C H A P T E R 4
King, Appointed By God
Absolute Monarch = a ruler with
complete authority over the
government and the people
Rule by Divine
C H A P T E R 2 S E C T I O N 1
Charles V
Nephew of Catherine of
Aragon.
King of Spain and the
Spanish American Colonies.
1519 he inherited the
Charles V
Large kingdom = constant warfare = to
Charles V
Gave up the throne in 1556 and divided the empire
between his brother Ferdinand and son Phillip II.
Phillip II
Increased Spanish power
in Europe.
Defended the Catholic
Church against the
Phillip II
Wanted to expand the Spanish kingdom.
Enemy = Elizabeth I of England; why? England was powerful and protestant.
Sent the Spanish Armada to invade England Lost; never even landed; Two reasons:
1. Weather in the English Channel was disastrous 2. English ships were faster and lighter
Phillip II
As Spanish power and wealth decreased, the arts began to flourish.
1550 and 1650 = Spain’s Siglo de Oro (golden
century).
Famous Artists
El Greco- painter
Miguel Cervantes- writer,
Don Quixote
“THE SUN KING”
C H A P T E R 2 S E C T I O N 2
Back Story: The Reformation in France
French Protestants (Huguenots) vs. Catholics Late 1500s torn apart by religions conflict.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre = thousands
Protestants killed
1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes =
protected the Huguenots allowing them to practice their religion.
1610 Henry IV is assassinated and his 9 year old
Back Story
Louis XIII ruled until
1643
Cardinal Richelieu was
his chief minister who worked to create a
stronger central government.
Cardinal = Catholic
Louis XIV Takes the Throne
1643, 5 year old Louis
XIV became king.
Took power away from
Cardinal Richelieu, taking control of the government.
Louis XIV called himself
“The Sun King” to symbolize his
Louis XIV
Appointed intendants to the
royal government = officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers, carried out the kings policies.
Economy
Jean Baptiste Colbert= finance
minister; expanded business
Taxes financed Louis XIV’s
Versailles
Hunting lodge outside Paris
Transformed into a huge palace during
Louis XIV’s reign.
Represented the kings power and
Taking Absolute Monarchy to the Extreme
High ranking nobles would compete to be
part of the king’s morning ritual = levee, rising in French.
Rituals included things like:
Helping him dress
It was meant to keep the nobility close so
France Under Louis XIV’s Rule
Became Europe’s most
powerful state.
Revoked the Edict of
Nantes
His lifestyle and wars
were costly and paid for by the peasants whose economic
France Under Louis XIV
Rival European rulers feared the amount of power
France gained and would often band together in order to keep the balance of power in Europe.
Example: 1700, when Louis’s grandson inherited the
throne of Spain, nearby nations fought to prevent the union of France and Spain because together they
C H A P T E R 4 S E C T I O N 4
Holy Roman Empire
1600s = mix of many small kingdoms.
On paper = the Holy Roman Emperor was a strong ruler with lots of power.
Reality = The emperor had little power; fought a series of wars lumped together
Thirty Years’ War
Began when Ferdinand, the Catholic Hapsburg
king of Bohemia set out to control Protestants and declare royal power over the nobles.
Led to widespread war in Europe
Affected German kingdoms the worst.
Mercenaries = soldiers for hire = burning
villages, destroying crops, and killing villagers.
Thirty Years’ War
1648, Peace of Westphalia was
passed to end the war.
Meanwhile, Austria was becoming a
Prussia and Austria
Prussia; Frederick II; 1713 began
building a strong military
Austria; 1740 Maria Theresa, part of
the Hapsburg royal line, became
empress.
1740 Prussia under Frederick II tried to
Prussia and Austria
Austria did not gain back the land but Maria
Theresa won the support of her people and strengthened Hapsburg power.
She reorganized the government and forced
nobility and clergy to pay taxes.
By 1750 Austria and Prussia were both
C H A P T E R 4 S E C T I O N 5
Background History
Early 1600s Russia was
less advanced than other western European nations. Why?
During the Renaissance
Russia was still under the control of the Mongols.
Late 1600s Peter the Great
turned Russia into a
leading European power.
Peter the Great
Wanted to modernize Russia
Westernization = adoption of Western ideas,
technologies, and cultures.
Peter executed resisters
He forced the boyars = land owning nobles,
to serve the state in civilian or military positions.
And forced them to wear western style
Peter the Great
Built up Russia's military and extended Russian
boarders.
Fought a long war with Sweden to gain a
warmish water port and won.
Then built the capital city, St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg became a symbol of modern
Russia.
When he died in 1725 he had expanded Russian
Catherine the Great
Took power in 1762
Continued to embrace
Western ideas and expanding Russia’s boarders.
Defeated the Ottoman
Ambition
1770s Russia, Prussia, and Austria all
wanted to capture Poland and add it to
their empires.
To avoid war, they agreed to partition =
divide up, Poland.
Russia got eastern Poland and Prussia
Warm Up
Chapter 4 Section 1
Warm Up
