Culture Powerpoint debate

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Bell Ringer COPY AND ANSWER

Decide if True OR False AND Explain WHY:

1. All cultures are the same.

2. Cultural practices are only dictated by wealthy societies 3. Sociologists consider western culture superior to all other cultures.

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All cultures are the same.

True: All countries consist of the same basic elements, such as religion, housing and family.

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Cultural practices are only dictated by wealthy societies

True: Wealthy societies produce most of the

culture and entertainment that is popular around the world and thereby dictate many cultural

practices.

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Sociologists consider western culture superior to all other cultures.

True: Western culture is superior

because it is more technologically

advanced and provides a better quality of life.

False: Cultures cannot be ranked and

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CHAPTER 2

Section 1:

The Meaning of Culture

Section 2:

Cultural Variation

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Objectives:

1.

Define the meaning of the term

culture

and explain how

material

culture

and

nonmaterial culture

differ

.

2.

Identify and describe the

basic

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What is Culture???

■ Culture: consists of all the shared

products of human groups.

– Material culture: physical objects created

by human groups. EX: cars, books, clothing, computers.

– Nonmaterial culture: abstract human

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What is Culture???

■ The cultural meaning of physical objects is

NOT determined by the physical characteristics of the objects.

■ The meanings of physical objects are

based on the beliefs, norms, and values people hold with regard to them.

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What is Culture???

■ Ideal culture: cultural guidelines that

group members claim to accept.

– EX: Honesty

■ Real culture: actual behavior patterns of

members of a group.

– EX: Honesty is not always

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Why do beliefs Matter???:

■ Beliefs: ideas about the nature of reality.

– Can be true of false

– Beliefs are important because people base their behavior on what they

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Difference between

culture

and

society

:

■ Society: a group of interdependent

people who have organized in such a

way as to share a common culture and

feeling of unity.

–

Society

consists of

people

, and

culture

consists of

material

and

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SECTION 1

Question:

How do

material

culture

and

nonmaterial

culture

differ?

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SECTION 1

The Meaning of Culture

CULTURE

all the shared products of human groups

Material Culture

physical objects that people create and use

Examples

automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers, and cooking

Examples

beliefs, family patterns, ideas, language, political and economic

systems, and rules

Non material Culture

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Nonverbal Cross-Cultural Communication

It is estimated that

90%

of what we

communicate,

we say

without

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The components of culture:

1.

Technology

2.

Symbols

3.

Language

4.

Values

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Technology

■

Knowledge and tools people use for

practical purposes.

– Sociologists interested in skills AND

acceptable behaviors when using

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Symbols

■ Anything that represents something else.

– Although symbols vary, all cultures

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Language:

■

The organization of written or spoken

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Values

:

■ Shared beliefs about what is good or bad,

right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.

– EX: the value of respecting others and being

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As I read EACH statement, decide which label you agree with:

1. Go to the sign that reflects how you feel about

the statement.

– Agree, Somewhat Agree, Disagree, Unsure

2. SHAKE HANDS with the other students in

your group…you now share a common value.

3. I will give you 30 seconds to discuss your

views with each other….decide on ONE

spokesperson to summarize your views.

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Statement #1:

Although we should not be

unnecessarily cruel to animals, they were put on earth to serve the needs

of human beings.

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Statement #2:

The death penalty should be abolished because it is inherently racist in its

application.

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Statement #3:

Men and women are not politically or intellectually equal because they are

biologically different.

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Statement #4:

There is too much violence and sex in the media, especially on television.

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Statement #5:

There is too much freedom given to young, unmarried boys and girls today.

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Statement #6:

Women have the right to do whatever they like to their bodies. This also

should include Roe v Wade.

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Statement #7:

Gay marriage should be legalized because sexuality is determined at

birth.

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Statement #8:

The idea of legalizing marijuana should be done away with even though

studies show they can help some people.

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Statement #9:

Convicted felons should still have the right to vote in political elections

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Statement #10:

Minority groups are targeted more in society than mainstream Americans

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Statement #11:

Drug testing for welfare recipients (unemployment, food stamps, etc) is

unconstitutional

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Statement #12:

Churches (churches, temples, mosques, synagogues)

should remain tax-exempt because they help society in various ways

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Statement #13:

College athletes should start receiving payments for partaking in sports and

bringing in revenue for that college

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Statement #14:

Prostitution (victimless crime) should be legal because it is a personal choice

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Statement #15:

Students should be required to wear uniforms to cut down on bullying in

schools

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Statement #16:

Obesity should be classified as a disability because it can inhabit one from completely certain task and/or

keep one from a job.

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Question to Consider:

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Norms:

■ Shared rules of conduct that tell people

how to act in specific situations.

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■ Norms are expectations for behavior, NOT

actual behavior.

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■

As simple as cover your mouth

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■ Norms are also applied selectively.

– EX: Taking someone’s life is different for

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Two Types of Norms:

1.

Folkways

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Folkways

:

■

Norms that describe socially

acceptable behavior but do

not

have

great moral significance attached to

them.

– EX:

▪ Do not place a knife in your mouth.

▪ Shake hands when introduced.

▪ Do your homework

– Nonconformity does NOT endanger the well-being or stability of

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Mores:

❑ Based on the word- Morals

❑ Norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of society

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Laws:

■

Written rules of conduct enacted

and enforced by the government

.

■

Essential for social

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Values

■ Values are broad ideas about what most

people in a society consider to be desirable.

■ Values are so general that they do not

dictate precise ways of thinking, feeling and behaving.

■ Different societies or groups within the

same society can have quite different norms based on the same value.

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■ Sanctions (punishments) are used to

enforce -> Folkways, Mores and Laws

■ Folkways, Mores and Laws-> Norms

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Features of culture divided into

3 levels

1. Traits

2. Complexes

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Culture

Traits

:

■

Simplest level

■

An

individual

tool, act, or belief that

is related to a particular situation or

need.

– EX:

▪ Using knives, spoons, forks

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Culture

Complexes

:

■ Cluster of interrelated cultural traits.

■ EX: Football

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Culture

Patterns

:

■ The combination of a number of culture

complexes into an interrelated whole. – EX: Baseball, basketball, football,

soccer, etc…combine to form the

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Folkway, More, Law or Value?

■ 1- Norm against cursing aloud in church

■ 2- Norm encouraging eating 3 meals a day

■ 3- idea of progress

■ 4- Norm against burning a national flag

■ 5- Norm against sleeping in a bed

■ 6- Norm prohibiting murder

these terms in a physical way, you will act out scenarios depicting different cultural behaviors.

■ You will get in groups to create situations

either assigned as a folkway, norm or law.

■ Class will act as judges to determine what

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Pair up with a partner!!!

■ Select an activity that you both enjoy

– EX: Sport, hobby, etc….

■ Analyze this activity in terms of its

material and nonmaterial aspects

■ We will share these terms with the class

■ EX: Basketball

▪ Material: basketball, court, players

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the phone, crying heartily and mumbling choked words between sobs. You eventually

understand why she’s upset. Her parents have told her that she is expected to follow the

Philippino tradition of marrying a boy who was chosen for her at birth; a marriage to her

current boyfriend is strictly forbidden. It would be considered taboo for her to continue thinking about him. As soon as she turns 21, she is

expected to marry Terrance, a young man she has never met.

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Think about the following

:

■ Determine the extent of loyalty to tradition

as well as following one’s heart. Should Philippino traditions rule behavior when living in America? Whose values should be taken into consideration? Fashion a solution to this difficulty, and evaluate its effectiveness in keeping peace in the

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What do we have in common??

■ Culture universals:

– Common features that are found in all human cultures.

– Anthropologist George Murdock developed a list of general traits that are common to ALL cultures (more than 65 cultural universals):

▪ Cooking, dancing, family, feasting, forms of greeting, funeral ceremonies, gift giving,

housing, language, medicine, music, myths and folklore, religions, sports, and tool

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What do you think?

(Read short excerpt)

What might be the reason for some

cultural differences between Canada

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Variation Among Societies:

■ Anthropologist Margaret Mead studied the

differences in culture between the

Arapesh and the Mundugumor.

■ Lived 100 miles apart, but

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The Arapesh:

■ Gentle, nonaggressive, receptive, trusting,

and warm people.

■ Live in close-knit villages.

■ Children are discouraged from displaying

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The Arapesh:

■ Arranged marriages

■ Most marriages consist of one husband

and one wife

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The Mundugumor:

■ Aggressive!!

■ Men and women competitive, jealous, and

violent.

■ Enjoy fighting

■ Great hostility between fathers and sons

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The Mundugumor:

■

The more wives, then the more

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The Mundugumor:

■

Children tend to push parents

apart.

■

Father wants daughter to trade

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The Mundugumor:

■ Infants are carried in rigid basket that

gives no contact with mother!!

■ Left hanging in basket in house when

mother works outdoors.

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Rules for

Mundugumor

Children:

1.

Do

not

wander out of sight

2.

Do

not

cling to our mother

3.

Do

not

go to the houses of your

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Comparing the Two Societies:

■

Mead believed that temperament

is mainly the result of culture

rather than biology.

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SECTION 2

Question:

What do the terms

ethnocentrism and cultural

relativism mean?

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SECTION 2

Cultural Variation

Ethnocentrism Cultural Relativism

Example Example

the tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior

to other different cultures

belief that a culture should be judged by its own standards rather than by those of another

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Cultural Universals

:

■ Cultural universals: General cultural traits that

exist in ALL cultures.

■ All societies have the following cultural

universals:

– Sports, cooking, courtship, division of labor, education, etiquette, funeral rites, family,

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How are cultural universals

expressed????

■ Cultural particulars:

– The ways in which a culture expresses universal traits.

▪EX: In the United States, women

mainly take care of the children while the men work

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Why do cultural universals

exist???

1. Biological: Human beings help to account

for many cultural universals.

• EX: If a society is to survive, children must be born and cared for, and some type of

family structure must exist.

2. Physical environment: Because

humans cannot survive without

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Variation within Societies:

■ Subculture: group with its own unique

values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.

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Counterculture

:

■ Counterculture:

– A subculture where a group rejects the major values, norms, and practices of the larger

society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.

▪ EX: Hippie movement in 1960s.

– Goth” & “Punk”

▪ Delinquent gangs, motorcycle gangs, certain types of drug groups,

and revolutionary or religious

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Cultural Change

:

■ ALL cultures experience change:

– EX:

▪Many grandparents did not go to college

▪Teenagers and cell phones

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Why does Culture Change???

1. Discovery: The process of finding

something that already exists.

• EX: Female athletics

2. Invention: The creation of something

new.

* EX: Cell phones

3. Diffusion: the borrowing of aspects of

culture from other cultures.

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Cultural Diversity

:

■

Some diversity is a result of

social

categories:

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Cultural Diversity

:

3.

Cultural universals exist because

societies face many of the same

social problems.

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Ethnocentrism

:

■ Judging others in terms of one’s own cultural

standards.

– EX:

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Ethnocentrism

:

■ The Olympic Games are much more than an

arena of competition for young men and women. In addition to competition, the games are an

expression of ethnocentrism.

■ Political and nationalistic undercurrents run

through the Olympics.

■ A country's final ranking in this athletic

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Advantages/Disadvantages

of

Ethnocentrism

:

■ Advantages:

– People feel good about themselves and about others in their group when they believe that what they are doing is right and superior to what other groups do.

■ Disadvantages:

– Prevents change for the better.

– Societies whose members are firmly

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Culture Activity

■ You are an archaeologists and you have just uncovered

a civilization called “America”.

■ Find at least 1 item from each of these aspects of culture:

1. Economy 3. Families 5. Science/Technology

2. Education 4. Religion 6. Politics/Government

❑ As you find these items around your house or school, try to imagine what they might mean to this American culture by answering the following questions:

1. Is the item culturally universal? Can it be found in other cultures?

2. What uses might someone from another culture find for this item?

Be creative

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Chapter Wrap-Up

1. List five examples of material culture and five examples of nonmaterial culture.

2. What is language, and why is it such an important part of culture?

3. How do folkways, mores, and laws differ? List three examples of each type of norm.

4. How do cultural traits, cultural complexes, and cultural patterns differ?

5. How did Margaret Mead contribute to the study of cultures?

6. What is ethnocentrism? How does it differ from cultural relativism?

7. How are subcultures and countercultures related?

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Two Groups of Societies

■ Preindustrial Societies

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Preindustrial Societies

■ Hunting and Gathering Societies

■ Survives off of hunting animals and

gathering edible plants

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Preindustrial Societies

■ Horticultural Societies

■ Society that primarily grows

through the growing of plants

■ Pastoral Societies

■ Society in which food is obtained primarily

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Preindustrial Societies

■ Agricultural Societies

■ A society that uses plows

and draft animals in growing food

■ Main difference between Horticultural

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Industrial Societies

■ A society that depends on science and

technology to produce its basic goods and services.

■ Due to technology advances during the

Industrial Revolution

■ Ex- Ford Motor Company

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Postindustrial Societies

■ (After Industrial Revolution)

■ Society in which the economic emphasis is

on providing services and information

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Postindustrial Societies Major

Features

■ 1- More services instead of agriculture and

manufacturing

■ 2- White-collar employment replaces

blue-collar work

■ 3- Technology knowledge is a key feature

■ 4- Technology change is planned and

assessed

■ 5- Reliance on computer modeling in all

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Stop and Think

Think about the society that we live in today.

■ How would classify it and why?

■ What changes could we make to improve

it?

■ What are the positives and negatives to

living in that type of society?

■ What changes can you see taking place in