E-GOVERNANCE: A CHALLENGE FOR INDIA

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VOLUME NO.6(2016),ISSUE NO.07(JULY) ISSN 2231-5756

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VOLUME NO.6(2016),ISSUE NO.07(JULY) ISSN 2231-5756

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE, IT & MANAGEMENT

CONTENTS

Sr.

No.

TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S)

Page

No.

1

.

BASAVESHWARA AND MAHATMA GANDHI: THOUGHTS ON EQUALITY

DR. KICHIDI CHANNAPPA

1

2

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ROLE OF IRDA IN INSURANCE SECTOR AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

PREETI DIXIT & DR. SANJEEV MAHROTRA

5

3

.

EFFECT OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE IN BANKING SECTOR

G. SREELAKSHMI & DR. D. SURYACHANDRA RAO

10

4

.

PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL PENSION SCHEME IN INDIA

ANANTH.S & BALANAGA GURUNATHAN.K

13

5

.

PROTECTION OF WOMEN AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS

DR. ARCHANA BHATIA

17

6

.

TACIT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW

SUBASHINI R & VELMURUGAN G

20

7

.

A STUDY ON ICT INITIATIVES IN THE SALE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE AT APMC’s IN KARNATAKA

NAGARAJU.R & DR. PRALHAD. P. RATHOD

23

8

.

ETHICAL WORKPLACE CULTURE: A KEY TO EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION

DR. SUPRIYA CHOUDHARY

27

9

.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FAME AND SEQUENCE ANALYSIS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FROM

INDUSTRIAL WATER OF KRIBHCO

N.J. NAIK

31

10

.

GROWTH OF RETAIL INDUSTRY IN INDIA

DR. PAWAN KUMAR SINGH & DR. SHRIKRISHNA TRIPATHI

36

11

.

SEGMENT REPORTING: AN ESSENTIAL TOOL FOR STAKEHOLDERS (A CASE STUDY OF SEGMENT

REPORTING OF SAUDI ARABIA COMPANY)

DR. ABHINNA BAXI BHATNAGAR

40

12

.

IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIAN MSMEs

GURMEEN KAUR

45

13

.

AN OVERVIEW OF MUTUAL FUND TOWARDS INVESTOR’S PERCEPTION

N. SAKTHI SELVA ROHINI

49

14

.

TALENT MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION SECTOR

NAGESH C L

52

15

.

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION OF AIRTEL CELLULAR SERVICE IN CUMBUM TOWN, THENI DISTRICT,

TAMILNADU

DR. A. SULTHAN MOHIDEEN, M. MOHAMED ISHAQ & M.MOHAMED ILYAS

55

16

.

E-GOVERNANCE: A CHALLENGE FOR INDIA

DR. MALIKA BHIYANA & RAVI KUMAR BARWAL

61

17

.

ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP STYLES AND ORGANISATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY OF FINANCIAL

SECTOR IN CAMEROON

NKAM MICHAEL CHO, MUSIBAU AKINTUNDE AJAGBE, LAWRENCE UCHENNA OKOYE & EKANEM EDEM

UDO UDO

64

18

.

WOMEN’s MENTAL HEALTH IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

DR. BASALINGAMMA S H & DR. RASHMI RANI AGNIHOTRI H.R

71

19

.

AAJEEVIKA: A MISSION TO ENHANCES LIVELIHOOD AND MAKES SELF EMPLOYMENT OF RURAL

PEOPLE AND WOMEN

RICHA VERMA & AMBUJ SRIVASTAV

75

20

.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR REGARDING INDIAN BRANDED GOODS: A STUDY OF APPAREL INDUSTRY OF

LUDHIANA

SUKHVINDER KAUR

78

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE, IT & MANAGEMENT

CHIEF PATRON

PROF. K. K. AGGARWAL

Chairman, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur

(An institute of National Importance & fully funded by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India)

Chancellor, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon

Chancellor, Lingaya’s University, Faridabad

Founder Vice-Chancellor (1998-2008), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi

Ex. Pro Vice-Chancellor, Guru Jambheshwar University, Hisar

FOUNDER PATRON

LATE SH. RAM BHAJAN AGGARWAL

Former State Minister for Home & Tourism, Government of Haryana

Former Vice-President, Dadri Education Society, Charkhi Dadri

Former President, Chinar Syntex Ltd. (Textile Mills), Bhiwani

FORMER CO-ORDINATOR

DR. S. GARG

Faculty, Shree Ram Institute of Business & Management, Urjani

ADVISORS

PROF. M. S. SENAM RAJU

Director A. C. D., School of Management Studies, I.G.N.O.U., New Delhi

PROF. M. N. SHARMA

Chairman, M.B.A., Haryana College of Technology & Management, Kaithal

PROF. S. L. MAHANDRU

Principal (Retd.), Maharaja Agrasen College, Jagadhri

EDITOR

PROF. R. K. SHARMA

Professor, Bharti Vidyapeeth University Institute of Management & Research, New Delhi

CO-EDITOR

DR. BHAVET

Faculty, Shree Ram Institute of Engineering & Technology, Urjani

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

DR. RAJESH MODI

Faculty, Yanbu Industrial College, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

PROF. SANJIV MITTAL

University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh I. P. University, Delhi

PROF. ANIL K. SAINI

Chairperson (CRC), Guru Gobind Singh I. P. University, Delhi

DR. SAMBHAVNA

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DR. MOHENDER KUMAR GUPTA

Associate Professor, P. J. L. N. Government College, Faridabad

DR. SHIVAKUMAR DEENE

Asst. Professor, Dept. of Commerce, School of Business Studies, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

PROF. NAWAB ALI KHAN

Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P.

PROF. ABHAY BANSAL

Head, Department of I.T., Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Amity University, Noida

PROF. A. SURYANARAYANA

Department of Business Management, Osmania University, Hyderabad

PROF. V. SELVAM

SSL, VIT University, Vellore

DR. PARDEEP AHLAWAT

Associate Professor, Institute of Management Studies & Research, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak

DR. S. TABASSUM SULTANA

Associate Professor, Department of Business Management, Matrusri Institute of P.G. Studies, Hyderabad

SURJEET SINGH

Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science, G. M. N. (P.G.) College, Ambala Cantt.

FORMER TECHNICAL ADVISOR

AMITA

Faculty, Government M. S., Mohali

FINANCIAL ADVISORS

DICKIN GOYAL

Advocate & Tax Adviser, Panchkula

NEENA

Investment Consultant, Chambaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh

LEGAL ADVISORS

JITENDER S. CHAHAL

Advocate, Punjab & Haryana High Court, Chandigarh U.T.

CHANDER BHUSHAN SHARMA

Advocate & Consultant, District Courts, Yamunanagar at Jagadhri

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CALL FOR MANUSCRIPTS

We invite unpublished novel, original, empirical and high quality research work pertaining to the recent developments & practices in the areas of Com-puter Science & Applications; Commerce; Business; Finance; Marketing; Human Resource Management; General Management; Banking; Economics; Tourism Administration & Management; Education; Law; Library & Information Science; Defence & Strategic Studies; Electronic Science; Corporate Gov-ernance; Industrial Relations; and emerging paradigms in allied subjects like Accounting; Accounting Information Systems; Accounting Theory & Practice; Auditing; Behavioral Accounting; Behavioral Economics; Corporate Finance; Cost Accounting; Econometrics; Economic Development; Economic History; Financial Institutions & Markets; Financial Services; Fiscal Policy; Government & Non Profit Accounting; Industrial Organization; International Economics & Trade; International Finance; Macro Economics; Micro Economics; Rural Economics; Co-operation; Demography: Development Planning; Development Studies; Applied Economics; Development Economics; Business Economics; Monetary Policy; Public Policy Economics; Real Estate; Regional Economics; Political Science; Continuing Education; Labour Welfare; Philosophy; Psychology; Sociology; Tax Accounting; Advertising & Promotion Management; Management Information Systems (MIS); Business Law; Public Responsibility & Ethics; Communication; Direct Marketing; E-Commerce; Global Business; Health Care Administration; Labour Relations & Human Resource Management; Marketing Research; Marketing Theory & Applications; Non-Profit Or-ganizations; Office Administration/Management; Operations Research/Statistics; Organizational Behavior & Theory; Organizational Development; Pro-duction/Operations; International Relations; Human Rights & Duties; Public Administration; Population Studies; Purchasing/Materials Management; Re-tailing; Sales/Selling; Services; Small Business Entrepreneurship; Strategic Management Policy; Technology/Innovation; Tourism & Hospitality; Transpor-tation Distribution; Algorithms; Artificial Intelligence; Compilers & Translation; Computer Aided Design (CAD); Computer Aided Manufacturing; Computer Graphics; Computer Organization & Architecture; Database Structures & Systems; Discrete Structures; Internet; Management Information Systems; Mod-eling & Simulation; Neural Systems/Neural Networks; Numerical Analysis/Scientific Computing; Object Oriented Programming; Operating Systems; Pro-gramming Languages; Robotics; Symbolic & Formal Logic; Web Design and emerging paradigms in allied subjects.

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VOLUME NO.6(2016),ISSUE NO.07(JULY) ISSN 2231-5756

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BOOKS

•

Bowersox, Donald J., Closs, David J., (1996), "Logistical Management." Tata McGraw, Hill, New Delhi.

•

Hunker, H.L. and A.J. Wright (1963), "Factors of Industrial Location in Ohio" Ohio State University, Nigeria. CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOOKS

•

Sharma T., Kwatra, G. (2008) Effectiveness of Social Advertising: A Study of Selected Campaigns, Corporate Social Responsibility, Edited by David Crowther & Nicholas Capaldi, Ashgate Research Companion to Corporate Social Responsibility, Chapter 15, pp 287-303.

JOURNAL AND OTHER ARTICLES

•

Schemenner, R.W., Huber, J.C. and Cook, R.L. (1987), "Geographic Differences and the Location of New Manufacturing Facilities," Jour-nal of Urban Economics, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 83-104.

CONFERENCE PAPERS

•

Garg, Sambhav (2011): "Business Ethics" Paper presented at the Annual International Conference for the All India Management Asso-ciation, New Delhi, India, 19–23

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•

Kumar S. (2011): "Customer Value: A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Customers," Thesis, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. ONLINE RESOURCES

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Always indicate the date that the source was accessed, as online resources are frequently updated or removed. WEBSITES

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E-GOVERNANCE: A CHALLENGE FOR INDIA

DR. MALIKA BHIYANA

ASST. PROFESSOR

GOVERNMENT U.G. COLLEGE.

BARWALA

RAVI KUMAR BARWAL

STUDENT

GOVERNMENT P. G. COLLEGE

AMBALA CANTT.

ABSTRACT

The emergence of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has provided means for faster and better communication, retrieval of data and utilization of information to its users. E-Governance is basically the application of ICT to provide government services to the citizens through internet. In developing countries like India, where literacy level is very low and even most of the people are living below poverty line, people are not even aware about the benefits of E-Governance activities and people do not use Information and Communication technologies to a much extent, there exist a number of problems to implement E-Governance activities. This research paper highlights the main challenges related to the implementation of E-Governance in India.

KEYWORDS

cost, different languages, e-readiness rank, e-governance, ICT, literacy level, per capita income, separation.

INTRODUCTION

he term e-Government came into existence with the advent of government websites in late 1990s. E-Governance or „electronic Governance‟ refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to provide citizens and organisations with more convenient access to the government‟s services and information. In other words, E-Governance involves ICTs, especially the internet, to improve the delivery of government services to citizens, businesses and government agencies. It is not limited to the public sector only but also includes the management and administration of policies and procedures in private sector as well. The use of internet not only delivers the services faster but also brings more transparency between the government and the citizens. But in devel-oping countries like India, where literacy level is very low and most of the people are living below poverty line, it is very much difficult for the government to provide its services to such citizens via means of internet. Even the e-Readiness Rank of India is very low. E-readiness is defined as the ability to use information and communication technologies to develop one‟s economy and welfare. Many other factors like privacy and security related to user‟s personal information, digital divide etc. are also huge challenges for the implementation of E-Governance in India.

CHALLENGES FOR E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

There are a large number of obstacles in implementation of E-Governance in India. These can be categorized under the following titles:

• Environmental and Social Challenges,

• Economical Challenges

• Technical Challenges.

These challenges are explained below:

A. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES

i) Different Language: India is a country where people with different cultures and different religions live. People belonging to different states speak different languages. The diversity of people in context of language is a huge challenge for implementing E-Governance projects as E-Governance applications are written in English language. And also, English may not be understandable by most of the people. Therefore, it becomes a challenge for the government to write E-Governance applications which are to be implemented for the whole nation in more than one language so that these may be acceptable to the users of a particular language.

ii) Low Literacy:Literacy can be defined as the ability to read and write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write cannot be considered as literate. Any formal education or minimum educational standard is not necessary to be considered literate. Literacy level of India is very low which is a huge obstacle in implementation of E-Governance projects. Illiterate people are not able to access the e-Governance applications; hence the projects do not get much success.

iii) Low IT Literacy:Much of the Indian people are not literate and those who are literate, they do not have much knowledge about Information Technology (IT). Most of the people in India are not aware about the usage of Information Technology. So, in India, having such low level of IT literacy, how can e-Governance projects be implemented successfully? We can say that IT illiteracy is a major obstacle in implementation of E-Governance in India. So, first of all Indian people must be made aware about the usage of Information Technology.

iv) Recognition of applications:Recognition of the e-Governance facilities by the citizens is another huge challenge. It is a challenge to have all the citizens well aware of the facilities offered by the e-government and have them to trust in it, so that citizens should be ready to accept these facilities.

v) User friendliness of government websites:Users of E-Governance applications are often non-expert users who may not be able to use the applications in a right manner. Such users need guidance to find the right way to perform their transactions. Therefore, government websites must be user friendly so that more and more people can use them easily. Hence, these websites can be more effective. If government websites will be designed in an easier format only then these will be more usable for the users who are not expert users of IT.

vi) Services are not accessible easily:The concept of E-Governance is claiming for increased efficiency and effectiveness of the government, but these goals will be achieved only if the service will be available to the 100% of the citizens. So, every service should be accessible by anybody from anywhere and anytime. Even if the users of Internet are growing but still there is a major part of Indian population which is not able to access e-Governance activities for variety of reasons, e.g. some people may have limited access to Information and Communication Technologies and devices. Therefore, government has to provide internet access through public terminals as a part of their universal access efforts.

vii) Confidence on technologies provided by government:The implementation of public administration functions via E-Government requires that the user must be confident and comfortable while using the technology. He must also trust that technology that he/she is interacting with. Even the government should provide the measures so that the users can trust the technology provided to them. The government has to make a balance between ensuring that a system prevents fraudulent transactions and the burden that extensive checks can take place on people who are honest.

viii) Separation:The separation that exists between the individuals, communities and businesses that have access to Information Technology and those that do not have such access. Economic poverty is closely related to the limited information technology resources. People who are living below poverty line cannot afford a computer and internet connection for themselves to take the benefits of the E-Government and other on-line services. Economic poverty is not the only cause

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VOLUME NO.6(2016),ISSUE NO.07(JULY) ISSN 2231-5756

of this separation; it may also be caused by the lack of awareness among the people. In India even some of the economically stable people do not know about the scope and services of E-Governance. Indian government has to take some actions to narrower this separation to effectively implement the E-Governance projects.

ix) Struggle to Change: The struggle to change phenomenon can explain much of the hesitation that occurs on the part of the constituents in moving from a paper-based to a web-paper-based system to interact with government. Citizens, employees and businesses can all have their biases with respect to how transactions should be processed. Government entities and public policy administrators cannot ignore the changes that occur as a result of the implementation of the ICT. Education about the value of new system is one step towards reducing some of this struggle.

x) Population: Population of India is probably the biggest challenge in implementing E-Governance projects. As population is considered to be an asset to the country but it also offers some other challenges e.g. establishing person identities. There is no unique identity of individuals in India although Indian government is making efforts for providing unique identity to its citizens. Apart from this, measuring the population, keeping the database of all Indian nationals and keeping this database updated and then providing the E-governance services to the whole population are major challenges.

xi) Lack of integrated services: Most of the E-governance services which are offered by the state or central government are not integrated. Lack of communication between different departments of government may be its major cause. Therefore, the information that resides within one department has no or very little meaning to some other department of the government.

xii) Lack of awareness in people: Most of the Indian people are not aware of the benefits of E-Governance services. Even the government do not pay much attention to make the people aware about E-Governance activities. Unawareness is a major challenge in the implementation of E-Governance projects.

B. ECONOMICAL CHALLENGES

i) Cost:In developing countries like India, cost is one of the most important obstacles in the path of implementation of E-Governance where major part of the population is living below poverty line. Even the politicians do not have interest in implementing E-Governance. A huge amount of money is involved in implemen-tation, operational and evolutionary maintenance tasks. These costs must be low enough so that to guarantee a good cost/benefit ratio.

ii) Applications must be transferrable from one platform to another:E-governance applications must be independent from hardware or software platforms. Therefore, these applications can be used at any platform irrespective of the hardware or software and from one platform to the other platform. These applications may also help on possible reuse by other administrators.

iii) Maintenance of electronic devices: As the Information Technology changes very fast and it is very difficult for us to update our existing systems very fast. Regulations of different devices and their different characteristics may vary and the system in use must be capable to handle all the emerging needs. Maintenance is a key factor for long living systems in a rapidly changing technical environment.

iv) Low per Capita income:Per capita income means how much each individual receives, in the terms of money, of the yearly income generated in a country. This refers to what each individual receives if the yearly national income is divided equally among everyone. Per capita income of India is low as compare to the other countries. Therefore, people cannot afford on-line services provided by the government which is a challenge for implementation of e-governance.

v) Limited financial resources:The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the measures o national income and a country‟s economy. GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within the country in a given period of time. GDP of a country is the measure of its financial strength. India has limited financial resources so as to implement and maintain the E-Government projects properly.

C. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

i) Interoperability: Interoperability is the ability of systems and organizations of different qualities to work together. The E-Governance applications must have this characteristic so that the newly developed and existing applications can be implemented together.

ii) Scale of applications:E-Governance projects have to be designed to scale from the day one. E-Governance is supposed to affect every citizen of the country, so E-Governance applications must have the scale to interface with every citizen.

iii) Multimodal Interaction:Multimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interfacing with a system. An E-Government application can be really effective if its users can access it using different devices.

iv) Privacy and Security:A critical obstacle in implementing e-Governance is the privacy and security of an individual‟s personal data that he/she provides to obtain government services. With the implementation of E-government projects, some effective measures must be taken to protect the sensitive personal infor-mation of the people. Lack of security standards can limit the development of E-Government projects that contain personal inforinfor-mation such as income, medical history etc.

v) Scope of applications:The very first step in creating a good application is to define its scope very well and everything else comes later. The applications which are provided by E-Government, their scope must be known in advance for the accurate implementation of E-Governance projects.

vi) Tried and tested technologies: Technology tends to get out of date very fast. Our government may not be in position to buy new servers every year. So, it is better and safer to use technologies and products which are tried and tested for longer periods of times than using the latest ones.

vii) Geographical problems: Corporate networks reside on reliable and controlled networks. Government networks have to go into all areas which are even unfriendly to live. It is, however, costly to wire up all the villages in the country. So, E-Governance systems must have to use the wireless networks like existing cellular networks to reach the applications into remote areas irrespective of the geographical issues.

viii) Local language: The acceptance of English language in India is very low. The e-governance applications are written in English. That is why e-Governance projects do not get success. Hence, the e-governance applications must be written in local language of the people so that they may be able to use and take advantage of these applications.

CONCLUSION

As the usage of Information Technology is growing very fast, Indian government is making many efforts to provide services to its citizens through E-Governance. Although Indian government is spending a lot of money on E-Governance projects but still these projects are not successful in all parts of India. Unawareness in people, local language of the people of a particular area, privacy for the personal data of the people etc. are main challenges which are responsible for the unsuccessful implementation of E-Governance in India. Government must take some actions to make the people aware about the E-Governance activities so that people may take full advantage of these activities and E-Governance projects can be implemented successfully. The participation of people can play a vital role in implementation of E-Governance in India.

REFERENCES

1. Bhatnagar Subhash (2004), e-government from vision to implementation, sage publications, New Delhi.

2. Dey, Bata K. (2000), “E-governance in India: Problems, Challenges and Opportunities – A Futures Vision”, Indian Journal of Public Administration, Vol. XLVI, No. 3.

3. Diwedi S.K., Bharti A.K. “E-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA – PROBLEMS AND ACCEPTABILITY, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology available at www.jatit.org.

4. E-Readiness Ranking 2012, The Global Information Technology Report 2012 by Economist Intelligence Unit.

5. Gupta, M.P. (2004). Towards E-Government Management Challenges, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

6. Kaushik, P.D. (2004). E-Governance: Government Initiatives in India, in Bibek Debroy, Agenda for improving Governance, Academic Foundation in Association with Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies, New Delhi.

7. Kochhar Sameer and Gursharan Dhanjal, (2005). E-government Report Card, Yojna, Vol.49, August, New Delhi.

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VOLUME NO.6(2016),ISSUE NO.07(JULY) ISSN 2231-5756

9. Report of the Working Group on Information Technology Sector Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012 – 17), available at http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/ committee/.../cit/wgrep_dit.pdf.

10. Singh, S K. (2008). “Panchayati Raj and Good Governance”, Centre for World Solidarity, Hyderabad.

11. Verma R.K., Kumari A. (2010) “E-Governance at Grassroots Level in South Asia: A Study of Citizen-centric e-Panchayats in India”. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development Vol. XX, No. 1

WEBSITES

12. http://www. edevexchange.org/eGov /sfoverview.htm 13. http://www.1.worldbank.org/publicsector/ egov/index.htm 14. http://www.cic.nic.in/welcome.html

15. http://www.egov4dev.org/egodefn.htm 16. http://www.pacificcouncil.org

17. http://www.skoch.in/new/e-Governance_Report_Card2005.pdf 18. http://www.suwidha.nic.in

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