Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry

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Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry

•13-1. Carbon Bonds

•13-2. Alkanes

•13-3. Petroleum Products

•13-4. Structural Formulas

•13-5. Isomers

•13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

•13-7. Benzene

•13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups

•13-9. Functional Groups

•13-10. Polymers

•13-11. Carbohydrates

•13-12. Photosynthesis

•13-13. Lipids

•13-14. Proteins

•13-15 Soil Nitrogen

•13-16. Nucleic Acids

•13-17. Origin of Life

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Organic chemistry Organic chemistry Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry inorganic chemistry inorganic chemistry is the chemistry inorganic chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon.

The general properties of carbon compounds are:

1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.

2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.

3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.

4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.

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13 13 13

13----3. 3. 3. Petroleum Products 3. Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Petroleum Products

Fractional distillation

Catalytic cracking

Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.

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Polymerization-the making of plastics

Vinyl

13 13 13

13----3. 3. 3. 3. Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Petroleum Products

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13 13 13

13----3. 3. 3. 3. Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Petroleum Products Petroleum Products

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13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Alkanes or Hydrocarbons

Methane 1 carbon Ethane 2 carbons Propane 3 carbons Butane 4 carbons Pentane 5 carbons Hexane 6 carbons Heptane 7 carbons Octane 8 carbons

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Table 13.1

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13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

Alkenes

Ethene 2 carbons Propene 3 carbons Butene 4 carbons Pentene 5 carbons Hexene 6 carbons Heptene 7 carbons Octene 8 carbons

Alkynes

Acetylene 2 carbons Propyne 3 carbons Butyne 4 carbons Pentyne 5 carbons Hexyne 6 carbons Heptyne 7 carbons Octyne 9 carbons

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Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene gas welding and cutting.

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Alcohols

Ethanol 2 carbons Propanol 3 carbons Butanol 4 carbons Pentanol 5 carbons Hexanole 6 carbons Heptanol 7 carbons Octanol 8 carbons

13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

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Ethers

oxygen in the middle Aldehydes

Double bond “O” with “H” on end

13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

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Ketones

Double bond “O” in middle

13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

Carboxylic Acids

Double bond “O” with “OH”

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Amines

NH

on end

13 13 13

13----4. 4. 4. Structural Formulas 4. Structural Formulas Structural Formulas Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

Esters

Double bond “O” with “O” both in middle

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Table 13.2

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13-5. Isomers

Optical Isomers Structural Isomers

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch

m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

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13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene

Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that

do not contain benzene rings.

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13-10 Polymers

A polymer is a long chain of simple

molecules (monomers) linked together.

Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of

polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is

thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on cooling..

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Table 13.3

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13-10 Polymers

.

A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers called

elastomers; rubber and neoprene are

examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of

monomers.

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13-10 Polymers

.

Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no- stick surface in cookware.

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13 13 13

13----11. 11. 11. 11. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Carbohydrates

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

D-Glucose

(an aldose) α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose (chair form)

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Sucrose Lactose Maltose

13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides

Amylopectin

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Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest

cellulose in plants.

13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.11 Polysaccharides

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13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis

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13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis

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13 13 13

13----13. 13. 13. 13. Lipids Lipids Lipids Lipids

Saturated and

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

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13 13 13

13----13. 13. 13. 13. Lipids Lipids Lipids Lipids

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13 13 13

13----14. 14. 14. 14. Proteins Proteins Proteins Proteins

The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure in proteins:

On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple

hydrocarbon chain.

Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal

tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:

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13 13 13

13----15 Soil Nitrogen 15 Soil Nitrogen 15 Soil Nitrogen 15 Soil Nitrogen

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13 13 13

13----16. Nucleic Acids 16. Nucleic Acids 16. Nucleic Acids 16. Nucleic Acids

. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

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13 13 13

13----17 17 17 17. Origin of Life Origin of Life Origin of Life Origin of Life

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What is the primary product we get from oil?

2. Give an example of an alcohol.

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons?

4. What is another name for sugars?

5. Give an example of a polysaccharide.

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What is the primary product we get from oil? ^gasoline

2. Give an example of an alcohol. CH

OH

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons? ^octane

4. What is another name for sugars?

carbohydrates

5. Give an example of a polysaccharide.

Cellulose, starch, sucrose or table sugar

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What are 3 products we get from oil?

2. Give an example of a polymer.

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 4 carbons?

4. What is another name for carbohydrates?

5. Give an example of a lipid.

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What are 3 products we get from oil?

2. Give an example of a polymer.

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 4 carbons? ^butane

4. What is another name for carbohydrates? ^sugars

5. Give an example of a lipid.

soap, cholesterol

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