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NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL AND KINEMATICS OF INTERMITTENT FLIGHT IN BUDGERIGARS (MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS)

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Figure

Fig. 1. Electromyographic signals from the pectoralis muscle of a flying budgerigar. The lower EMG, recorded using intramuscular bipolar electrodes (0.5 mm exposed tip), shows multiple-spike bursts that represent ‘tetanic’ contractions during two successiv
Table 2. Variance components for electromyographic and kinematic variables from
Fig. 2. During flapping flight at all flight speeds (this sequence was from flight at 11 m s 21 ), the EMG signals from the pectoralis and supracoracoideus muscles of budgerigars exhibited periodic fluctuations in amplitude with each wingbeat (A), as first
Fig. 4. The percentage of time spent flapping during flapping/non-flapping cycles in five budgerigars flying at various speeds in our wind tunnel
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