Contact Information
David Bruyette, DVM, DACVIM
VCA West Los Angeles Animal Hospital
1818 South Sepulvde Blvd
Los Angeles, CA 90025
[email protected]
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Rare disease in the cat Usually associated with:
Diabetes mellitus Cutaneous lesions
Middle to old age cats Mean = 12.4 years Range 6 - 18 years 37/51 cases female
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Clinical Signs PU/PD Polyphagia Diabetes mellitus Insulin Resistance Physical Examination “Pot-Bellied” Hepatomegaly Weight gain Muscle wasting Alopecia Thin skin Severe ulcerationFeline Hyperadrenocorticism
Laboratory Abnormalities
Hyperglycemia
Hypercholesterolemia
Increased SAP (30 %)
Reflects underlying diabetes
Feline Hyperadrenocortism
Laboratory Abnormalities
Stress leukogram is inconsistent
Urine specific gravity > 1.020
UTI
’
s - routine urine cultures
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
ACTH Stimulation
Dexamethasone Suppression
UCCR
Combined Testing
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation ACTH Stimulation
Cortrosyn
0.125 mg (1/2 vial) IV or
5 ug/kg IV; freeze remainder
Pre and 60 minute post
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Dexamethasone Suppression Testing
Cats are not like dogs
Inconsistent suppression in normal cats
with 0.01 mg/kg IV DexNaPO4
Doses evaluated have ranged from
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Dexamethasone Suppression Testing
Non-adrenal illness
In PDH the most reliable dose is:
0.1 mg/kg IV with pre, 4 and 8
hour post; 89 % sensitive
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
UCCR
Likely sensitive though poorly specific
Can be used to rule-out HAC
Simple though not easy
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Combination Testing
Dexamethsone suppression (0.1 mg/kg;
pre, 2 and 4 hours) followed by an ACTH
stimulation test (1 and 2 hours).
Limitations related to sample times
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Differentiating PDH from AT
HDDS
Abdominal US
Plasma ACTH
CT/MRI
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Differentiating PDH from AT
HDDS
Multiple samples preferred
1.0 mg/kg DexNaPO4 with a pre, 4
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Differentiating PDH from AT
Abdominal US
Abdominal radiographs
Adrenal calcifcation in normal cats
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Endocrinologic Evaluation
Differentiating PDH from AT
Plasma ACTH
Aprotonin tubes
Contact laboratory in advance
Normal or high = PDH
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Disease is uncommon
No test is 100 % accurate Rely on history and PE Concurrent illness
Dont rely on a single test Multiple modalities
Endocrinologic Anatomic
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Functional Adrenal Neoplasia
Approximately 24 % (10/41 cases)
Adenoma = carcinoma
Treatment is surgical correction
Medical therapy prior to surgery
Prognosis
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
Medical Therapy
op-DDD (Lysodren)
Metapyrone (Metopirone) Ketoconazole (Nizoral) L-Deprenyl (Anipryl)
Trilostane (Vetoryl; Modrenal)
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
Oral antifungal agent
Inhibition of cortisol production
15 mg/kg BID
Side-effects
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
Metyrapone (Metopirone)
Inhibition of cortisol production
65 mg/ kg BID to TID
Monitor with ACTH stim testing
Questionable long term therapy
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
op-DDD (Lysodren)
Similar protocol as in dogs
Supplemental glucocorticoids
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
L-Deprenyl (Anipryl)
MAO-B inhibitor
Safe in cats at 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg/day
No data on efficacy in cats with PDH
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
Trilostane (Vetoryl)
2-3 mg/kg once a day
BID dosing may be necessary
Feline Hyperadrenocorticism
Therapy for Feline PDH
Surgical Therapy
Medical therapy prior to surgery
Bilateral adrenalectomy
3/9 died within 2 months
Median survival 5 months
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Felt to be rare in the cat May go unsuspected Incidence of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency ? Middle-aged cats Median: 4 yrs Range : 1.5 to 14 years Male = female
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Historical Findings
Lethargy
Anorexia
Weight loss
Vomiting
Episodic signs; waxing and waning
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Physical Examination Findings Depression Weakness Mild to severe dehydration Hypothermia 50 % presented in shock Duration of signs Median: 14 days Range: 5 – 10 daysFeline Hypoadrenocorticism
Laboratory Abnornalities Similar to dogs
Hyponatremia
Na/K ratio less than 24 Hyperkalemia Azotemia BUN: 31 - 80 Creatinine: 1.6 - 6.0 PO4: 6.1 - 9.1 Hypercalcemia in 1 cat
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Diagnosis
ACTH Stimulation Test
Cortrosyn
5 ug/kg IV
Pre and 60 minute post
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Mineralocorticoid Replacement Therapy
Fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef)
0.1 to 0.2 mg BID
Desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP)
2.2 units/kg IM or SQ
Feline Hypoadrenocorticism
Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy
Prednisone
1.25 – 2.5 mg/day
Methyprednisolone acetate
10 mg once a month
Feline Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Incidence ? Increased awareness Geriatric disease Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) Clinical Signs Weakness Lethargy Cervical ventroflexion AnorexiaFeline Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Physical Examination Usually non-specific Muscle weakness
Look for concurrent illness Heart disease Hyperthyroidism Laboratory Findings Hypokalemia Can be severe Sodium usually normal Increased CPK
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary Hyperaldosteronism:
“Conn’s syndrome”
Underlying Cause:
adenoma (of zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland) adenocarcinoma
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (idiopathic) High aldosterone, low to normal renin
Hyperaldosteronism
Secondary Hyperaldosteronism:
Characterized by:
High aldosterone, normal to high renin Caused by:
Congestive heart failure Renal failure
GI disease
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Leads to:
1) Increased potassium excretion in urine lowers total body potassium concentration
2) Increased sodium absorption higher circulating ECF volume
3) Increased renal tubular bicarbonate transport/loss of hyrdogen ions in urine metabolic alkalosis
Clinical Signs:
Profound muscle weakness
Blindness (retinal detachment secondary to hypertension)
Hyperaldosteronism
Diagnosis:
Plasma aldosterone levels (Michigan State) 6x normal
Aldosterone producing tumor or hyperplastic adrenal gland
Plasma renin activity Low to normal
Suppressed by:
Increased glomerular afferent arteriolar pressure Elevated distal tubular fluid content
Hyperaldosteronism
Treatment
Unilateral adenoma or adenocarcinoma without evidence of mets adrenalectomy
Medical management
Spironolactone 2-4 mg/kg/day po (potassium sparing diuretic)
Potassium supplementation
Feline Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Primary (non-tumorous) hyperaldosteronism Progressive renal disease
Normal abdominal US vs mild adrenomegaly Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Elevated aldosterone levels Suppressed renin levels
Javadi et al. 2005
Non-tumorous hyperaldosteronism (hyperplasia)
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system implicated in progressive renal sclerosis
Aldosterone promotes thrombosis and fibrosis AG II pro-inflammatory mediator
Systemic arterial hypertension and fibroproliferative destruction of kidney
Javadi et al. 2005
11 cats hypokalemic paroxysmal flaccid paresis, loss of vision due to retinal detachment with
hemorrhages
3 cats normal BUN and creatinine but later increased 8 cats azotemic at first examination
Adrenal hyperplasia based on histopathology of 3 of the cats
Histopath of 2 of the cats at necropsy – interstitial fibrosis, glomerlular sclerosis
Javadi et al. 2005
Theorized that estradiol decreases adrenal expression of AG II, leading to enhanced aldosterone
response, PAC:PRA ratio higher in neutered cats Tendency towards hypophosphotemia in the 6 cats
followed – thought to be an escape from chronic mineralcorticoid induced sodium retention volume
Javadi et al. 2005
Volume expansion induces a resetting of the
proximal glomerulotubular balance leading to an increased fractional clearance of calcium and
phosphate.
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in a phosphaturic effect
Javadi et al. 2005
Tumorous hyperaldosteronism leads to more complete renin suppression and less kidney damage ??
Idiopathic hyperaldosteronism leads to incomplete suppression of renin system, which leads to
Feline Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Incidence likely much more common that reported Screen older cats with hypokalemia and/or
hypertension
Studies on spironolactone in cats with
Survival curves among patients treated with placebo or spironolactone.
Williams J S , Williams G H JCEM 2003;88:2364-2372
