratha, vegetables, salad, pakoda, papad, pickle, curd, buttermilk and lassi - Aur chawal, roti, sambhar, paratha, sabzi, raita, pakoda, papad, aachar, chutney, dahi, tak, lassi bhi hain.
Do you like sweet dishes? - Tumko mithai pasand hai? (informal) / Aapko mithai pasand hai? (formal)
There is also mango juice, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi and laddoos - Aam-ras, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi aur laddoo bhi hain.
I was also going to make Momos, but I didn't have the time - Main Momos bhi banana wali thi, lekin mujhe wakt nahi mila.
Tomorrow I'm going to make South Indian food - dosa-sambhar and wada-sambhar - I particularly like Iddiyappam - Kal main Dakshin Bharatiya khana banana wali hoon -dosa-sambhar aur wada-sambhar - mujhe Idiyappam khas pasand hai.
What will you have? - Tum kya logay? (informal) / Aap kya logay? (formal)
What else will you have? - Tum aur kya logay? (informal) / Aap aur kya logay? (formal)
Would you like some more? - Tumko aur chahiye? / Tumhe aur chahiye? (informal) / Aapko aur chahiye? (formal)
Do you want water? - Tumko pani chahiye? (informal) / Aapko pani chahiye? (formal)
Move your glass here - Glass yahan karo
Do you want a spoon, knife and fork? - Tumko chamach, suri aur kata chahiye?
No, I'll eat by hand - Nahi, main haat say khaoongi. (feminine) / Nahi, main haat say khaoonga. (masculine)
I would like some more rice - Mujhe aur chawal chahiye.
I will have sambhar with it - Uske saath main sambhar loongi. (feminine) / Uske saath main sambhar loonga. (masculine)
Does it need more salt? - Usme aur namak chahiye kya?
Does it need more sugar? - Usme aur shakkar chahiye kya?
Do you find it hot (as in chillie hot)? - Tumko tikha lag raha hai kya? (informal) / Aapko tikha lag raha hai kya? (formal)
You don't find it hot (chillie hot), do you? - Tumko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (informal) /Aapko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (formal)
Is it hot (as in scalding hot)? - Garam hai kya?
The food hasn't become cold, has it? - Khana thanda toh nahi huwa hai na?
There's more in the pot - Katore may aur hain.
Do you like the dinner? - Khana aachha lag raha hai na?
Yes, it's good, thank you - Ha, acchha hai, shukriya.
Eat some fruit - Kuch phal kha lo.
Will you have some more? - Tum aur logay? (informal) / Aap aur logay? (formal)
Your plate looks/is looking empty - Tumhari thali khali deekh rahi hai (informal) / Aapki thali khali deekh rahi hai (formal)
No, enough, I'm done, my stomach is full - Nahi, bas, mera ho gaya, mera pet bhar gaya.
Thank you, the food was very tasty/good, your cooking is amazing -
Shukriya/Dhanyawad, khana bahut swadishta/acchha tha, tum kamal ka khana pakati ho (informal)/ aap kamal ka khana pakatay ho (formal).
Come again - Phir aao/aajao