The FINITE STRING, Volume 11, Number 1

American

Journal of

Com~urational Linguistics

M i c r o f i c h e 1

the

FINITE

NEWSLETTER OF T H E A S S O C I A T I O N FOR C O M P U T A T I O N A L L I N G U I S T I C S VOLUME

11

-

NUMBER

1

SEPTECBER

1974

N S F S P O N S O R S H I P F O R A J C L I 8 8 I . 8

2

M I C R O F I C H E VIEWING EQUIPMENT G U I D E I I I a I I 8 8

3'

A C L O F F I C E R S

1 9 7 5 ,

a

,

,

,

8 8

,

,

, 1

4

A C L P R O G R A M ,

JULY^^-27‘1974,

, ,

, ,

,

,

,

I

5

ASSOCIATION F O R L I T E R A R Y AND L I N G U I S T I C ZOMPUTIMG I a 0

7

C O M P U T E R A T W I T C A N R E A D , I

,

I a a a I a

8

COMPUTER-ASSISTED LEXICOGRAPHY

-

B I B L I O G R A P H Y , 8 I

9

CURRENTBIBLIOGRAPHY ,

,

I , , , , ,

16

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS i s published

by t h e Center f o r A p p l i e d Linguistics f o r t h e Association

f o r Computational Linguistics.

EDITOR: D a v i d G . H a y s , P r o P e s s o r of L i n g u i s t i c s a n d o f

C o m p u t e r S c i e n c e , S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y of N e w Y o r k , B u f f a l o

E D I T O R I A L STAFF: B r i a n P h i l l i p s , A s s i s t a n t ; J a c q u i n B r e n d l e

S e c r e t a r y

E D I T O R I A L ADDRESS: Twin W i 1 l o w s , W a n a k a h , New York 14'075

M A N A G I N G E D I T O R : A . Hood R o b e r t s , D e p u t y D i r e c t o r , ~ S n t e r

for A p p l i e d L i n g u i s t i c s A S S I S T A N T : N a n c y J o k o v i c h

PRODUCTION AND SUBSCRIPTIONnADDRESS: 1 6 1 1 N o r t h K e n t S t r e e t , ~ r l i n - g t o n , V i ~ g i n i a 2 2 2 0 9

American

Journal

of

Computational

Linguistics

M i c r o f i c h e 1

2

The Office of Science Information Service o f t h e National Science

Foundation has awarded $34,700 for publicatSon of the American

Journal of Computational Linguistics, Principal investigator is

A. Hood Roberts, managing editor of the new journal; the Center

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September 30, 1976.

The aim of the publication is t o report c u r r e h t research.

promptly and to announce meetings, conferences, courses, publi- cations, and other activities of interest and i m p ~ y t a n c e to

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Linguistics, which published Mechanicall Translation until 1968

and The Finite String until 1973. ACL's Executive Committee in

1968 decided t o publish a new journal under a three-point policy.

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A large working editorial board a n d adequate clerical support assures timeliness. AJCL attempts to review submissions withim a month.

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The grant provides for extensive mailing of announcements and

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M i c r o f i c h e 1

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The subscriber who does n o t

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microfiches may wish to

consult this document.

M I C R O F I C H E

V I E k l ' I N G

E Q U I P M E N T

G U I D E

Ronald F. B o r d e n

D e f e n s e D o c m e n t a t i o n C e n t e r

Surveys 81 models of microfiche r e a d e r s

and reader-printers available in the

U n i t e d States in 1971. 156 pages.

O r d e r XC-734 400 $3.00

N a t i o n a l Technical Information Service

M ' i c r o f i c h e 4

A S S O C I A T I O N

F O R

C O M P U T A T I O N A L

L I N G U I S T I C S

O F F I C E R S

1 9 7 5

PRESIDENT :

VICE-PRESIDENT:

SECTCETARY-TREASURER:

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE:

NOMINATING C O ~ I T T E E :

A R A V I N D

I(.

JOSHI

University of Pennsylvania

IBM Research

A ,

Hoon

ROBERTS

Center f o r Applied Linguistics

B O N N I E N A S H - W E B B E R

~ 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 7

B o l t B e r a n e k - and Newman

C H A R L E S

J.

R I E G E R

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 University of M a r y l a n d

GARY

ARTI INS

1 9 7 3 - 1 9 7 5

Stonehenge Systems L a b o r a t o r y

UILLIAM

A m WOODS

1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 3

B o l t Beranek and Newman

R O B E R T B A R N E S

1 9 7 4 - 1 9 7 6

Leh-igh U n i v e r s i t y

P R O G R A M

M i c r o f i c h e 1

A S S O C I A T I O N

F 0 R T w e l f t h A n n u a l M e e t i n g

A m h e r s t , M a s s a c h u s e t t s C O M I ' U T A T I O N A L _{J u l y 2 6 - 2 7 , 1 9 7 4}

L I N G U I S T I C S

SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS

Automatic c r e a t i o n of an ATN grammar from a transformational grammar. P e r r y M i l l e r , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y String transformations in the REQUEST system. W a r r e n 3 . P l a t h ,

I B M R e s e a r c h

A computational treatment of coordinate c o n j u n c t i o n s . C a r o l

R a z e , N e w Y o r k U n i v e r s i t y .

Toward formal solutions t o philosophical problews. J a f n e s D u n n , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y ,

An 'nvestigation of algorithmic translation procedures from standard semantic feature representation to predicate. logic,

R o b e r t M. H a r n i s h a n d M i c h a e l H o u g h t a l i n g . U n i v e r s i t y o f A r i z o n - a . Lana's p r o g r e s s . E r n s t von G l a s e r s f e l d , U n i v e r s i t y o f G e o r g i a .

NATURAL LANGUAGE SYSTEMS

Computer as model and metaphor- s t e p h a n I s a r d , U n i v e r s i t y of

E d i n b u r g h .

SOPHIE: A knowledge based CAI system u s i n g a n a n a l o g i c a l i n f e - repces mechanism. R i c h a r d R

.-

B u . r t o n , B o l t B e r a n e k a n d N e w m a n Inc.

Linguistics and graphics: a compatible system. C h r i s t i n a D a v i s a n d , J e f f r e y E a s t m a n , N o r t h C a r o l i n a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y .

C L E T : A computer program that learns arithmetic f r o m a n ele- m e n t a r y t e x t b o o k . N a g i b B a d r e , I B M .

Uonstruct. R o b e r t S m i t h , F . I,. R a w s o n , a n d N a n c y S m i t h , S t a n -

f o r d U n i v e r s i t y

.

T h e believer system. G e o f f r e y B r o w n , R u t g e r s University.

Junction- garammar a s a base f o r automatic language processing.

E l d o n L g t l e , B r i g h a m Y o u n g U n i v e s s i t y .

DISCOURSE

AND

COMPREHENSION

Simulating processes of verbalization and translation. w a l l a c e

C h a f e , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a a t B e r k e l e y

Episode understanding and b e l i e f guided parsing. B e r t r a m B r u c e a n d C . F . S c h m i d t , R u t g e r s U n i v e x s i t y

Computer understanding of metaphorical phrases. S y l v i a R u s s e l l

Understanding by c o n c e p t u a l i n f e r e n c e . C h a r l e s R i e g c r , U n i v e r s i t y

o f M a r y l a n d

Paraphras Lng p a r a g r a p h s . k o g e r S c h a n k

,

I n s t i t u t e f o r S e m a n t i c s -

C o g n i t i o n , S w i t z e r l a n d

Cybernetic model of conscious behavior. A n s w i m V i n j e - M o r p u r g o

SPEECH

PRODUCTION

AND UNDERSTANDING

Simple digital speech synthesis. W i l l i a m F i s h e r a n d A . M .

E n g e b r e t s o n , C e n t r a l I n s t i t u t e f o r t h e D e a f , S t . L o u i s , M i s s o u r i

'Fundamental frequency contours of auxiliary phrases in English.

J o n a t h a n A l l e n a n d D . O ' s h a u g h n e s s y , M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y

Non-deterministic phonetic transcription of speech. R i c h a r d

S c h w a r t z , B o l t B e r a n e k a n d Newrnan I n c .

Computer testing of f a s t s p e e c h r u l e s . D o u g l a s 8 . M o r a n , U n i v e r -

s i t y of M i c h i g a n

The role of lexical s e m a n t i c s in automated speech u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

Tim D i l l e r , S y s t e m D e v e l o p m e n t C o r p o r a t i o n

An experiment in the use of iconic language to present graphic structures v i a t h e auditory channel. J o h n B. ~ u l e n b e r g a n d

M o r t e z a A r n i r R a h i m i

,

M i c h i g a n S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y

American

Journal of Computational Linguis ties

M i c r o f i c h e 1 7

Assoc

I

AT

I

OK

FOR AND

The

inaugural

g e n e r a l meeting of the

~ s s o c i a t i o n

was held at King's College, U n i v e r s i t y of

London,

o n A p r i l 3 0 , 1 9 7 3 u n d e r

the chairmanship of R . A. Wksbey. Its program includes s e m i -

nars, general meetings, arid t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of a B u l l e t i n t h r e e

times a year.

A l t n o s f 70 p e r s o n s

from

11 countries attended t h e

first

i n t e r n a -

tional meeting o n December 1 4 , 1 9 7 3 . Reporas were given by

Bernard Quernada, Besancon

-

h i s t o r y of F r e n c h vocabulary

W. _{M a r t i n ,} Louvain

-

analysis of D u t c h texts

Winfried Lenders, Bonn

-

m e d i e v a l German texts

Wilhelm O t t , Tubingen

-

textual e d i t i n g techniques

Felicien d e Tollenaere, Leiden

-

the Dutch thesaurus

I. T. P i i r a i n e n , J y v a s k y l 3 U n i v e r s i t y

-

standardization

of Finnish

H. Schanze, Aachen

-

modern G e r m a n t e x t s

ALLC i s d e v e l o p i n g an organization w i t h r e g i o n a l branches and

n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . The U . S . representatives are J.

Raben and W . u i r s c h r n a n n .

The current issue o f t h e Bulletin contains a r t i c l e s on computinq

and phonology (J. B e r g e r ) , the processing of l a t e m i d d l e high

German (T. B u n g a r t e n ) a n d early m i d d l e D u t c h (I?. de Tollenaere

and W. Pijnenburg) t e x t s , and the a c t i v i t i e s of groups _{i n}

Germany (W. L e n d e r s ) and Belgium (W. M a r t i n )

.

Membership f o r 1974 is $9.50, from M r s . J o a n M. Smith,

6 Sevenoaks Avenue, Heaton Moor, Stockport, Cheshire SK4 4AW,

American

Journal

of

Computations

Linguistics

M i c r o f i c h e 1 8

puter

at

MFT

Can

Read

BY D A

SASJEELL

~ C W - E , M a s . (WI)-- A computer that sea&, and

talks, once the figment of

writers of science fiction, is n w a reality.

Engineers at Massachusetts

Institute of Technology ( W I T )

have developed a computer which can pronoupce any w e d

in the English- language, or any string of words.

V n d m the gyidance d ASSW

date Prof, Jonathan Allen, the

engineers have pmgrarn-

mnd the computer so that it

carl pronounce nxIy E'mnglish

word correctly, even if it has never encountered i t before.'

COMP , much in

the manner of humans, Figures

out the word by .applying likr-

ally thousands of learned rules

of pronuncia tion. And the voice which comes out of the loud- speder atop the camputer is

completely nonhuman in origin, construded 5 y a rnodel of tM

human vocal tract programmed into the computer.

It t a far cry from the bhck- taking, troublesame 'WaL" of the movie "Space nClyssey:

2001,"' but scientists have a his-

tory of eventually catchhg up

with the imaginations d science

fictioli writers.

The M J T . talking computer

speaks i n flat, featureless tones, bur the engibeers are working on this aspect and are teaching

i t .haw tb pause and inflect at

W N S A I D the reading ma-

chine pwfect involved two pri-

mary problem-building a ma-

chine to Sean and recognize

printed matter and to transform it into coAputer language, and

buildjng a computec to trans-

form Ck scanned text Into un-

derstandable speech.

Both were solved by drawing

on earlier efforts in ?HIT'S Re-

seardh Laboratory of Elec t ~ i c s ( R U E ) . This text-to-speech pro-.

ject began as part o f an overall

effort at RUE to build a m a d i n e

to read to the blind, bu4. one

pqbctical near future appllca-

t l ~ n might be, Allen said, using

a phone-in a library, for ex-

ample-to dial up the computer

and having the desired Infor- matjon automatically read to the

caller.

S-4ID he clnd hjs col-

leagues avoided force - feeding

the computer so tshat it would

memorize a11 the words in the

Englislf language.

I

fa " Y e could have attempted to all the words in bhe Eng- Ush language into the com- puter's memory, and instructed

the 'computer to matc-h each word i n a text with a pro-

nunciation," be said. But, he

added, "&Is would have been

unwise beoause the n u m b e r . of

English words is enormous

-

several-hbfidred t h u s a n d e n d

becawe new words are con- stantly being hvenfed.

''IT I$ RfWH BE1[TER to pro.

ceed frbm a basic-un&rstanding of the general linguistic rules o!

prbnunci$tiob:' he said. "The basic phperties of English 'would be applichble for a much

longer period 'than mere word lists."

I Allen said a much slppler

the proper place in a sentence,

aqd even to change the pro-

nunciation of whrds according

to how they are used in a sen- tence.

me t-hod was to use. "morphs," which make up all words. He

1

I

s d d there are only &out 11,080

morphs. The computer, h e said,

can undefstand about 10 times

that number df words by using

morphs.

To that Allen and his col- leagues added some 400 letter- bsound rules add came up wlth a computer which would

pronounce individual syllables

strung together. And by draw- ing on rdes of linguistics devel-

American

Journal of Computational Linguistics

M i c r o f i c h e 2

9

C O M P U T E R - A S S I S T E D

L E X I C O G R A P H Y

R f c h a r d W. ~ a i l e y

D e p a r t m e n t of E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e a n d L i t e r a t u r e The U n i v e r s i t y of M i c h i g a n

A volume on Computer Uses f o r Language R e s e a r c h , e d i t e d by

S a l l y Y e a t e s Seaelow WCI Walter A. SedeLow, Jr., is in prepara- t i o n f o r the s e r i e s on C u r r e n t Trends in the Language Sciences, published under t h e genetal _{e d i t o r s h i p} o f Thomas A. Sebeok.

Richard W. B a i l e y is writing on historical dictionaries and

John Olney on svnchronic dictionaries. Among the topics t h e y

propose to _{t r e a t} a r e

Techniques of data s e l e c t i o n and preparation

LemmatiZation

Compilation of semantic i n f o r m a t i o n

Man-machine i n t e r a c t i o n in preparing explanatory material

I n n o v a t i v e approaches to publication

The present bibliography is a p a r t of Bailey's preparation f o r

t h e assignment. B o t h Bailey and O l n e y request r e p r i n t s , c i t a -

10 Computer-Assisted Lexicography: A Preliminary Bibl1ograph;y

Richard W, Bailey

Dtparbent o r Eng$ish

The University bi Michigan

h Arbor, a c h i g a n 48104

June 1974

tkcn, A.J, " H i s t o r i c a l M c t i o n w i e a and the Computer

Literary and L i m i s t i q Research, cd, R.X. Wisbey University Pres a , 1971

1,

pp

.

3-17.

,"

in The Camputer in

(cambridge, Canbridge

Aitken, A.J. "The Literary Uses o l ~omputers

,"

T,,kes ,Li%erary Suppleme-nt

(21 April 1972) :456.

Aitken, A . J . , R*W. Bafley, and N. Hermilton4mith, cds. The Cmputer and Literary

Studies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univerlfty Press, 1973,

Aitken, A . J . , and Paul Bratley. " ~ n Archive of Older Scottish Texts for Scanning

by Computer," Studies in Scottish Literature 4(1966) : 4 5 4 7 ; reprinted in

w i s h Stydies 48(1967):61-62.

Alford, M.K.T, he Computer and Lexicography

,"

B u l l e t i n of the Association for Literary and L i n g u i s t i c C o q t i n q 1,111 (1973) :&9.

Alinei, M.L. "Lexical, Grarmnatical and S t a t i s t i c d Indexing of' I t a l i a n Text8

w i t h the Help of Punched Card Machines at t h e University of U t r e c h t , t l

Lcvende Talen (1963) : 166-73 A

Alfzlci, Mario. Spogli e l e t t m n i c l dell'Itqliano dellc o r q i n l e d e l duecento.

Bologna:. Societa Edisrice il Mulino

,

1971.

Allen, Sture. "vocabulary Data roca as sing," in The Nordic Lanjqmges and Modern

Li%guistics, ed. H. Bencdfktason C ~ e ~ k j ~ i k : Visindafelag Islendinga, 1970).

U c n , ' S $ u r e . T t ~ a v a w du centre de recherchea pour la suedois contemporain de

Goteborg," iq ZampoUi, pp. 3 4 8 .

Anderson, Jean Woad, Computess. and Hatursl Lanmage Processing, w i t h Special

CompiDictionluy Co ion. Unpubli M.S. thesis, U. of Essex, 1973. 134 pp.

Bailey

,

Richard W e "Rese&ch Dictionaries

,"

American Speech

44(

1969 ) : 166-72.

10

Bailey, Richard W e Reflections on Technology in Lexicography," in McDavid &

lhckert

,

pp. 293-97.

Bailey, Rlchara W. and 3sy L. Robinson, "The University of Michigan E a r l y Wdem

English Dictionary ~ r a j e c t . " Shakeapearc Research and Opportunities 4{1968-

69 ) : 120-21,

Bailey, Richard W. and Jay L, Robinson. "MPIPI: A New Appmsch to Lexicography," Source 4(1974 ) : 2-6.

t t

Bailey, Richard W. and Jay L. Robinson. "Computers and Dictionaries, i n Cameron, Frank, and Leyerle, m. 94-102.

=%ley, Richard W, and Jsy L. Robinson. "The Camputer in Lexicbgraphy," in

Lcxicogra and L i p g u i s t i c Geography: ~ e s t ~ k b a fb Hans Kurath, eds.

Harald S d E Z l e r

and:

John Reidy (~iesbaden: qFranz Steiner Verlag, 1973).

Ben-Hmfm, Zc 'ev. "A B e b m Dictionary *on KistoricaP. Principles,' Akiel : A R e ~ i - q of the A r t a and Science8 in Israel 13(1966):14-20.

Brukford, Willisr,.et al. Towards a Dictionary of South Af"r1cmn PaR1i.h Gq

HistoricaJ. Principles. Grahamatuun: Institute for the Stuw of Engliea In

Atrfc., 19'9h.

~romrich, J.1. "A S ~ i o l o g i c a l Diction- of the English Languagesrt in Aitkenr, B a i l e y , and H d l t o n S a r i t h

,.

pp. 15-24.

Brunner, Theodore F., ed, ersurus Linp;uae Graecae Rnsletter. Irrine: Uni-

ver~ity of California, 1973-

.

Buss, Roberto, S.J. " ~ n lexiput Latin electronique," in Stinblova, pp. 251-71.

Cameron, Angus, Roberta Frank, and John Leyerlc, tds, Faqputers and Old m l i s h

Concordances, Tomnto: The University of Toronto Press, 1970,

Daniclsson, &or, ad. Studies in Early Modern Emliah llwslettar (on proporals

f o r a Diction- of Early Modem English ~ronuuciation). Stockholm:

~ n g e l s h I n s t i t u t i o n e n , 1968-

.

Dimitrescu, Florica. " ~ r o ~ e t d t u n d i c l h n n a i r e de la langue rounraint du X V I e

aiecle

,"

in Z m p l l i , pp. 41-48.

Duro, Aldo. "Las nowelles methodes du dictionnaire historique de la langue italienhe," ~ s h i e r s de L u i c o l o g i e 8.1 (1966) :95-3.11.

Duro, u d o . "Elaborations electrcniquee de t & e s cffectueca par L f A c a d d a

d e l l s C ~ c a , pow 18 preparation du dictionnaire hiatorique de la langue

italienne," in Zaarpollf, pp. 53-75.

Duro, Aldo. "Ltcmploi des mcryeqs electmniques pour la constitution du f'ichicr

lexicagraphiq& general par 1'Acsdemia della Crusca,

"

in Stindlova, pp. 201-20. Engela, Leopold Karel. "ITL: fnatituut poor Toegcpaste L i n g u i s t i d , ICstholieke

I t

Universiteit van Leuven, in ~ e n q m n i ~ pp. 77L80,

Finkenstatdt, Thomas, Ernst h f s i , Dieter Wolff. A Chronological En&ish

Dictio~ary. Heidelberg, 1970.

F i n k e n s t u d t , T h n m n ~ , and Dieter Wolff. Ordered Profision: Studies in Dictionaries

anil the U l i s h Lexicon. Heidelberg, 1973.

Frank, Roberts, and Angm Cameron, eds. A P l a n for the Dictionary of Old -1ish. Toronto: The University

cfr

Toronto Press, 1973.

Pnntkins. R.M. "~utamtatizacija iss1edovatcl;skich rabot v lehsikologii i l e u silografii" (The Automat ion, of Ltdcological and I.exicographical

~ e a e a r c h

1,

Vopmq JazykaznaniJ8 13.11 (1964)

:1~4-191

Grimes, Joseph E. "~oaputing in Lexicography," Linguistic Reporter 12 ,v-v1 (1970 ) :

I-$-

-

--

Hellberg, S t a i f a n . asput uteri zed L-tization without the U s e of a D i c t i o n ~ :

A Case study irom &=dish ~ u r i c o ~ c g y , " Coaputers and $he H q i t i e s 6(197'2) : 209-212,

[Imbs

,

Paul.

1

Centre de Recherche pour 'lm Trcsor de

la

L a w e Franclise

.

P a r i s :

b t ~ , Paul, ed. Trcsor de la 1-c francltse : D i c t i o n n s i r -et du, XXe siecles (1789-1960). I ( ~ - ~ f f i n e r _ ) . Paris : E a t i o n s du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifiquc, 1971.

h b s , Paul, and Robert Martin, w i t h Roland Vienney.

-

Dict&onnaire des frequcnces:

Vocsbulaire l i t t e r a r c dcs XIXe et XXe siccles. Paris: Didier, 1971. 4

~ ~ 3 s .

Josselson, H a m y H. "Lexicography and the Ccmputer," in To Honour R o w Jakobson

(T& Hague: Mouton, 1967). v o l . 2, pp. -046-59.

Josaelson, Harry H. "The Matrix as a Concept for Structuring the exi icon," in

R o c e e d l ~ s of the Conference on Linguistics. The ~nivgrsity of Iowa, Dctober

1970, - - eds. Robert H. Oelmrlce rnd4Rober-t S. Wachal ( ~ w a City, 1970), pp. ll8-58,

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.

Klappenbach, R. "~'gnploi des c a r t e s perforecs dm8 la dictionnsire de l r U e m a n d

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,

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,

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,"

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American

Journal of Computational

Linguistics

M i c r o f i c h e 1

16

C U R R E N T

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

Both t h e s e l e c t i o n

of

material for this i s s l ~ e and t h e choice of subyect c a t e g o r i e s a r e tentative. The o p i n i o h s of readers w i l l

influence both in t h e f u t u r e .

Completeness of c o v e r a g e , e s p e c i a l l y for r e p o r t s c i r c u l a t e d

p r i v a t e l y , d e p e n d s on t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f authors. Summaries o r

articles t o be summarized s h o u l d be s :o t h e editorial office

T w i n Willows, Wanakah, N e w York 1 4 0 7 5 .

Many summaries a r e authors' a b s t r a c t s , sometimes edited for

clarity. brevity, o r c o m p l e t e n e s s . Where p o s s i b l e , a n informa-

t i v e Summary is provided.

The L i n g u i s t i c Documentation Centre of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Ottawa

provides a s u b s t a n t i a l number of e n t r i e s ; A J C L gratefully ac-

knowledges the assistance of B r i a n Harris and R . Laskowski.

S e e t h e f o l l o w i n g f r a m e f i r a l i s t of s u b j e c t h e a d i n g s w i t h

SUBJECT

H E A D I N G S

General

. . .

Speech recognition

. . .

Speech synthesis

. . .

Speech transmission

. . .

. . .

Orthography

Lexicogfaphy

. . .

t

Grammar

. . .

. . .

P a r s e r s

Semantics

. . .

Review of G r a m m a r . m e a n i n g a n d t h e m a c h i n e a n a l y s i s o f l a n g u a g e

. . .

Comprehension

. . .

Expression

. . .

Inference

. . .

I n s t r u c t i o n

. . .

. . .

Documentation

Translation

. . .

Programming

e . . .

Robotics

. . .

Cryptography

. . .

Psychology

.

. . .

Anthropology

. . .

General

T H E O R E T I C A L

L I N G U I S T I C S

A ' new journal

~ dt o r i : Helmut Schnelle Technische Universitat Berlin

Board: Yehoshua Bar-Hillel

Renate Bartsch Noam Chomsky Donald Davidson

J-aakko Hintikka

Fr.anz Kutschexa

Hans Lieb

John Lyons

Solomon Marcus Barbara H. Partee

Timothy Potts

Sebastian K. Saumjan

Patrick Suppes

Richmond H. Thomason

Hebrew University, Jerusalem UniversitHt Bielefeld

MIT

Rockefeller Uhiversity University of Helsinki

Univers.i t3 t Regensburg

Freie Universitat Berlin University of Edinburgh

Acad6mie R. S. Roumanie

University of '~assachusetts

University of Leeds

Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow

Stanford University

University of Pit,tsburgh

P r i c e : DM 78 = $31.20 per volumeof approximately 288 pages,

plus postage and handling, less 15% f o r individuals

in the U.S. and Canada.

A d d r e s s : Walter de Gruy%er Inc., 162 Fifth Avenue, New York 1001

C o n t e n t s of V o l u m e 1 , N u m b e r 1 / 2 :

A. Kasher, Mood Implicatures: A Logical Way of Doing Generative

Pragmatics

H. ~ ~ e b , Grammars as Theories: The Case-for Axiomatic Grammar

S. Sbames, Rule Orderings, Obligatory Trqnsformations, and

Derivational Constraints

D. Gabbay; J . M. E . - Moravcsik, Branching Quantifiers, English,

and Montague-Grammar

J. Hoepelman, Tense Logic and the Semantics of Russian Aspects

L. Karttunen, Presupposition and Linguistic Context

M. Dascal, A . Margalit, A New 'Revolution' in Linauistics?

General

-

NATURAL

LANGUAGE

PROCESS

I

NG

Randall Rustin, Editor

Courant Institute of Mathematikal Sciences New York University

A l g o r i t h m i c s P r e s s & N e w Y o r k

1 9 7 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. brief survey of some mathematical results relevant to

natural language processing

-

Aravind K. J o s h i

. . . .

.

. .

1

Essential variables in mathematical and computational

models of transformational grammar

-

Joyce F'riedman

. .

.

.

2'5

Transformational analysis

-

S. R. Petrick

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

2 7

An inverse transformational lexicon

-

Jane J. Robinson

.

.

. .

4 3

The s t r i n g parser for scientific literature

-

Naomi Sager

. .

6 1

Tmplementation of the string parser of English

-

Ralph Grishman

.

. .

. . . .

.

.

a

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

8 9

An experimental parsing system for transition network

grammars

-

W. A . Woods

. . .

111

T h e M I N D system- MartinKay

. .

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

.

.

. ,

155

U s e of t h e ' Queue system for constructing an intermediate

language in English-'~rench translation

-

Richard Kittredge 189

Intermediate language for automatic translation

-

Bernard Vauquois

. .

. . . .

.

.

.

. .

.

, ,

. . . .

191

A general s y n t a c t i c p r o c e s s o r

-

Ronald M . Kaplan

. .

o

. .

193

The Stanford machine translation project

-

Y o r i c k Wilks

.

.

243

The conceptual analysis of natural language

-

Roger S c h a n k

.

291

Context and t h e . r e f e r e n c e problem

-

Eugene Charniak

.

-

.

, 3 1 1

Procedural semantics: models of procedur-s a n d the

teaching of procedures

-

Carl Hewitt

. .

. . .

.

. .

.

.

331

G e n e r a l

A U T O M A T I C

T E X T

P R O C E S S I N G

( A v t o f i a t i c e s k a y a o b r a b o t k a t e k s t o v )

F a c u l t y of Mathematics and P h i l o s o p h y

C h a r l e s University

T a b l e a£ C o n t e n t s

I n t r o d u c t i o n

( R )

-

Petr Sgall

.

a

.

-

.

5

Semantic representation of the sentence a n d i t s r e l a t i o n

to logical representation ( R ; a b s t r a c t )

-

P e t r S g a l l

. .

7

The semantic Yepresentation of n e g a t i o n in the functional

generat-ive description (E; a b s t r a c t )

-

Eva Hajicovd

. . .

11

Recent Romanian investigations

in

the field of mathematical

and c o m p u t a t i o n a l l i n g u i s t i c s (E)

-

Solomon Marcus

.

1 5 C o n s i d e r a t i d n fof- a future analysis ( E ; a b s t r a c t )

G y o r g y s 2 Q p e

. . .

4 3

Bushes

as standardized rules

in

autoaatic syntactic

a n a l y s i s ( G ) J l i r g e n Kunze

. . .

4 5

A model for s y n t h e s i s of Czech ( R ; a b s t r a c t )

J a m i l a P a n e v g v a

. . .

6 3

The structural approach i n l i n g u i s t i c s and t h e creation

of a hybrid information language ( R )

-

E d v a r d Selyan

-

-

7 3

Lknguistic aspects of automatic indexing (R)

F E ~ a B e n e s o v a ~ m o -m 0 -

0 .

.

.

m e . 0 0 - 7 9

Supplement: Some p r o b l e m s of the antomatic analysis o f

~ n g l i s h p r e p o s i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s (E)

-

U n s i g n e d

- -

8 6

T e x t s a n d a b s t r a c t s of p a p e r s p r e s e n t e d a t a n E a s t E u r o p e a n

MATHEMATICAL AND

COMPUTATIONAL

LINGUISTICS

Solomon Marcus

F a c u l t a t e a de F i l o l o g u l B u c h a r e s t

A u t o m a t i c T e x t P r o c e s s i h g , 1 5

-

4'2

(1) A new c o n c e p t o f d o m i n a t i o n c o v e r s s e v e r a l e a r l i e r . t h e o r i e s (Dobruein, F r a n c l o v a , Kunze, a n d T r i b u l e c ) a s s p e c i a l cases. ( 2 ) Mar- and V e r o n i c a du Feu a r e a n a l y z i n g E n g l i s h d i s t r i b u -

t i a n a l cl.asses; e x a m p l e s a r e g i v e n .

( 3 ) Marcus and E . C e l a n a r e s t u d y i n g m e d i c a l d i a g n o s i s a s a l i n - g u i s t i c p r o b l e m , a s s u m i n g s t r i n g s o v e r a v o c a b u l a r y of sym-

ptoms.

( 4 ) Calude i s u s i n g M a r c u s ' s d i s t r i b u t i o n a l t h e o r y t o s t u d y

FORTRAN-IV and ASSEMBLER-360.

Gy6tgy Szgpe

H u n g a r i a n Academy of S c i e n c e s Budapest

A u t o m a t i c T e x t P r o c e s s i n q , 4 3

-

4 4

Remark on t h e p r o b l e m of l a n g u a g e a n a l y s i s i n c o n n e o t i o n with ' m a c h i n e - t r a n s l a t i o n . The r e l e v a n c e for language analysis of t h e

G e n e r a l

LIST:

LIBRARY

AND

INFORMATION

SERVICES

TODAY

A n I n t e r n a t i o n a l R e g i s t r y of Research a n d Innovation

Volume 4 , 1974

P a u l W a s s e r m a n , E d i t o r

C o l l e g e of L i b r a r y a n d I n f o r m a t i o n S e r v i c e s

U n i v e r s i t y of M a r y l a n d

Gale Research Company

Book T o w e f , Detroit, Michigan 4 8 2 2 6

A s u r v e y o f 1 3 6 2 research p r o j e c t s involving about 3 0 0 0 persons.

Project descriptions are grouped by t o p i c .

T a b l e of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Guide to the use of the volume

A n n o t a t i o n s

Indexes

Investigator

Organization

Geographic location

Funding source

T i t l e of p r o j e c t

Classified heading

Type of library

Sub j,ect and keyword

LC Card No. 7 4 - 7 6 3 4

ISBN 0-8103-0386-8

A b o u t 550 pages

General

R . L. Oakman

Shared Educational Computer System, Inc.

P o u g h k e e p ~ i e , N.Y.

TWQ sequences of courses at the University of South

Carolina o f f e r liberal arts s t ~ d e n t s an introduction to computers and to the relationship between technology and t h e humanities.

These p s o v i d r training in rigorous thinking and new means of pro-

bing t h e record of human experience. The lower level sequence

consists of a general computer appreciation course and an intro-

duction to non--numerical processes. In the latter, students

learn a.bout the f u n a a n l e n t e 1 concepts of computers. [EDRS :

Speech Recognition - - -

John Makhoul

B o l t B e r a n e k and Newman, Inc.

Cambridga, Massachusetts

I E E E T r a n s a c t . 1 o n s o n A u d i o a n d E l e c t 2 o a c g u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , 1 4 0 J u n e , 1 9 7 3

The autocorrela'tion method of lineal: prediction is formula- ted in

the time,

a u t a c o r r e l a t i o n , and spectral domains.

The

analysis is

shown

to be t h a t

of

approximating the short-time sig-

nal power spectrum

by

an all-pole spectrum.

The

met-hod is com-

p a r e d

with

o t h e r m e t h ~ d s of s p e c t r a l analysis s u c h a s analysis-

by-synthesis and cepstral smoothing. It

is

shown

that

this

method

can

be r e g a r d e d a s a n o t h e r method of analysis-by-synthesis

where a number of poles is specified, with the advantages of non-

iterative computation

and

an

error

measure which leads to

a bet-

ter spectral envelope fit for an all-pole spectrum. Compared to

spectral analysis by c e p s t r a l smoothing in conjunction with the

chirp

z transform (CZT) t h i s method

is

expected to

give

a

b e t t e r

spectral envelope

fit (for

an all-pole spectrum) and to be less

sensitive

to

the

effects of

high

pitch

on

the spectrum. The

normalized minimum e r r o r is defined and its possible usefulness

as a voicing detector is discussed.

DESCRIPTIVE

TECHNIQUE

FOR

AUTOMATIC

SPEECH

RECOGNITION

Renato De Mori

Centro di Eleborazione Numerale dei Segnali

Turin,

Italy

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n A u d i o a n d E l e c t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 2, 8 9

A p r i l 1 9 7 3

The parameters used are the gravity centers of the zero-

crossing interval distributions obtained at the output of two

filters.

Local aspect

descriptions

are

qualitative descriptions

of the stationary and the nonstationary segments of the speech

waveform, and the values of

the most

important attributes

( e . g . , duration).

hey

are composed into global aspect des-

criptions, which are analyzed by a set of acceptors, each one

having

to

recognize j u s t one

word.

A recognition

rate

of 98

percent

for

the

ten

spoken digits for f o u r male s p e a k e r s h a s been

Speech

R b e o g n i t i o n

QF THE SPEECH WAVEFOIRM

J o s e p h

N.

Maksym

Department

of

Electrical

E n g i n e e r i n g C a r l e t o n

University,

Ottawa

I E E E _{T r a n s a c t i o n s} o n A u d i o a n d E l e c t r c l a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , J 4 9 - 1 5 3 ,

J u n e 1 9 ~ 7 3

With t h e exception of

relatively

sophisticated

methods

such

as

cepstfum

analysis,

the p r o b l e m . o f

reliable

p i t c h - p e r i o d

extrac-

tion has

remained

largely

unsolved.

This

- - ~ a p e r - examines the feas-

ibility

of p i t c h - p e r i 6 d

extraction

by means

of

the

nons

tationary

error

process r e s u l t i n g

from

adaptive-predictive

quantization of

speech.

A real-time

hardware system

t h a t

may

be realized at

low

cost

is described.

FOR AUTOMAT1 C FORMANT AND

bn

ANALYSIS

John D

.

M a r k e l

Speech Communications

Laboratory

Santa

B a l b a r a ,

California

I E E E T r a n s a c r t i n n s on A u d i o a n d E l e c t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , 1 5 4 - 1 6 5 ,

J u n e 1 9 7 3

A

new algorithm based,upon a

digital

_inverse

filter

for-

mulation determines

VU. (W = 0

during unvoiced

speech

and VU

=

1

during

voiced

speech),

F o , the

fundamental frequency,

and

F .

i

= 1,2,3,

the first three formant frequencies, as

a

functibn

of

time. Formant trajectory estimates are obtained for all speech

sounds that

s a t i s f y

W

= 1.

The central element in the analysis

is

the

digital inverse filter.

Based upon the

first

M

+

1

terms

of

the input autocorrelation

sequence,

coefficients of

an

Mth

degree,

all-zero diqital filter

are

cdlculated. The

formant t r a j e c t o r

es-

timates

for

each

frame

are

based

solely

upon the

locations

of [he

local

minima

05

the corresponding spectrum of

f h e r e s u l t a n t

inverse

filter.

The

W

decision

is determined by the amplitude of the

largest peak

of

the

normalized

autocorrelation sequence

of

the

out-

put of the in'verse filter (excluding the origin).

If

VU

=

1,

then

D

I S C R E T E - W O R D - RECOGN I

T I

ON

U T I L I Z I N G

A

WORD D I C T I O N A R Y

AND

Pt-IONOLOGICAL RULES

Shuichi Itahashi, Shozo Makiqo, and Ken'iti Kido

Research Institute of Electrical Communication

Tohoku University Sendai, Japan

I E E E - T r a n s a c t i o n s on A u d i o a n d E l e c t r o a c a t t s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , 2 3 9

J u n e 1 9 7 3

A discrete-word recognition ~ y s t e m utilizing a word dic-

tionary and phonological rules is described. In this system,

nine distinctive features are extracted from a discrete-word

input. Segmentation is performed using these features. Segmen-

tation errors are corrected by applying a pHoneme connecting rule.

The input. word is transformed into an input feature matrix. The

comparison of this matrix with the standard derived from the dic-

tionary is performed in the feature (matrix) space. Another me-

thod of segmentatim is also described in which segmentation is

performed using a duration dictionary. The effectiveness of

utilizing a word dictionary and phonological rules in automatic

discrete-hord recognition is discussed.

A

M O D E L AND

A

S Y S T E M FOR

M A C H I N E

R E C O G N I T I O N OF

S P E E C H

D. Raj Reddy, Lee D. Erman, and Richard B. Neely

Department of Computer Science Carnegie-Mellon University

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on A u d i o a n d E l e c : t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , 2 2 9

J u n e 1 9 7 3

This paper presents a model for machine recognition of

connected speech and the details of a specific implementation of

the model, the HEARSAY system. The model consists of a small set

of cooperating independent parallel processes that are capable of

helping in the decoding of a spoken utterance either individually

or collectively. The processes use the "hypothesize-and-test"

paradigm. The structure of HEARSAY is illustrated by considering

its operation in a particular t a s k situation: voice-chess. The

task is to reaognize a spoken m o v e in a given board position.

Procedures fcdr determination of parameters,.segmentati.on, and

phonetic descriptions are outlined. The use of semantic, syn-

tactic, lexical, and phono4ogical sources of know-ledge in the

generation and verification of hypotheses is described. Prelim-

F. Ying Y . Shum, A . Ronald E l l i o t t and W . Owen Brown

Department o f E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g B e l l ~ N o r t h e r n R e s e a r c h L t d .

McMaster U n i v e r s i t y Ottawa

Hamilton

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on A u d i o a n d E l e c t r o a c b u s t i c s , A U - 2 1 , 3 , 1 7 4 - 1 8 4

J u n e 1 9 7 3

High-speed a l g o r i t h m s t o compute t h e d i s c r e t e Hadamard and Walsh t r a n s f o r m s o f s p e e c h

w a v e f p m s have

been d e v e l o p e d . Intel-

l i g i b l e s p e e c h has been r e c o n s t r u c t e a from d o m i n a n t kadamard o r

Walsh c o e f f i c i e n t s o n - a medium sized computer i n a n o n - r e a l - t i m e mode. Degrxdation of some phonemes

was

n o t e d at low bit

rates

d f r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , but t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d be Improved by v a r y - i n g t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s a m p l i n g window. A d i g i t a l p r o c e s s o r , which allows real-time a n a l y s i s of s p e e c h t o be c o n d u c t e d

on

t h e

s y s t e m , i s d e s c r i b e d .

SPEAKER

VERI FI

CAT1

ON

BY

COMPUTER

USING

SPEECU

INTENSITY FOR TEMPORAL REGISTRATION

R o b e r t C . L ~ i s Bell Laboratories P i s c a t a w a y

,

N. J .

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s on Audio a n d E l e c t r o a c o u s t i c s , A U - 2 7 , 2 , 8 0

A p r i l 1 9 7 3

Voice p i t c h , low-frequency i n t e n s i t y , and t h e t h r e e lowest

f o r m a n t f r e q u e n c i e s , a l l a s f u n c t i o n s o f t i m e , , a r e used

to

r e p r e - s e n t an i n d i v i d u a l u t t e r a n c e . V e r i f i c a t i o ~ c o n s i s t s of computing t h e s e f e a t u r e s f o r

a

t e s t u t t e r a n c e and comparing them w i t h s t o r e d r e f e r e n c e v e r s i o n s f o r t h e claimed i d e n t i t y . B e f o r e t h e t e s t - v e r s u s - r e f e r e n c e comparison i s e f f e c t e d , t h e time d i m e n s i o n of t h e t e s t

u t t e r a n c e

is

warped t o o p t i m a l l y r e g i s t e r i t s i n t e n s i t y p a t t e r n oneo t h e r e f e r e n c e i n t e n s i t y P e r f o r m a n c e of the system, is mea- s n r e d on a s p e a k e r p o p u l a t i o n o f m o d e r a t e s i z e . A v a r i e t y o f com- p a r i s o n formuLas and v a r i o u s s u b s e t s of t h e f i v e s p e e c h f e a t u r e a