1998

(1)

≤∞∞≥

†≠†‰˜Ù‰Â†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ†≠†Ï

(2)

≤∞∞≥

≤ ∞ ∞ ¥ † ¯ · Ó ˆ „

≤∞∞≥

∫ÌÈÎ˙Â†‰ÎÈ¯Ú

ı¯Â˘†‰ÈÏ„

ÌÈÂ·ÒÂ†ÔÂ¯˘

(3)

ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â·Èˆ

˙‡†‰ÂÂÈÏ˘†·Â˙Î‰†ËÒ˜Ë‰†‡ÏÏ†≤∞∞≥†˙˘Ï†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ‰Â†‰‡ˆ˜‰‰†¨‰˜Ù‰‰†ÈÂ˙†˙‡†‚Èˆ‰Ï†ÌÚÙ‰†ÂÓˆÚÏ†Â˘¯‰ Æ˙Ó„Â˜‰†˙¯·ÂÁ‰

Æ‰È„†˙·ÂÓÂ†‰¯È‰·†ÂÊ†˙ÂÎ˙Ó†ÈÎ†‰ÂÂ˜Ó†È‡

Æ‰‡·‰†˙¯·ÂÁ‰†˙˜Ù‰·†ÔÂ·˘Á·†ÂÁ˜ÏÈ†¯˘‡†¨¯ÂÙÈ˘Â†ÏÂÚÈÏ†˙ÂÚˆ‰Â†˙Â·Â‚˙†˙Â¯Ú‰†Ï·˜Ï†ÁÓ˘

ıÈÏ·†‰‚

Û‚‡‰†˙Ï‰Ó

‰˙ÂÎ˙Ó·†‰ÓÂ„†ÌÎÈÙÏ†˙ÁÂÓ˘†ÂÊ†˙¯·ÂÁ

(4)

¯·„†Á˙Ù

ÏË† ÔÂÚÓ˘

ÌÈÓ‰†·Èˆ

‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰†˙ÂËÏÁ‰†ÚÂˆÈ·Æ˙Â˘˜‰†·Èˆ˜˙‰†˙ÂÏ·‚Ó†˙Â¯ÓÏ†¨‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰†˙ÂËÏÁ‰†˙‡†ÌÈÈ˜Ï†˙Â˘ÈÁ·†ÏÚÂÙ†ÌÈÓ‰†˜˘Ó Æ‡ÓÈÈ˜†¯·†ÒÈÒ·†ÏÚ†‰„ÈÓÚ‰ÏÂ†ÌÈÓ‰†˜˘Ó†˙‡†·ˆÈÈÏ†¯˘Ù‡È ÌÈÂ˘‰†˙Â¯Â˜Ó·†¯‚Â‡‰˙‡†Ì˜˘Ï†ÏÈ·˜Ó·Â†ÌÈÓÏ†˘Â˜È·‰Â†ÌÈÓ‰†Úˆ‰†ÔÈ·†ÔÊ‡Ï†Â¯˘Ù‡È†˙Â¯ˆÂÈÓ‰†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÂÈÂÓÎ Æ˙Èˆ¯‡‰†˙Î¯ÚÓÏ†‰˜ÙÒ‡‰†˙ÂÈÓ‡†˙‡†¯ÈÊÁ‰ÏÂ ˘¯„‰ ¯˜ÈÂ†Í˘ÂÓÓ ÏÂÙÈË†˙·ÈÈÁÓ ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â¯Â˜Ó·†ÁÏÓ‰†˙Â¯·Ëˆ‰†Æ‰˙ÂÙÈ¯Á†‡ÂÏÓ·†‰Ï‚˙Ó†˙ÂÎÈ‡‰†˙ÈÈÚ· ÌÈ˜ÏÁ†˙˙Á˘‰Ï†˙Â·¯†ÌÈ˘†Í˘Ó·†‡È·‰ ÈÂ¯ÈÚ‰Â†È˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙‰†ÌÂ‰ÈÊ‰†ÆÌÈÈÚ·Ë‰†ÌÈÓ‰†È·‡˘Ó†Ò¯‰†˙ÚÈÓÏ ÆÌÂ‰˙‰†ÈÓ†È¯‚‡Ó†Ï˘†ÌÈÏÂ„‚ Â‡È·È†¨ÏÂ„‚†‰„ÈÓ†‰˜·ÌÈÙÒÂ†ÌÈ¯ˆÂÈÓ†ÌÈÓ†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ÁÂ˙Ù†·˜Ú†ÌÈÓ¯‚‰†ÌÈÈ˙·È·Ò‰†ÌÈ˜Ê‰†Ï˘†ÔÂ·˘Á·†‰ÁÈ˜Ï ˙ÂÈ‰Ï†·ÈÈÁ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†Ï˘†‡ÓÈÈ˜†¯·†ÏÂ‰ÈÆÌÊÂ·Ê·†˙ÚÈÓÂ†ÌÈÓ·†ÏÈÚÈ†˘ÂÓÈ˘· ÁÂÂË†˙ÎÂ¯‡†˙ÂÏÈÚÙ†˙¯·‚‰Ï ÌÈÓ‰†˜˘Ó†ÏÚÂ ÌÂˆÚ†‡Â‰ ÌÈÎ¯ˆ‰†ÌÈÓ·†ÔÂÎÒÁ‰†Ï‡ÈˆËÂÙ ÆÌÈÈÓÏÂÚ†‰ÏÎÏÎÂ†¨‰·È·Ò†¨‰È‚¯‡†È‡˘ÂÏ†¯Â˘˜ Æ‰Â˘‡¯†˙ÂÙÈ„Ú·†ÂÊ†˙ÂÏÈÚÙ†Ì„˜Ï ÌÈÎ¯ˆ‰†ÏÎÏ ÌÈÈÚ·Ë‰†ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†Â˜ÈÙÒ‰†‡Ï ¨¯·Ú·†ÆÈÏÎÏÎ†¯ÂÒÁÓÏ†ÌÈÓÏ†ÈÒÈÙ†¯ÂÒÁÓÓ†·ÒÂÈ†ÌÈÓ·†¯ÂÒÁÓ‰ ¨˙Â¯È·Ò†˙ÂÈÂÏÚ· È¯˘Ù‡†˙ÂÏ·‚ÂÓ†È˙Ï·†˙ÂÈÂÓÎ·†ÌÈÙÒÂ†ÌÈÓ†¯ÂˆÈÈ†˙ÂÈÂÏÚ†Â·†Ô„ÈÚ·†¨ÌÂÈÎ†ÆÌÈÓ·†˘ÂÓÈ˘‰†È„ÚÈÂ Ô„ÈÚÏ†¯·ÚÓ‰†ÔÎ†ÂÓÎ†ÆÌÈÓ‰†Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÏ‡È¯‰†˙ÂÈÂÏÚ·†„ÂÓÚÏ†ÌÈÏÂÎÈ†ÌÈ‡˘†ÌÈÎ¯ˆ‰†¯Â·Ú†ÈÏÎÏÎÏ†¯ÂÒÁÓ‰†ÍÂÙ‰È ÂÊ†˙ÈÎ˙†Ï˘†‰ÊÎ¯Ó·†Æ¯˙ÂÈ†ÌÈÈÏÎÏÎ†˙ÂÂ¯˜ÚÒÈÒ·†ÏÚ†Â˙È˙˘‰ÏÂ ‰Â˘†ÔÙÂ‡·†ÌÈÓ‰†˜˘Ó†˙‡†Ô‚¯‡Ï†·ÈÈÁÈ†¨‰Ê Æ˙ÂÈ˙˘˙‰†„¯˘ÓÂ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â·ÈˆÏ†‰¯ÊÁ·†ÌÈÓ†È‡˘Â·†˙ÂÈÂÎÓÒ‰†ÊÂÎÈ¯†„ÂÓÚÈ

(5)

ÌÈÈÈÚ†ÔÎÂ˙

„ÂÓÚ

Ì˙‡ˆ˜‰Â†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

...

µ≠±≥

˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

µ

≤∞∞≥≠≤∞∞≤†˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

∂

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

∑≠∏

ıÂÁ†ÈÓ¯Â‚Ï†‰˜ÙÒ‡†ÏÏÂÎ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

π

ÔÂÎ˙†È¯ÂÊ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

±∞

≤∞∞≥≠±πµ∏†˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

±±≠±≥

˙ÈÏÏÎ†‰˜Ù‰

...

±¥≠≤≤

ÌÈÈ˘‡¯‰†ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â¯Â˜ÓÓ†‰˜Ù‰ ...

±¥

ÌÈÓ‰†¯Â˜Ó†ÈÙÏ†‰˜Ù‰ ...

±µ

≤∞∞≥≠≤∞∞≤†ÌÈ‚‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†ÌÈÓ‰†˙˜Ù‰ ...

±∂

˙ÂÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡‚Â¯„È‰†˙Â„ÈÁÈ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†ÌÈÓ‰†˙˜Ù‰ ...

±∑

ÌÈÈÏÈÚ†ÌÈÓ†˙˜Ù‰ ...

±∏

≤∞∞≥≠±πµ∏†ÌÈÓ‰†¯Â˜Ó†ÈÙÏ†‰˜Ù‰ ...

±π≠≤±

˙ÂÁÈÏÓÂ†ÒÏÙÓ†˙¯Î ...

≤≤

†

È‡Ï˜Á‰†¯Ê‚Ó·†ÌÈÓ

...

≤≥≠≥∞

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰ ...

≤≥

≤∞∞≥≠≤∞∞≤†˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≤¥≠≤µ

·Â˘È†˙¯Âˆ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≤∂

ÔÂÎ˙†È¯ÂÊ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≤∑

≤∞∞≥≠±ππ≥†ÔÈÁÏÂ˜†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≤∏

Ô¢„Ù˘†ÈÓ†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰ ...

≤π

≤∞∞≥≠±ππ≥†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰ ...

≥∞

(6)

È˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙‰†¯Ê‚Ó·†ÌÈÓ

...

≥±≠≥¥

≤∞∞≥≠±ππ≥†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≥±

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙‰†ÈÙÚ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≥≤

ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ†Ï˘†˙Èˆ¯‡†‰ÒÈ¯Ù ...

≥≥

≤∞∞≥≠±πππ†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰ ...

≥¥

È¯Â·Èˆ‰Â†È˙È·‰†¯Ê‚Ó·†ÌÈÓ

...

≥µ≠¥∞

È¯Â·Èˆ‰Â†È˙È·‰†¯Ê‚Ó·†˘ÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ ...

≥µ≠≥∑

˘ÂÓÈ˘‰†È‚ÂÒ†ÈÙÏ†˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰†˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ†˙Â‚ÏÙ˙‰ ...

≥∏

˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰†˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÁÙ†È¯ÂÚÈ˘ ...

≥π≠¥∞

(7)

µ

˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨∏µπÆ∂†Î¢‰Ò

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±±∂Æµ

®∂•©

ÌÈ¯ÈÙ˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ∂≤Æµ

ÌÈÈÏÂ˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥∏≤Æ∂

˙È· ˜¢ÓÏÓ†∂π∏Æ∞

®≥∏•©

˙Â‡Ï˜Á ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨∞¥µÆ±

®µ∂•©

(8)

∂

˜¢ÓÏÓ

˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≤≠≤∞∞≥

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

Î¢‰Ò ˙Â‡Ï˜Á˙È· ‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙

1,859.6 1,830.7

1,045.1 1,020.5

698.0 688.4

116.5 121.8

≤∞∞≤†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ≤∞∞≥†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

(9)

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨∏µπÆ∂†Î¢‰Ò

ÌÈÏÙ˙ÂÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≤Æ± ÌÈÁÈÏÓ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∏µÆ∞ Ô¢„Ù˘

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≥∏Æ∞

ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±µ∞Æ±

˙ÂÂÙË˘

˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥∑Æ∑

ÌÈ¯ÈÙ˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨≥≤∂Æ∂

(10)

∏

˙Â¯Â˜Ó†˙¯·Á†Î¢‰Ò

±¨≤≥∑Æ∂

®∂∑•©†˜¢ÓÏÓ

˙ÈË¯Ù†‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

∂≤≤Æ∞

®≥≥•©†˜¢ÓÏÓ

˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ˜¢ÓÏÓ†π≥∞Æ∏

®µ∞•© ÌÈÈÏÈÚ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∑∞Æ≤ ®π•©

Ô¢„Ù˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≥∏Æ∞

®∑•© ÔÈÁÏÂ˜

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∞≤Æ∂ ®∂•©

˙ÂÂÙË˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥∑Æ∑

®≥•© ≠†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á

ÌÈÁÈÏÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≤±Æ≥

®∑•© ˙Â¯‡·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤≥∑Æ∏ ®±≥•©

≠†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥∑Æµ

®≥•© ÌÈÁÈÏÓ†˙Â¯‡·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†∂≥Æ∏ ®≥•©

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≥

®ÌÈÈË¯Ù†ÌÈ˜ÈÙÓÏ†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á†ÔÈ·†‰„¯Ù‰†ÏÏÂÎ©

(11)

π

˙ÈÏÏÎ†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

˙ÈÈ˙˘ÏÙ‰†˙Â˘¯ÏÂ†Ô„¯È†˙ÎÏÓÓÏ†‰˜ÙÒ‡†ÏÏÂÎ

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 37.2 59.0 671.7 129.2 446.6 1998 39.9 54.2 662.1 124.2 408.3 2000 34.8 49.0 621.2 122.8 409.7 1997 30.8 31.6 604.0 124.4 392.0 1996 39.3 46.1 658.4 120.1 458.7 2001 40.2 44.5 681.8 126.5 440.3 1999 ˜¢ÓÏÓ 41.8 52.4 688.4 121.8 485.7 2002 41.1 55.0 698.0 116.5 482.6 2003 918.3 729.1 854.1

892.3 824.3 563.2 534.9 562.5

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

±≥

˙Â¯ËÓ†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

±πµ∏≠≤∞∞≥

‰ÎÈ¯ˆ†Î¢‰Ò

˙È‡Ï˜Á†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

˙È˙È·†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

˙È˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

˜¢ÓÏÓ

(16)

ÌÈÈ˘‡¯‰†ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â¯Â˜ÓÓ†‰˜Ù‰

≤∞∞≥

≠†ÌÈÈ˙†ÔÂ˜¯È†Ô‚‡ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤∏±Æ≥

˙¯ÈÎ‰†Ô‚‡·†ÏÂˆÈÏ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤≤πÆ∂

Èˆ¯‡‰†ÏÈ·ÂÓÏ†‰Ó¯Ê‰ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥±¥Æµ

≠†ÛÂÁ‰†Ô‚‡ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥π∞Æ∂

·È·‡≠Ï˙

ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È

Ú·˘≠¯‡· ‰ÙÈÁ

‰È¯·Ë

„¯Ú ‰ÊÚ

(17)

±µ

ÌÈÓ‰†¯Â˜Ó†ÈÙÏ†‰˜Ù‰

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨π∏¥Æ∞†Î¢‰Ò

¢˙Â¯Â˜Ó¢†≠†ÌÈÈÏÈÚ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†∂≤πÆ∑

ÌÈÏÚÙÓ†¥µ

ÌÈÈË¯Ù†≠†ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∞≤Æ∂

ÌÈÏÚÙÓ†±∂∏

¢˙Â¯Â˜Ó¢†≠†ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥∑Æµ

ÌÈÏÚÙÓ†∏

Ô¢„Ù˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¥±Æ≥

ÌÈÁÂ„È˜†±±∏

ÌÈÈË¯Ù†≠†ÌÈÁÂ„È˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤π≤Æµ ÌÈÁÂ„È˜†±¨∞∂±

ÌÈ·ÈÂËÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†∑Æ¥ ÌÈÁÂ„È˜†±∂ ¢˙Â¯Â˜Ó¢†≠†ÌÈÁÂ„È˜

˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ≥πÆ∑ ÌÈÁÂ„È˜†∑µµ

ÌÈÈË¯Ù†≠†ÌÈÈÏÈÚ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤≤≥Æ≥

ÌÈÏÚÙÓ†≤π¥

(18)

±∂

ÌÈ‚‡†ÈÙÏ†ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰

≤∞∞≤≠≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†π∏∞Æπ†≤∞∞≥†˙˘·†‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨≤±∏Æ±†≤∞∞≤†˙˘·†‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

Ô¢„Ù˘†ÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰†˙ÏÏÂÎ†ÛÂÁ‰†Ô‚‡Ó†‰˜Ù‰‰

ÛÂÁ‰

˜¢ÓÏÓ

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

ÔÂ˜¯È ¯‰‰ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰

ÏÓ¯Î È·¯ÚÓ†ÏÈÏ‚ ˙¯Î†Ô‚‡ ·‚ ‰·¯Ú‰Â

¯‰‰†ÈÏÂ˘

≤∞∞≥†‰˜Ù‰ ≤∞∞≤†‰˜Ù‰

390.6 281.3 53.1 28.1 75.7 53.8 96.3 2.0

522.2 345.9 61.6 34.1 92.5 63.5 97.2 1.0

(19)

±∑

ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰

˙ÂÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡È‚Â¯„È‰†˙Â„ÈÁÈ†ÈÙÏ

≤∞∞≥

24.2

114.6

345.1 13.3

26.3

413.2 11.7

32.5

ÔÂ˙Á˙†ÔÂ˜ÈË¯˜ ÔÂ˙Á˙†ÔÓÂ˜ ÔÂ¯ÂË†ÔÓÂ˜ Ô˜Â‡È‡ Ô‚Â‡È Ô˜ÂËÒÈÏÙ ˙ÏÊ· ¢ÈËˆ¯¢

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

˜¢ÓÏÓ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†π∏∞Æπ†‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

Ô¢„Ù˘†ÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰†˙ÏÏÂÎ†Ô˜ÂËÒÈÏÙ‰Ó†‰˜Ù‰‰

(20)

±∏

ÌÈÈÏÈÚ†ÌÈÓ†˙˜Ù‰

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†∏µ≥Æ∞†Î¢‰Ò

˙ÂÈÈÚÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±±πÆ≥

±¥• ÌÈÏÁ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤≥∞Æ∂

≤∑•

˙¯Î ˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ∞≥Æ±

µπ•

(21)

(22)

≤∞

®˜¢ÓÏÓ©†ÌÈÓ‰†¯Â˜Ó†ÈÙÏ†‰˜Ù‰

±π∏π≠≤∞∞≥

‰¯„Á‰

ÌÈÈÏÈÚ†ÌÈÓÓ†‰˜Ù‰

ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰

®ÂË©†‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò

‰˘

(23)

≤±

ÌÈÓ‰†¯Â˜Ó†ÈÙÏ†‰˜Ù‰

±πµ∏≠≤∞∞≥

‰˜Ù‰†Î¢‰Ò ÌÈÁÂ„È˜Ó†‰˜Ù‰ ÌÈÈÏÈÚ†ÌÈÓ†‰˜Ù‰

ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â·Èˆ

0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

(24)

≤≤

˙ÂÁÈÏÓÂ†ÒÏÙÓ†≠†˙¯Î

®ÌÈ‰†ÈÙ†ÏÚÓ†¯ËÓ©†ÌÈÓ‰†ÒÏÙÓ

®Ï¢Î‚Ó©†˙ÂÁÈÏÓ

ÒÏÙÓ ˙ÂÁÈÏÓ

‰˘

(25)

≤≥

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰†∫˙Â‡Ï˜Á

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ

1045.1 1160.1

159.0 126.1

91.4 123.5

312.1 418.5

47.6 60.6

137.9 131.9

47.3 56.9

100.0 106.3

114.0 77.8

36.0 58.3

0 100 200 300 400 500

600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Î¢‰Ò ÌÈÈÏÈÚ ˙Â¯‡· ˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ˙ÂÂÙË˘ Ô¢„Ù˘ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ÔÈÁÏÂ˜

ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ÌÈÁÈÏÓ

ÌÈÈÏÈÚÂ†˙Â¯‡· ÌÈÁÈÏÓ

1300

‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ‰‡ˆ˜‰

(26)

≤¥

˜¢ÓÏÓ

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

Î¢‰Ò ÌÈ¯ÈÙ˘ ÌÈÁÈÏÓ ˙ÂÂÙË˘ Ô¢„Ù˘Â†ÔÈÁÏÂ˜

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†˙Â‡Ï˜Á·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≤≠≤∞∞≥

≤∞∞≤†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ≤∞∞≥†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

1,020.5 1,045.1

534.9 562.5

145.9 150.0

54.0 47.6

285.8 285.0

(27)

≤µ

˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ†˙Â‡Ï˜Á·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

≤∞∞≤≠≤∞∞≥

®ÌÈÈË¯Ù†ÌÈ˜ÈÙÓÏ†˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á†ÔÈ·†‰„¯Ù‰†ÏÏÂÎ©

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200

˙Â¯‡· ÌÈÁÈÏÓ ≠˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á

ÌÈÁÈÏÓ ÔÈÁÏÂ˜

≠˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á ÔÈÁÏÂ˜† Ô¢„Ù˘

˙ÂÂÙË˘ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó†ß·Á

˙Â¯‡· ÌÈÈÏÈÚ

Î¢‰Ò

30.7 115.2

98.7 49.3

137.7 54.0

301.0 93.0

140.8 1,020.5

36.0 114.0

99.9 47.3

137.7 47.6

312.1 91.4

159.0 1,045.1

‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ≤∞∞≤ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ

(28)

≤∂

˙Â‡Ï˜Á·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

·Â˘È†˙¯Âˆ†ÈÙÏ

≤∞∞≥

ÌÈˆÂ·È˜ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ∏∞Æ±

µ∂• ¯Á‡

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≥µÆ≥ ±≥•

ÌÈ·˘ÂÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥≤πÆ∑

≥≤•

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±¨∞¥µÆ±†Î¢‰Ò

(29)

≤∑

≤∞∞≥†≠†˙Â‡Ï˜Á·†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

ÌÈÓ‰†˙Â·Èˆ†ÔÂÎ˙†È¯ÂÊ‡·†˙ÂÈÂÎÈ‡†ÈÙÏ

220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ‰„Â‰È ÔÂ¯ÓÂ˘Â ˙Ú˜· Ô„¯È‰ ‰·¯Ú ·‚ Ô„¯È ÔÂ˙Á˙ ÊÎ¯Ó ÔÂ¯˘ ÛÂÁ ÏÓ¯Î ÔÂ˘È˜ ÏÈÏ‚ È·¯ÚÓ Ô‚‡ ˙¯Î ¯·„Ó ‰„Â‰È ÁÏÓ‰†ÌÈÂ ÌÈÁÈÏÓ ˙ÂÂÙË˘ Ô¢„Ù˘ ÔÈÁÏÂ˜

(30)

≤∏

˙Â‡Ï˜Á·†ÔÈÁÏÂ˜†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

±ππ≥≠≤∞∞≥

ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ÌÈÈË¯Ù

˜¢ÓÏÓ

136.2 137.5 116.6

50.7 46.6 44.9

84.1 101.4 98.2 129.4

140.6 129.5

113.3 102.4

46.5 50.4

40.7 45.3

32

79.5 79

79.8 60.7

65.3

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

199.7 219.3 250 270 255.4 271 285.5 259.7 350

121.9

50.3

94.2

266.4

137.7

49.3

100.7

287.8

137.7

47.3

100.0

285.0

2002 2003

Ô¢„Ù˘

ÔÈÁÏÂ˜ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó

Î¢‰Ò

(31)

≤π

Ô¢„Ù˘†ÈÓ†‰ÎÈ¯ˆØ‰‡ˆ˜‰

137.7 143.9

137.7 132.0

78 95.2

82 101.9

88 110.7

102.7 118.1

113.6 125.4

130.3 117.5

140.9 121.4

129.4 110.2

136.2 119.2

137.5 125.9

116.6 118.3

121.9 135.2

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

‰‡ˆ˜‰ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

˜¢ÓÏÓ

(32)

(33)

≥±

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙·†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

±ππ≥≠≤∞∞≥

120 100

80 60 40

20 0

79.9 86.6 89.9 94.5 87.8 92.6 91 90.2 85.4 85.4 83.9 30.1 27.3 29.5 29.9 35 36.6 35.5 34 34.7 36.4 32.6 110 113.9 119.4 124.4 122.8 129.2 126.5 124.2 120.1 121.8 116.5

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

140

ÌÈ¯ÈÙ˘ ÌÈÁÈÏÓ Î¢‰Ò

˜¢ÓÏÓ

(34)

≥≤

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙‰†ÈÙÚ†ÈÙÏ

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±±∂Æµ†Î¢‰Ò

ÌÈÏ˜ÈÓÈÎ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ∑Æ∞

¥∏Æπ• ¯ÈÈ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥Æµ ≥•

˙Â‡˜˘ÓÂ†ÔÂÊÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤∞Æ∑

±∑Æ∑•

˙ÂÂ˘ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥Æ±

≤Æ∑• ˙Î˙Ó ˜¢ÓÏÓ†µÆ≤

¥Æ≤• ÏÈËÒ˜Ë ˜¢ÓÏÓ†∑Æ∏

∂Æ∑• ˜ËÈÈ‰

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥Æπ ≥Æ≥• ÌÈ·ˆÁÓÂ†ÔÈ·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†∏Æ≤ ∑Æ±• ˜Â˜ÈÊ†È˙·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†¥Æ≥ ≥Æ∑• ÏÓ˘Á†˙¯·Á

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥Æ≤ ≤Æ∑•

(35)

≥≥

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

˙Èˆ¯‡†‰ÒÈ¯Ù

≤∞∞≥

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±±∂Æµ†Î¢‰Ò

ı¯‡‰†ÊÎ¯Ó ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≤∏Æ∂

≤¥Æ∂• ı¯‡‰†ÔÂÙˆ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥µÆ∞ ≥∞•

ı¯‡‰†ÌÂ¯„ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ≤Æπ

¥µÆ¥•

(36)

≥¥

‰ÈÈ˘Ú˙

‰‡ˆ˜‰‰†˙ÓÂÚÏ†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

˜¢ÓÏÓ

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

±πππ ≤∞∞∞ ≤∞∞± ≤∞∞≤ ≤∞∞≥

±≤∂Æµ ±≤¥Æ≤ ±≤∞Æ± ±≤±Æ∏ ±±∂Æµ

±¥¥Æ∏ ±¥µÆ≤ ±¥≤Æ¥ ±≥µÆ∏ ±≥∂Æ∏

‰ÎÈ¯ˆ

‰‡ˆ˜‰

(37)

≥µ

±ππ∂≠≤∞∞≥

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

58.8 58.1 59.5

61 62 60.5

58.5 59

83.5 84

82 86.1

88.1 86.7

83.7 81.4

103.4 103.8

101.2 104

109.8 111.2

105.3 104.9

¨Ï¢‰ˆ†˙ÂÁÓ†¨ÌÈËÂÚÈÓ†È¯ÙÎ†¨ÌÈÈ˙ÏÈ‰˜†ÌÈ·Â˘ÈÈ†¨ÌÈ·˘ÂÓ†¨ÌÈˆÂ·È˜†®˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó†˙ÂˆÚÂÓÂ†˙ÂÈ¯ÈÚ© Æ‰˘†‰˙Â‡·†‰È„Ó·†ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰†¯ÙÒÓ·†˙˜ÏÂÁÓ†˙È˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙Â†˙È‡Ï˜Á†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ†ËÚÓÏÂ†˙ÁÙ†ÏÏÂÎ

¯ÙÒÓ·†˙˜ÏÂÁÓ†¨˙ÓÈÈÂÒÓ†‰˘Ï†˙ÁÙÂ†˙È˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙†¨˙È‡Ï˜Á†‰ÎÈ¯ˆ†ËÚÓÏ†®˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó†˙ÂˆÚÂÓÂ Æ‰˘†‰˙Â‡·†˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰†˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰

‰˘†Ø†˘Ù†Ø†˜¢Ó

(38)

≥∂

˘ÙÏ†ÌÈÓ†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

‰˘Ø˘ÙØ˜¢Ó

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

È„Â‰È†¯Ê‚Ó È„Â‰È†‡Ï†¯Ê‚Ó

ÈÏÏÎ 109.8 115.1 87.9 94.3 98.9 101.5 104.8 104.9 105.3 111.2 109.8 104.0 101.2

29.0 29.3 28.0 33.9 37.4 42.8 41.2 40.6 42.2 46.6 46.5 44.6 45.2 128.1 134.1 101.1 107.9 113.0 115.1 120.1 120.8 121.4 128.1 127.2 120.9 117.7

103.8 46.5 121.1

103.4 47.6 120.5

(39)

(40)

≥∏

˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†ÌÈÓ‰†˙ÎÈ¯ˆ†˙Â‚ÏÙ˙‰

≤∞∞≥†˘ÂÓÈ˘‰†È‚ÂÒ†ÈÙÏ†˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰

˜¢ÓÏÓ†µ∞πÆ±†Î¢‰Ò

ÈÂ†˙ÂÈ‚Â†ÌÈ¯Â‚Ó ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥µπÆ≤

∑∞Æµ• ˙¯Á‡

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±≤Æ¥ ≤Æ¥• ‰ÈÈ·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†∑Æ¥ ±Æµ• ‰¯Â·Á˙Â†ÔÂÁË·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥Æ≥ ∞Æ∂• ÔÂÏÓ†È˙·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†πÆ∏ ±Æπ• È¯Â·Èˆ†ÔÂÈ‚

˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥πÆ∞ ∑Æ∑• ¯Â·Èˆ†˙Â„ÒÂÓ

˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∂Æπ ≥Æ≥• ˙Â‡È¯·

˜¢ÓÏÓ†µÆ¥ ±Æ±•

‰Î‡ÏÓÂ†¯ÁÒÓ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†≥±Æπ

∂Æ≥•

Ë¯ÂÙÒ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†∂Æ≥

±Æ≤•

ÍÂÈÁ ˜¢ÓÏÓ†±∑Æ∂

≥Æµ•

(41)

≥π

˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰†˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†˙ÁÙ‰†È¯ÂÚÈ˘

≤∞∞≥

ÌÈÊÂÁ‡·†˙ÁÙ‰

8.6 10.4 18.7 9.9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

˙ÂÈ¯ÈÚ ˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó†˙ÂˆÚÂÓ ˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó†˙ÂˆÚÂÓ

ÌÈËÂÚÈÓ

Èˆ¯‡

20

ÌÈËÂÚÈÓ†˙ÂÈ¯ÈÚ

18.3

(42)

¥∞

˙ÂÈÓÂ˜Ó‰†˙ÂÈÂ˘¯·†˙ÁÙ†È¯ÂÚÈ˘

±ππ∂≠≤∞∞≥

˙ÁÙ ˜¢ÓÏÓ· •·†˙ÁÙ

ÌÈÊÂÁ‡·†˙ÁÙ

14.7 13.4 14.2 12.8 10 9.9

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

83 77.5 89.3 80.9 61.6 58.5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

˜¢ÓÏÓ·†˙ÁÙ

2002 2003

9.6 9.9

57.8 60.1