Period Packet – Period 5: 1844 – 1877
Unit 5 – Chapters 18-22
Included in Each Period Packet:
- Key Concepts – an overview of what you need to know - Overview – a summary, the basics, and differing perspectives
- Main Themes – how the seven themes of the course apply to this period - Chapter Reading Questions – pretty straight forward…
- Crash Course Guide – video guide to watch (they will be amazingly helpful)
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Key Concepts
Key Concept 5.1: The United States became more connected with the world, pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere, and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries.
I Popular enthusiasm for U.S. expansion, bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of new territories, substantial migration westward, and new overseas initiatives.
A The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased migration to and settlement in the West.
B Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United States to expand its borders westward to the Pacific Ocean.
C The U.S. added large territories in the West through victory in the Mexican–American War and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of slavery, American Indians, and Mexicans in the newly acquired lands.
D Westward migration was boosted during and after the Civil War by the passage of new legislation promoting Western transportation and economic development.
E U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with Asia. THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-3 Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States.
MIG-2 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
GEO-1
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
WOR-1 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
WOR-2 Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas. II In the 1840s and 1850s, Americans continued to debate questions about rights and citizenship for various groups of U.S.
inhabitants.
A
Substantial numbers of international migrants continued to arrive in the United States from Europe and Asia, mainly from Ireland and Germany, often settling in ethnic communities where they could preserve elements of their languages and customs.
B A strongly anti-Catholic nativist movement arose that was aimed at limiting new immigrants’ political power and cultural influence.
C U.S. government interaction and conflict with Mexican Americans and American Indians increased in regions newly taken from American Indians and Mexico, altering these groups’ economic self-sufficiency and cultures.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-4 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.
CUL-4 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
MIG-1 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
Key Concept 5.2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues led the nation into civil war.
South.
A
The North’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast to the Southern economy’s dependence on slave labor. Some Northerners did not object to slavery on principle but claimed that slavery would undermine the free labor market. As a result, a free-soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor.
B
African American and white abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slaves’ escapes, and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals.
C Defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, the view that slavery was a positive social good, and the belief that slavery and states’ rights were protected by the Constitution.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-1 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
POL-2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
WXT-1 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
CUL-2 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions.
II Debates over slavery came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s, culminating in the bitter election of 1860 and the secession of Southern states.
A The Mexican Cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories.
B The courts and national leaders made a variety of attempts to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict.
C The Second Party System ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North.
D
Abraham Lincoln’s victory on the Republicans’ free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes. After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-2 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
POL-1 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed.
Key Concept 5.3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
I The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, the leadership of Abraham Lincoln and others, and the decision to emancipate slaves eventually led to the Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War.
A Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition.
B
Lincoln and most Union supporters began the Civil War to preserve the Union, but Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.
C Lincoln sought to reunify the country and used speeches such as the Gettysburg Address to portray the struggle against slavery as the fulfillment of America’s founding democratic ideals.
D
Although the Confederacy showed military initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improvements in leadership and strategy, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s infrastructure.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-1 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
WOR-2 Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.
II Reconstruction and the Civil War ended slavery, altered relationships between the states and the federal government, and led to debates over new definitions of citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women, and other minorities.
A The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, while the 14th and 15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, equal protection under the laws, and voting rights.
B The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution. C Efforts by radical and moderate Republicans to change the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and to
resistance and the North’s waning resolve.
D
Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South.
E
Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-2 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
POL-3 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and policies.
WXT-1 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
CUL-3 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Overview
Summary As the young nation grew in population and land, regional tensions centered around the spread of slavery and state’s rights led to a civil war that permanently transformed American society and the nature of the government. Beginning with the election of James Polk in 1844, the United States pursued westward expansion and the opening of new foreign markets. The ideology of “Manifest Destiny” led to a war with Mexico and the acquisition of vast western lands, while intense debates regarding the spread of slavery intensified sectional tensions. After Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860, the southern states seceded, marking the beginning of the Civil War. After four brutal years of fighting and 500,000 casualties, the Union’s military victory resulted in a contested Reconstruction period and left unresolved many questions about the power of the federal government and citizenship rights.
Beginning= Manifest Destiny, Movement West (Oregon Trail), Election of James K. Polk (Young Hickory)
WhatdoIneedtoknow?
1. The belief in Manifest Destiny led to territorial expansion of the U.S.
a. Examples: Texas Revolution, Mexican/American War, Oregon Trail, California, etc.
2. How slavery (and attempts at Compromises) ultimately failed to prevent Civil War. What sectional tensions existed (economic, social, political) between the North & South?
a. Examples: Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850, Kansas/Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Case, John Brown’s Raids, Election of 1860 3. The North won the Civil War due to a variety of factors (military leaders, industrial capacity, political action, population,
resources, key victories) and the war had a devastating impact on the country as a whole (death rates, widows, Sherman’s March, Total War).
a. Examples: Lee vs. McClellan, Emancipation Proclamation, Suspension of Habeas Corpus , Wartime Executive Powers, Antietam, Sherman’s March to the Sea, Gettysburg, Fall of Atlanta, Appomattox Ct. House,
4. How was Reconstruction a failure? How was Reconstruction a success? Did Reconstruction improve the lives of African Americans?
a. Examples: 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, Radical Republicans, KKK, Jim Crow Laws, Black Codes, Sharecropping, Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, Freedmen’s Bureau, Andrew Johnson, Thomas Nast’s Cartoon “Worse Than Slavery”
End = Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction – ended 5 military districts, return South to “Home Rule” (Redemption) Lost Cause etc.
Period Perspectives Following a philosophy of manifest destiny, land was added through negotiations, purchase, and war. With victory in the Mexican War, the United States secured its southern border and ports on the Pacific Ocean. Expansion and sectionalism
intensified the differences over politics, economics, and slavery. Opposition to slavery ranging from free soilers to abolitionists and an underground railroad grew in spite of fugitive slave laws and the Dred Scott decision. A series of compromises failed and, following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, a civil war ravaged the country.
Alternate View Views of the Civil War have covered a spectrum from an unavoidable conflict over slavery to a failure of leadership and a need less bloodletting. Alternate views of Reconstruction considered it a half-done effort that required another 100 years to realize equality for most Americans.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Main Themes
Themes
Applied to this period
National Identity - Slavery vs. Free nation – ideology of democracy questioned, Wilmot Proviso, Dred Scott Decision, Emancipation Proclamation, 13-15th amendments.
- Civil Liberties in question during time of war – the draft, Habeas Corpus, etc. - Citizenship and voting rights – 13-15th amendments
- Sectionalism vs. Nationalism – southern secession, “police action” to promote unity. Work, Exchange, and Technology - Industrialism of the North during the war
- Plantations/Cash crops of the South, Sharecropping and Tenant Farming - Transportation – Canals, Railroads
- Civil War Draft conscription of soldiers – draft riots - Technology – mini-ball and rifle, telegraph, ironclads, etc.
Migration and Settlement - Regional differences (Sectionalism) – political, social (including religious), economic – North vs. South vs. West
- Technology – Telegraph and Railroad
- Westward expansion – Conflict with Mexico, conflict with Indians and Europeans - Slavery in the South – Emancipation Proclamation, contraband, Underground railroad - Western Movement – American Indians, Homestead Act
- Early immigration – Irish, Germans, Catholics - Movements in war – Northern troops to the South
- Post war movement – carpetbaggers, western movement (veterans) Politics and Power - Federal vs State Rights – SC secession, Confederacy, Nullification conflicts
- New Political Parties – around issue of slavery (Free soil, Know-Nothing, Republican, Radical Republicans Parties)
- Gaining new land and territory expansion – Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act - Slave vs. Free state states fight for power! – Underground RR vs. Fugitive Slave Act, Bleeding
Kansas, Sumner caning
- The Civil War! – a “police action”, Emancipation Proclamation, major battles - Leaders – presidents, union vs. confederate generals
America in the World - Mexican American War – US more dominant in North America - Expansion – Alaska, Southwestern states
- European vs. American interests – England stays neutral due to slavery, Trent Affair Geography and Environment - Industrialization of the North – pollution, urbanization, deforestation
- Plantations of the south – deforestation, large scale farming, sharecropping - War destruction of the environment – scorched earth strategy
Culture and Society - New ideas about Abolition – Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Underground RR, Fugitive Slave Act, - Equality Movements realized – 13-15 amendments
- Role of women – Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman, Clara Barton. - Role of African Americans – Fredrick Douglass, Union soldiers, Hiram Revels - Anti-Foreign sentiment – anti-Catholic, racism, anti-Irish
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Reading Guide (Chapter Some of Seventeen and all of Eighteen)
1. Create a graphic organizer that connects the following events or concepts: The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, The Wilmot Proviso, Popular Sovereignty, and the Free Soil Party. In your graphic organizer, be sure to explain the events and how they are connected.
2. Describe the California Gold Rush. Be sure to include the Who, What, When, Where, How, and Significance of the event. 3. How did the Underground Railroad intensify the fears of Southern slave holders and how did they respond to it?
People/Agencies Involved Problem
California wants to enter the Union
Setting
Events
Solution/Resolution The Compromise of
1850
Consequences to the Solution of the Problem
5. In one clear concise sentence summarize “Defeat and Doom for the Whigs.” 6. Complete the following chart on foreign interests:
Event Details Reason for American Interest
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Ostend Manifesto The Opium War The Treaty of Wanghia The Treaty of Kanagawa The Gadsden Purchase
7. How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act alter the precedent established by the Missouri Compromise? Be sure to include who was involved and how it impacted political parties.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 – Reading Guide (Chapter Nineteen)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin impact support for the Abolitionist movement and further discredit southern slavery? Be specific. 2. Create a timeline illustrating and explaining the events/leaders of “Bleeding Kansas.” Be sure to include the following events in
your timeline: The New England Emigrant Aid Company, John Brown, The Lecompton Constitution, and Brooks-Sumner Caning. 3. Complete the following chart on events that intensify the issue of slavery in America.
Event Details How it intensified the issue of slavery? Pro-North vs. Pro-South
The Election of 1856 The Dred Scott Decision The Panic of 1857 Tariff of 1857
The Lincoln Douglas Debates The Freeport Doctrine Harpers Ferry
The Constitutional Union Party The Election of 1860
4. In one clear concise sentence summarize “The Secessionist Exodus”.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Reading Guide (Chapter Twenty and Twenty-One – use my Civil War PPT as well)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. List the states that succeeded. Who didn’t and what were they called? What happened with West Virginia?
2. Create a T-chart comparing the North and South in terms their preparedness to fight the Civil War. Be sure to include transportation/infrastructure systems, population numbers, and supply/technology access.
3. Explain the war plans of the North (The Anaconda Plan) and South (Defensive Plan). Be specific and thorough.
4. Create a graphic organizer comparing the Northern and Southern leaders of the war. Include the following leaders in your graphic organizer: A. Lincoln, G. Meade, G. McClellan, A. Burnside, J. Hooker, U. Grant, W. Sherman for the North, J. Davis, R. Lee, T. “Stonewall” Jackson in the South. Be sure to address the role, weaknesses, and strengths of each leader.
5. Complete the chart on the major battles of the Civil War.
Battle/Event Details Where? Leaders
involved
Outcome
Who won and why? Fort Sumter
First Bull run Peninsula Campaign Merrimack/Monitor Antietam
Gettysburg Vicksburg Sherman’s March Appomattox
6. What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the war effort? Be specific and include the 13th amendment in your response.
7. Fill in the following graphic organizer about the political and economic stresses of the war using the terms below. Be sure to explain these terms in context of the impact on politics or the economy
- Morrill Tariff Act - Greenbacks
- National Banking System - Homestead Act
- US Sanitary Act - The Fall of Cotton King
- Trent affair - 13th Amendment
- Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War - The Man without a Country
- Election of 1864
Political activity Economic activity Evaluation the impact on the war outcome
North
8. How did the Civil War impact civil liberties? Be sure to include the suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpus, the Copperheads, conscription/draft, the New York draft riots, and Andersonville, GA in your response.
9. What role did women, American Indians, and blacks play in the war? Give at least one specific example for each category. 10. Tell the story of the assassination of Abe Lincoln. Be sure to include the who, what, when, where, why, and significance. 11. How was America forever changed at the end of the Civil War? Include the social, economic, and political state of America
immediately after the end of the war.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Reading Guide (Chapter Twenty-Two)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. In one concise sentence, summarize “The Problems of Peace.”
2. Describe the Freedman’s experience. Be specific. Use pages 466-469 to answer this question.
3. Create a Triple Venn diagram comparing the following plans for Reconstruction: Lincoln’s 10% Plan, the Wade-Davis Plan, and Johnson’s Plan. Under the Venn, answer the following question: What differences did these plan illustrate between the executive and legislative branches’ view on Reconstruction
4. How did congress and President Johnson clash during early reconstruction? Be sure to address the Pacific Railroad Act, the Civil Rights Bill, and the 14th amendment in your response.
5. Who were the Radical Republicans and what impact did they have on Reconstruction? Be sure to address Thaddeus Stevens, the Reconstruction Act, and the 15th amendment in your response.
6. Create a T chart comparing how Reconstruction affected southerners? Be sure to address the impact on freed blacks (the Union, League, Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan) and whites (Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, Force Acts) in your comparison. Then write an argumentative statement answering the following question: Which race in the south was most positively and most negatively impacted during the Reconstruction Era?
7. What role did the Office of Tenure Act play in Johnson’s presidency?
8. Read the quote on page 482 and examine the political cartoon on page 483. Write a thesis statement supporting the sentiment in these two sources.
PERIOD 5: 1844-1877 - Crash Course Videos
For each period, watch the following videos. There are no questions to go with these videos, but they will be EMMENSLY VALUABLE in helping you contextualize and compare time periods!
1. War & Expansion: Crash Course US History #17
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkdF8pOFUfI&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=17
2. The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion: Crash Course US History #18
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roNmeOOJCDY&index=18&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
3. Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25HHVDOaGeE&index=19&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
4. The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs&index=20&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
5. The Civil War Part 2: Crash Course US History #21
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTrKccmj_I&index=22&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
6. Reconstruction and 1876: Crash Course US History #22
