Review Class Day 3

Division of the Roman

Empire

•

Diocletian

(AD 284-313)

•

ruled with absolute power (claimed divine right from Roman

gods)

•

limited personal freedoms

•

doubled the size of the army

•

set fixed prices for goods

•

divided empire

•

East (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Egypt) capital: Byzantium

The Byzantine

Empire

• _{Renamed Byzantium Constantinople}

• strategic location (trade & defense)

• _{The eastern half of the empire came to be called the Byzantine Empire and flourished}

until its fall in 1453

• _{Ended persecution of Christians in 313 AD Edict of Milan}

• _http

The Byzantine

Empire

• Justinian ruled from 527-565

• _{Autocrat = single ruler with complete authority}

• _{Justinian’s Code = body of civil law, including Roman laws, legal writings & a student}

handbook

• _{Art & architecture that blended Greek, Roman, Persian & other Middle}

Eastern styles: Church of Hagia Sophia, mosaics, religious icons

• _{Religion: Eastern Orthodox Christianity}

Islam

• _Monotheistic

• _{Founded by Muhammad in AD 622 in Arabia}

• _{Five Pillars of Faith}

• _{Belief in one God (Allah)}

• _{Muhammad is God’s prophet} • _{Give money to the poor}

• _{Fasting during Ramadan}

• _{Pilgrimage to holy Mecca--hajj}

• _{Sacred Text: Qur’an}

• _{Sharia = Religious laws that regulated moral behavior, family life, business, government}

& other areas of community

Islamic

Civilization

• Located in the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Sicily, India & Southeast Asia

• Characteristics of Islamic Society

• Allowed social mobility

• Tolerant of other religions (Christians & Jews had to pay a tax but were not persecuted)

• Slavery, but could buy or earn freedom

• Women had some rights but not equal to those of men • Golden Age: Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age (700-800s)

• Cultural blending: Arab, Persian, Egyptian & European

• Strong agricultural society that produced a surplus(= extra) to trade

• Trade & manufacturing: merchants were highly regarded; spread religion and strengthened the economy, craftsmen produced steel swords, leather & carpets

• Arts: Mosques, palaces, domes, arches, calligraphy, people & animals as well as religious art, poetry & stories, although the Qur’an was considered to be most important

European Middle Ages

• Europe AD 500-1500

• Society with roots in classical Rome, the Roman Catholic Church & customs of Germanic tribes

• Threat of barbarian invasion had a strong influence on society

• _{Trade disrupted/money scarce}

• _{People fled cities/moved to the country} • _{Caused illiteracy to increase (“Dark” Ages)} • _{Loss of a common language caused disunity}

• _{Family ties/personal loyalty more important than a centralized government}

• Religion was extremely important & created a common bond within society

Feudalism &

Manoralism

•

Social/economic/political system based on

rights & obligations

•

Pyramid-shaped society

•

Manor = lord’s estate/a self-sufficient community

• _{Consisted of the lord’s manor house, church, workshops, homes of 15-30 families;}

surrounded by fields, pastures & woodlands

•

Life was harsh for

serfs

—hard work, no freedom, illness, malnutrition

• _{Paid high taxes to the lord (bread, marriage, tithe = church)}

• _{Looked to Christianity (religion) for support/accepted their role (God determined}

a person’s place in society)

KING NOBLES & BISHOPS

The Crusades

(Doc. 9)

•

Economic goals

• _{Get rid of quarrelsome knights}

• _{Desire for land, riches & adventure}

• _{Merchants profited from loaning money to finance the trips, leasing ships to}

transport soldiers & controlling trade routes

•

Religious motives

• _{“Holy war” to gain control of Jerusalem & the Holy land (located in the Middle}

East; controlled by Muslims)

•

Both the rich & poor were zealous

• The movie “Kingdom of Heaven” is a unit project option

Effects of the Crusades

• _{Negative effects}

• _{Not much land conquered (or stayed under European control for very long)}

• _{Lessened the power of the Pope & weakened the Feudal nobility (arguably this was a good}

thing)

• _{Caused Muslims to distrust Christians & religious intolerance to grow}

• _{Positive effects}

• _{Heroes born e.g.: Richard the Lionhearted (He makes an appearance in the movie Robin}

Hood, which is a unit project option)

• Expansion of trade between Europe, the Middle East & Southwest Asia

• _{Italian cities grew rich}

• _{Eventually a middle class would emerge}

• _{New ideas and learning from the Muslims}

The Gupta

Empire

•

India, AD 320-550

•

Strong influence of

Hinduism

on society

• _{Caste system maintained a rigid social structure}

• _{Untouchables lived a harsh life}

•

Important Contributions

• _{Concept of Zero & the decimal system} • _{Arabic Numerals}

• _{Medicine: surgery to set bones, vaccinations, herbs & remedies to treat}

illnesses

• _{Temples for worship & stupas = burial shrines}

China

• _{Song, AD 960-1279}

• Guided by Confucian beliefs

• Social order (Gentry Peasants merchants),\

• Civil service system

• Economic achievements

• _{Land reform increased production & improved the lives of peasants}

• _{Traded with India, Persia & the Middle East; expert ship builders and the first to use paper money} • Grand Canal built to connect the Huang He & Yangzi rivers

• _{Forced surrounding areas to become tributary states = remained independent but had to acknowledge China’s greater}

power & send regular payment

• Art & Literature

• _{Developed wood bock printing with moveable type that caused an increase in literacy & knowledge}

• Short stories, poetry, calligraphy, pagoda, porcelain

• _{Japanese nobles studied Chinese and brought many ideas home, which were blended with their own to} create a unique culture

Quiz

1. Which river is most closely associated with Hinduism? (1) Nile (2) Tigris (3) Yellow (4) Ganges

2. Which individual developed an Asian philosophy associated with the five relationships, filial piety, and the Analects?

(1) Laozi (Lao Tzu) (2) Confucius (3) Han Wudi (4) Siddhartha Gautama

Base your answer to question 4 on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies.

… Trade along the Silk Road enriched China in many ways. The Chinese sent silk, herbal medicines, ceramics, and other local products westward by

caravan, and received exotic things in return. From Persia (modern-day Iran) and the Middle East, they received new kinds of musical instruments, and

musicians to play them, as well as gold and silver cups, bowls, and vases. From India they imported cotton cloth. From Byzantium (the eastern capital of the Roman Empire, today the city of Istanbul in Turkey) came glassware and

jewelry. Chinese merchants also traded some of these imported goods eastward to Korea and Japan.…

—Des Forges and Major, The Asian World: 600-1500

Based on this passage, the Silk Road made it possible for the Chinese to import cotton cloth from

5. Which geographic factor best explains China’s ability to influence the cultural development of Japan? (1) tropical climate (2) mountains (3) location (4) navigable rivers

6. Which statement about the Islamic Golden Age is a fact rather than an opinion? (1) Islamic medicine was more advanced than Chinese medicine.

(2) Poetry and literature were more important fields of study for Muslims than was mathematics.

(3) Knowledge of astronomy was used by Muslims to fulfill religious obligations.

(4) Islamic philosophies relied less on Greek philosophical masters than on Indian philosophical masters.

7. The early eastern European Slavic civilization at Kiev adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion, the Cyrillic alphabet, and certain styles of art and architecture as a result of

(5) wars with Japan (2) conquests by Mongol invaders

8. Based on the information in this chart, what is a valid

conclusion about Chinese society during the Tang and Song dynasties?

(1) Most peasants in China were literate.

(2) The majority of Chinese people were merchants.

(3) Some people living in China had opportunities for social

mobility.

(4) The social status of most

Japan

• _{Geography: archipelago = group of islands}

• Ocean is a source of food, means of transportation, method of protection from invasion

• Isolated, but influence from Korea & China

• Mountainous, so difficult to farm & unify

• Terrain is unpredictable, so developed a respect for the forces of nature

• _Religion

• Shinto

• _{“way of the gods”}

• Worship kami = divine spirits found in all living & non-living things that control the power of nature

Japan

•

Government

• _{1100s developed a feudal system} • _{Shogun = top military commanders} • _{Daimyo = vassal lords}

• _{Samurai = lesser warriors, followed a code of conduct called bushido = the}

way of the warrior, loyal, brave & honorable

• _{Tokugawa Shogunate 1603-1900}

•

Cultural Achievements

Africa: Migration

•

The

Bantu

originated in West Africa

•

Migrated

south in search of fertile land (the Sahara had started to dry

out & expand)

• 500 BCE-1500 CE/AD

• _{Their ideas spread across the continent: farming, iron working, language (1/3}

Ancient African Kingdoms

• Cultural blending

• Ghana (AD 800-1000)

• Gold & salt trade

• _{Mali (AD 1200-1450)}

• Mansa Musa (a Muslim, went on a hajj)

• Controlled gold trade

• Timbuktu was a cultural learning center

• _{Songhai (AD 1450-1600)}

• Controlled trade routes

• Hausa (AD 1300-1500s)

• Cotton weavers & leather workers

• Trade routes

• _{Benin (1500s)}

• Traded Ivory, pepper & slaves with the Portuguese

Quiz

1. The primary reason the Bantu-speaking people of West Africa migrated southward and eastward

between 500 B.C. and A.D. 1500 was to

(1) flee warfare (3) establish a colonial empire

(2) seek religious freedom (4) find land for farming and grazing

2. African kingdoms such as Ghana, Songhai and Axum flourished mainly because they (1) Controlled important trade routes

(2) Developed self-sufficient economies