GCSE 0240/02 ADDITIONAL SCIENCE

0240 020001

Other Names 0

GCSE 0240/02

ADDITIONAL SCIENCE

HIGHER TIER CHEMISTRY 2

A.M. TUESDAY, 29 January 2013 45 minutes

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

In addition to this paper you may require a calculator and a ruler.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Use black ink or black ball-point pen.

Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page.

Answer all questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided in this booklet.

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

The number of marks is given in brackets at the end of each question or part-question.

You are reminded of the necessity for good English and orderly presentation in your answers.

The Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of the examination paper and the formulae for some common ions on the inside of the back cover.

For Examiner’s use only Question Maximum Mark Mark

Awarded

1. 8

2. 7

3. 4

4. 6

5. 3

6. 7

7. 10

8. 5

Total 50

Examiner

Answer all questions. only

1. (a) Complete the following table of information about the atoms of some elements. [5]

The Periodic Table of Elements shown on the back cover of this examination paper may be helpful in answering this question.

(b) Atoms of different elements each have a different mass, known as the relative atomic mass (A _r ). The relative atomic mass compares the masses of different atoms on a scale which gives hydrogen a mass of 1. State why the actual mass of an atom is not used. [1]

(c) Calculate the relative molecular mass (M _r ) of nitric acid, HNO ₃ . [2]

A _r (H) = 1 A _r (N) = 14 A _r (O) = 16

M _r (HNO ₃ ) =

Element Symbol Number of

protons Number of

neutrons Number of electrons

sodium ²³ Na 11 12 11

calcium ⁴⁰ Ca 20

aluminium

. . . .

13 14 13

. . . .

39 K 19

. . . .

19

11 20

19

8

Examiner

2. (a) Complete the table below by giving the structural formulae for methane and ethane. [2] only

(b) Ethene can be produced during a process known as cracking.

C ₁₂ H ₂₆ C ₁₀ H ₂₂ + C ₂ H ₄

State two conditions necessary for cracking to take place. [2]

. . . .

and

(c) Polythene is produced from ethene.

(i) Name the process taking place when polythene is produced from ethene. [1]

(ii) Give one use of polythene. [1]

(iii) Give one reason why the recycling of plastics such as polythene is important for

the environment. [1]

7

Name methane ethane ethene

Formula CH 4 C 2 H 6 C 2 H 4

Structural

formula C C

H H

H H

0240 020003

Examiner

3. (a) (i) Nappies contain a type of smart material that is capable of absorbing many times only

its own weight of water. Name this type of smart material. [1]

(ii) In terms of structure, state how this type of smart material is able to absorb such

a large amount of water. [1]

(iii) Apart from nappies, give one other use for this type of smart material. [1]

(b) Shape memory alloys are another type of smart material. State the property of shape memory alloys that makes them more suitable than traditional materials for making

spectacle frames. [1]

4

0240 020005

Examiner

4. The following diagram shows the apparatus used in industry to extract aluminium from its ore only

by the process of electrolysis.

(a) Name the type of energy required for electrolysis to take place. [1]

(b) The electrolyte used in this process is molten aluminium oxide.

(i) Use the table of common ions inside the back cover of this examination paper to give the symbols of the ions present in aluminium oxide. [1]

and

(ii) Why do aluminium ions move towards the cathode? [1]

(c) State why the aluminium oxide must be molten in order for electrolysis to take place. [1]

(d) Give the word equation for the overall reaction taking place. [2]

. . . .

+

6 graphite anodes

oxygen

graphite cathode

molten aluminium

molten aluminium oxide

Examiner

5. The following graph shows the solubility curves for potassium nitrate, lead nitrate and sodium only

chloride.

20 30 0

40 20 60 100 80 120 140 160 200 180

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 potassium

nitrate

nitrate lead Solubility

/ g per 100 g of water

sodium chloride

Temperature / °C

(a) Give the temperature at which the solubility is the same for both potassium nitrate and

lead nitrate. [1]

°C

(b) Give the solubility of sodium chloride at 60 °C. [1]

g per 100 g of water

(c) Calculate the mass of crystals that would form if 100 cm ³ of a saturated solution of potassium nitrate was cooled from 90 °C to 30 °C. [1]

Mass of crystals formed =

g

3

Examiner

6. (a) Potassium reacts with chlorine to form potassium chloride. Draw diagrams to show only

the electronic changes that take place as potassium ions and chloride ions are formed.

Include the charges on the ions.

The electronic structures of the elements are as follows. [3]

potassium = 2,8,8,1 chlorine = 2,8,7

(b) Chlorine gas, Cl ₂ , consists of chlorine molecules.

Draw a diagram to show the bonding in a chlorine molecule. [2]

(c) The following diagram shows the structure of graphite.

7

Explain why graphite can be used as a lubricant. [2]

Examiner

7. Ammonia is produced from atmospheric nitrogen by the Haber process. only

(a) Complete and balance the symbol equation for the reaction. [2]

N ₂ + s NH ₃

(b) The following graph shows how the yield of the reaction depends on the conditions used.

0 100 200 300 400

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Pressure / atmospheres Yield of

ammonia / %

(i) Use the graph above to give the yield of ammonia at a pressure of 400 atmospheres

and a temperature of 350 °C. [1]

%

(ii) The industrial process is carried out at 450 °C and 200 atmospheres of pressure which gives a yield of less than 30 %.

Give a reason for using

I a temperature of 450 °C rather than 350 °C, [1]

II a pressure of 200 atmospheres rather than 400 atmospheres. [1]

Examiner

(c) One use of ammonia is in the production of nitric acid. only

The first stage in the process involves the oxidation of ammonia.

4NH ₃ + 5O ₂ 4NO + 6H ₂ O

(i) Using the equation above, calculate the mass of nitric oxide, NO, produced from

the oxidation of 255 tonnes of ammonia. [3]

A _r (N) = 14 A _r (H) = 1 A _r (O) = 16

Mass of nitric oxide =

tonnes

(ii) Calculate the atom economy of this reaction. [2]

atom economy = theoretical mass of required product × 100 % total mass of reactants used

Atom economy =

%

10

Examiner

8. A sample of 3.6 g of copper oxide is reduced by heating in a stream of hydrogen gas, using the only

apparatus shown below. After heating, 3.2 g of copper had been produced.

hydrogen in

hydrogen burning sample of copper oxide

heat

(a) Give the meaning of the term reduction. [1]

(b) Use the figures given above to calculate

(i) the mass of oxygen in the copper oxide, [1]

Mass of oxygen =

g (ii) the empirical formula for this oxide of copper. [3]

You must show your working.

A _r (O) = 16 A _r (Cu) = 64

Empirical formula

END OF PAPER

5

FORMULAE FOR SOME COMMON IONS

POSITIVE IONS NEGATIVE IONS

Name Formula Name Formula

Aluminium Ammonium Barium Calcium Copper(II) Hydrogen Iron(II) Iron(III) Lithium Magnesium Nickel Potassium Silver Sodium Zinc

Al ³⁺

NH ₄ ⁺ Ba ²⁺

Ca ²⁺

Cu ²⁺

H ⁺ Fe ²⁺

Fe ³⁺

Li ⁺ Mg ²⁺

Ni ²⁺

K ⁺ Ag ⁺ Na ⁺ Zn ²⁺

Bromide Carbonate Chloride Fluoride Hydroxide Iodide Nitrate Oxide Sulphate

Br ^– CO ₃ ^2–

Cl ^– F ^– OH ^– I ^– NO ₃ ^– O ^2–

SO ₄ ^2–

3 11 19 37 55 87

1 H Hy dr og en

4 He He liu m 7 Li Lit hi um

9 Be Be ry lli um

11 B B oro n

12 C C arb on

14 N N itr og en

16 O Oxy ge n

19 F Flu or in e

20 Ne Ne on 23 Na So diu m

24 Mg Ma gn esiu m

27 Al Al um ini um

28 Si Sili co n

31 P Pho spho rus

32 S Su lp hu r

35 Cl Ch lor in e

40 Ar A rgo n 39 K Po ta ssi um

40 Ca C al ciu m

45 Sc Sc an diu m

48 Ti Ti ta ni um

51 V Va na diu m

52 Cr Ch ro mi um

55 Mn M an gan ese

56 Fe Iro n

59 Co C ob al t

59 Ni N ick el

64 Cu C op pe r

65 Zn Z inc

70 Ga G alli um

73 Ge Ge rm ani um

75 As A rs en ic

79 Se Se leni um

80 Br Bro m in e

84 Kr Kr yp to n 86 Rb Rub id ium

88 Sr St ro nt ium

89 Y Yt tr iu m

91 Zr Zi rco nium

93 Nb N iob iu m

96 Mo Mo lyb den um

99 Tc Te ch ne tiu m

10 1 Ru Ru then ium

10 3 Rh Rho diu m

10 6 Pd Pa lla diu m

10 8 Ag Si lve r

11 2 Cd Cad m ium

11 5 In In diu m

11 9 Sn Ti n

12 2 Sb An tim ony

12 8 Te Te llu riu m

12 7 I Io di ne

131 Xe Xe no n 13 3 Cs Ca es iu m

13 7 Ba B ar iu m

13 9 La Lan than um

17 9 Hf H af ni um

18 1 Ta Ta nt alu m

18 4 W Tu ng ste n

18 6 Re Rh eni um

19 0 Os O sm iu m

19 2 Ir Ir id iu m

19 5 Pt Pl at inu m

19 7 Au G ol d

201 Hg Me rc ur y

20 4 Tl Th alli um

20 7 Pb L ead

20 9 Bi Bi sm uth

21 0 Po Po lo ni um

21 0 At A st at in e

222 Rn R ado n 22 3 Fr Fr an ciu m

22 6 Ra R ad iu m

22 7 Ac Ac tini um

2 86 54 36 18 10 9 17 35 53 85

8 16 34 52 84 83 15 33 7 51

6 14 32 50 82

5 13 31 49 81

30 48 80

29 47 79

28 46 78

27 45 77

26 44 76

1 25 43 75

24 42 74

23 41 73

22 40 72

21 39 57 89

4 12 20 38 56 88

P E R IO D IC T A B L E O F E L E M E N T S 1 2 G ro up 3 4 5 6 7 0 A X Z Na m e

Ke y: M as s nu m be r At om ic n um be r E le m en t S ym bo l