Chapter 8
Motivation
The biological, emotional, cognitive,
Activating Behavior
Internal Factors
• Instinct theories
Instincts: Unlearned, characteristic patterns of
Activating Behavior
Drive Theories
• Behavior is motivated by the desire to
reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs.
Drive: A psychological state that arises in
response to an internal physiological need
Activating Behavior
External Factors
• Incentive Motivation: External factors in the
environment that exert pulling effects on our actions.
Activating Behavior
Arousal Theories
• Sensation Seeking Personality trait
The need for an individual to have varied,
Activating Behavior
Achievement Motivation
• Internal need for achievement
• Possessed by all individuals to varying
degrees
• Depends on your expectations of success
and on how much you value the task
Defining Emotion
Emotions are experiences that involve:
1. Some kind of subjective experience
2. An expressive reaction
Expressing and Experiencing
Emotion
Are there basic emotions?
• Emotions expressed in the same way
universally.
• Difficult to agree on a complete list Fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness,
sadness
Expressing and Experiencing
Emotion
In more complex situations, people
experience mixed emotions.
• Different emotions experienced
Anger
Caused by violated expectations
Everyone experiences it in varying
degrees – is it healthy to express it?
Theories of Emotion
Common Sense
• The subjective experience drives the
Theories of Emotion
James-Lange Theory
• Body reactions precede and drive the
Theories of Emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
• Body reactions and subjective experiences
Theories of Emotion
Two-Factor Theory
• The cognitive interpretation, or appraisal, of
Theories of Emotion
Cognitive Appraisal Theory
• The personal meaning of a cognitive
