Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2012 : Junctions

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It is estimated that about 6.500 people

died in road traffic accidents at junctions

in 2010 in the EU-22 countries listed in

Table 1.

The fall in the number of fatalities at junctions over the

past decade has broadly paralleled the

fall for all fatalities.

Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2012

Junctions

Almost 6.300 people were killed in road traffic accidents at junctions in 181 EU member states in 2010, a reduction of around a third since 2001. Figure 1 shows that slightly more than 20% of fatalities occurred at junctions throughout the decade, so the trend in junction accident fatalities broadly followed the trend in all fatalities.

Figure 1: Number and proportion of fatalities in EU-18 in road accidents at junctions1

Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012

Statistics related to junction accidents need to be treated carefully due to the presence of a high proportion of "unknown" entries in certain countries. The following countries had high proportions of unknown entries between 2001 and 2010: IE (83%), SE (49%), DE (39%) and AT (22%).

Table 1 shows the annual data for individual countries. Note that for certain countries the actual numbers are somewhat higher than the reported numbers because for a significant number of accidents it is unknown whether or not they occurred at a junction. The number of fatalities reported for 2010 for the 22 countries in Table 1 is 5.846 (incorporating 2009 data where necessary), but it is estimated that when account is taken of “unknown” entries then the actual number is 6.486. 0% 4% 8% 12% 16% 20% 24% 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 P rop orti on at juc ti on s Num be r of f ata liti es

Number of fatalities at junctions Proportion at junctions

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The number of fatalities at junctions has fallen every year

since 2002.

The proportion of fatalities occurring in

road accidents at junctions has tended

to fall in some countries, but to rise

in others.

Table 1: Number of fatalities in junction accidents per country, 2001-2010 1 2

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 BE 357 315 272 221 210 207 195 167 164 158 CZ 241 289 303 327 267 222 218 238 177 177 DK 122 130 128 122 94 101 129 126 93 72 DE 1.643 1.577 1.578 1.359 1.293 1.249 1.153 1.073 1.031 878 EL 148 168 139 122 118 159 146 147 127 134 ES 856 805 806 764 750 754 721 577 484 458 FR 1.364 1.238 971 822 664 593 565 475 576 490 IT 2.013 2.000 1.837 1.761 1.674 1.654 1.550 1.369 1.218 1.130 LU 8 8 11 8 3 3 7 8 3 0 NL 327 321 324 247 249 276 253 227 221 0 AT 146 167 161 145 148 128 123 115 139 118 PL 934 934 983 1.014 898 768 840 834 699 585 PT 236 196 187 213 196 131 161 140 131 163 RO 71 94 64 61 236 238 272 269 255 208 SI 28 28 17 19 28 23 24 - 12 14 FI 104 93 83 65 73 65 62 72 51 58 SE 155 171 115 125 98 99 115 97 65 0 UK 1.325 1.287 1.289 1.189 1.152 1.115 1.089 907 816 662 EU-18 10.077 9.821 9.269 8.584 8.151 7.785 7.623 6.865 6.262 5.591 Yearly reduction 3% 6% 7% 5% 4% 2% 10% 9% 11% EE - - - - 33 38 54 38 21 - LV - - - 45 53 20 17 28 HU - - 316 280 260 266 268 246 169 162 SK - - - - 72 75 61 70 35 44 IE excluded as the proportion of “junction unknown”

entries was high throughout the period

Figure 2 shows the proportion of fatalities in junction accidents per country in 2001 and 2010. Ireland and Germany have been excluded as they had a high proportion of “junction unknown” entries in 2010. The proportions have all been calculated on the basis of known entries.The proportions from 2010 are illustrated in Map 1.

Figure 2: Proportion of fatalities in junction accidents per country, 2001 and 20101

DE and IE excluded because of the high proportion of “junction unknown” entries in these years.2009 data for EE, NL and SE; NI data for 2009 used to estimate UK data for 2010.

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 2001 2010

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The proportion of fatalities occurring at

junctions varies widely across the EU.

Map 1 Proportion of fatalities in junction accidents per country, 2010

Type of Junction

Several types of junction are recorded in the CARE data, and Table 2 shows the data for 2010. Junction type is not available for several countries, and there are wide variations among the others.

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When people die in road traffic accidents

at junctions, crossroad is the most

common type of junction.

Table 2: Proportion of fatalities in junction accidents, by type of junction per country, 2010

Accidents at junctions Accidents not at junctions Not known Total (100%)

Cross-road Junction T or Y Round-about Crossing Level Unknown Other/

BE 0% 0% 1% 0% 18% 81% 0% 840 CZ 8% 4% 0% 9% 0% 78% 0% 802 DK 13% 1% 0% 0% 14% 72% 0% 255 EE 6% 4% 2% 7% 2% 74% 4% 98 EL 0% 0% 0% 0% 11% 89% 0% 1.258 ES 7% 0% 2% 7% 2% 82% 0% 2.479 FR 5% 0% 1% 4% 2% 88% 0% 3.992 IT 11% 0% 2% 0% 14% 72% 0% 4.090 LV 0% 0% 0% 0% 13% 87% 0% 218 LU 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% 0% 32 HU 17% 4% 1% 0% 0% 78% 0% 740 NL 31% 2% 2% 0% 0% 66% 0% 644 AT 13% 3% 0% 5% 0% 79% 0% 552 PL 15% 0% 0% 0% 0% 85% 0% 3.908 PT 6% 0% 1% 8% 2% 79% 3% 937 RO 8% 1% 0% 0% 0% 91% 0% 2.377 SI 7% 3% 0% 0% 0% 88% 2% 138 SK 5% 0% 1% 7% 0% 87% 1% 371 FI 0% 0% 0% 0% 21% 79% 0% 272 SE 0% 0% 1% 0% 17% 82% 0% 358 UK 6% 0% 2% 19% 7% 66% 0% 1.965 EU-21 9% 1% 1% 3% 5% 81% 0% 26.326

2009 data for EE, NL and SE; NI data for 2009 used to estimate UK data for 2010. DE and IE excluded as the proportion of “junction unknown” entries was high in this year.

Type of Road

The CARE data show whether or not each accident occurs on a motorway, and, if not, whether it occurs on an urban or rural road. Table 3 shows the number of fatalities on each road type per country, together with the proportion of fatalities occurring at junctions. The seventeen countries are those for which the reporting of junction accidents and road type was relatively good in 2010.

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The proportion of fatalities occurring at junctions is higher on urban roads than on

rural roads or motorways.

Table 3: Distribution of fatalities at junctions per country by road type, 2010

Motorway Non-motorway All roads Fatalities _junction% at _FatalitiesRural _junction% at Urban

Fatal-ities % at junction Fatalities % at junction BE 106 2% 449 20% 246 27% 840 19% CZ 28 4% 483 19% 291 29% 802 22% DK 27 4% 151 25% 77 43% 255 28% ES 418 8% 1.516 15% 545 37% 2.479 18% FR 238 2% 2.618 9% 1.132 22% 3.992 12% IT 376 0% 1.955 28% 1.759 33% 4.090 28% LV 0 140 4% 78 28% 218 13% LU 7 0% 22 0% 3 0% 32 0% HU 44 0% 424 17% 272 34% 740 22% NL 83 2% 327 26% 222 58% 644 34% PL 28 0% 1.913 8% 1.262 21% 3.908 15% PT 111 3% 339 14% 482 25% 937 18% RO 18 0% 866 4% 1.493 11% 2.377 9% SI 19 0% 59 2% 60 23% 138 10% SK 14 0% 200 8% 157 18% 371 12% FI 4 205 16% 63 40% 272 21% UK 118 9% 1.023 26% 553 51% 1.965 34% EU-17 1.661 4% 12.668 15% 8.695 27% 24.060 19% Percentages only for cells with at least 10 fatalities. Source: CARE Database / EC DE and IE excluded as the proportion of “junction

unknown” entries was high in these years.2009 data for NL; NI data for 2009 used to estimate UK data for 2010.

Date of query: September 2012

Figure 3 illustrates this information. Countries are ordered by the overall proportion of fatalities at junctions.

Figure 3: Distribution of fatalities by road type and junction, 2010

2009 data for NL; NI data for 2009 used to estimate UK data for 2010. DE and IE excluded as the proportion of “junction unknown” entries was high.

Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

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Over one third of fatalities at junctions were travelling by car

or taxi.

Mode of Transport

Table 4 shows, of the fatalities recorded in CARE data as occurring at junctions, the distribution of fatalities by mode of transport. Table 5 then shows, of the fatalities recorded for each mode of transport the proportion that occurred at junctions. For example, 20 pedestrians were killed in Belgium at junctions, 13% of the 158 fatalities at junctions. 106 pedestrians were killed in total, so this represents 19% of pedestrian fatalities (Table 5).

Table 4: Distribution of junction fatalities per country by mode of transport, 2010

Car or

Taxi Pedestrian Motor Cycle Pedal Cycle Moped Lorry Other (=100%) Total BE 42% 13% 17% 20% 5% 1% 2% 158 CZ 50% 21% 12% 12% 0% 6% 0% 177 DK 39% 18% 10% 22% 8% 3% 0% 72 EE 48% 38% 5% 0% 5% 5% 0% 21 EL 34% 20% 32% 1% 2% 7% 3% 134 ES 33% 27% 21% 3% 9% 5% 1% 447 FR 35% 17% 29% 6% 10% 2% 1% 488 IT 38% 10% 31% 10% 7% 2% 2% 1.129 LV 50% 29% 11% 4% 4% 0% 4% 28 LU 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 HU 30% 27% 12% 21% 5% 2% 2% 162 NL 23% 14% 10% 40% 11% 1% 1% 216 AT 34% 29% 16% 12% 7% 1% 2% 118 PL 37% 34% 9% 11% 4% 4% 1% 582 PT 31% 16% 20% 3% 18% 9% 2% 163 RO 38% 31% 4% 11% 6% 4% 5% 208 SI 18% 36% 0% 18% 27% 0% 0% 11 SK 27% 32% 18% 20% 0% 2% 0% 44 FI 48% 12% 9% 19% 9% 2% 2% 58 SE 42% 9% 29% 11% 5% 3% 2% 65 UK 37% 26% 25% 7% 0% 2% 2% 662 EU-21 36% 21% 21% 11% 6% 3% 2% 4.943 2009 data for EE, NL and SE; NI data for 2009 used to estimate

UK data for 2010. DE and IE excluded because of the high proportion of “junction unknown” entries.

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junctions is highest for pedal cyclists and

moped riders, and lowest for lorry

occupants.

Table 5: Proportion of fatalities at junctions per country, by mode of transport, 2010

Car or

Taxi Pedestrian Motor Cycle Pedal Cycle Moped Lorry Other Total

BE 15% 19% 26% 44% 36% 4% 20% CZ 22% 22% 23% 26% 22% 22% DK 21% 30% 32% 62% 55% 13% 28% EE 19% 38% 23% EL 8% 15% 12% 4% 8% 13% 13% 11% ES 13% 25% 25% 23% 39% 12% 13% 18% FR 8% 17% 19% 19% 19% 5% 15% 12% IT 24% 19% 37% 42% 38% 15% 26% 28% LV 15% 10% 18% 8% 7% 13% LU 0% 0% HU 15% 22% 41% 37% 42% 11% 17% 22% NL 17% 48% 31% 63% 49% 7% 34% AT 14% 35% 28% 44% 44% 6% 8% 21% PL 12% 16% 20% 23% 31% 15% 13% 15% PT 14% 14% 26% 15% 40% 15% 11% 18% RO 8% 7% 15% 12% 11% 10% 11% 9% SI 5% 17% 0% 12% 10% SK 7% 11% 30% 35% 5% 12% FI 18% 20% 28% 42% 6% 21% SE 12% 14% 40% 35% 27% 20% 18% UK 27% 41% 40% 43% 19% 34% 34% EU-21 15% 19% 27% 32% 30% 12% 17% 19% Percentages only for cells with at least 10 fatalities. 2009 data for

EE, NL and SE; NI data for 2009 used to estimate UK data for 2010. DE and IE excluded because of the high proportion of “junction unknown” entries.

CARE data are not available for several of the 21 countries in these two tables throughout the period 2001-2010. To analyse trends consistently over this period, trends have been calculated for these EU-14 countries, and Figure 4 presents the trends that correspond to Table 4. The proportion of fatalities in junction accidents who were travelling by car or taxi fell from 2001, but rose in 2010. The proportion who were walking or motorcycling rose until 2008.

Figure 4: Distribution of junction fatalities by mode of transport, EU-14

2009 data for NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Car or taxi Pedestrian Motor cycle Pedal cycle

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junctions is highest for the elderly.

Age and Gender

Table 6 examines CARE data from the EU-21 countries in 2010 to see whether the incidence of fatalities in junction accidents varies with age and gender. It begins with the numbers of fatalities in junction and non-junction accidents. The distributions of junction and non-junction fatalities are then presented; for example, 26% of fatalities in junction accidents were female, compared with 23% in non-junction accidents. Finally, the table presents the proportion of each group of fatalities that was killed at a junction.

Table 6: Distribution of junction fatalities by age and gender, EU-21, 2010

<15 15-17 18-24 25-49 50-64 65+ known Total not Number of fatalities in:

junction accidents female 56 46 116 280 222 573 15 1.308

male 85 125 492 1.327 630 949 34 3.641

non-junction

accidents female 219 160 668 1.413 837 1.454 40 4.789

male 334 467 2.928 6.928 3.045 2.597 121 16.419

Distribution of fatalities in:

junction accidents female 1% 1% 2% 6% 4% 12% 0% 26%

male 2% 3% 10% 27% 13% 19% 1% 74%

non-junction

accidents female 1% 1% 3% 7% 4% 7% 0% 23%

male 2% 2% 14% 33% 14% 12% 1% 77%

Proportion of fatalities female 20% 23% 15% 17% 21% 28% 25% 21%

occurring at junctions male 20% 21% 14% 16% 17% 27% 22% 18% 2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data Source: CARE Database / EC

Date of query: September 2012

Overall, the table shows that the elderly (at least 65 years) are more likely than others to be killed at a junction. The variation of this proportion is illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5: The proportion of fatalities killed at a junction, by age and gender, EU-21, 2010

2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% <15 15-17 18-24 25-49 50-64 65+ All ages

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Proportionately more fatalities occur in daylight or twilight at

junctions than away from junctions.

Lighting and Weather conditions

Table 7 examines CARE data from the EU-21 countries in 2010 to see whether the incidence of fatalities in junction accidents varies with weather condition. The numbers of fatalities in junction and non-junction accidents are shown first, followed by the distributions of junction and non-junction fatalities. The table also presents for each weather condition, the proportion of fatalities that were killed at a junction. This was highest for dry conditions (20%) and lowest in adverse conditions such as snow (12%).

Table 7: Distribution of junction fatalities by weather condition, EU-21, 2010

Dry Rain Fog or mist Snow Other known not Total Number of fatalities in:

junction accidents 4.154 432 47 69 182 83 4.968

non-junction accidents 16.791 2.568 298 531 711 418 21.317

junction accidents 84% 9% 1% 1% 4% 2% 100%

non-junction accidents 79% 12% 1% 2% 3% 2% 100%

Proportion of fatalities

occurring at junctions 20% 14% 14% 12% 20% 17% 19% 2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate

2010 data

Table 8 repeats the analysis for lighting condition. This is poorly recorded for Italy and Slovenia so these are excluded, leaving the EU-17 countries. The proportion of fatalities occurring at junctions was highest for accidents in the dark with lighting, and lowest in the dark with no lighting. This probably reflects the tendency for street lighting to be installed at junctions.

Table 8: Distribution of junction fatalities by lighting condition, EU-19, 2010

Darkness.

no lights with lights Darkness. or twilight Daylight known not Total Number of fatalities in:

junction accidents 298 769 2.713 44 3.824

non-junction accidents 4.087 2.622 11.022 504 18.236

junction accidents 8% 20% 71% 1% 100%

non-junction accidents 22% 14% 60% 3% 100%

Proportion of fatalities

occurring at junctions 7% 23% 20% 8% 17%

2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data. IT and SI excluded.

Day of week and time of day

Figure 6 shows the distribution of fatalities in junction accidents in 2008 by hour of day in the EU-19 countries, and compares this with the distribution of fatalities in non-junction accidents. This comparison shows that proportionately fewer people died at junctions during the night (8pm-6am) and proportionately more during the day (8am-5pm).

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Proportionately more fatalities occur between 8am and 5pm at junctions than

away from junctions, and proportionately fewer between 8pm

and 6am.

Proportionately more fatalities occur between Monday and Thursday at junctions

than away from junctions, and proportionately fewer

on Saturday and Sunday.

Figure 6: Distribution of fatalities by hour, EU-21, 2010

2009 data for NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data

Figure 7 shows the distribution of fatalities in junction accidents in 2010 by day of week in the EU-19 countries, and compares this with the distribution of fatalities in non-junction accidents. The number of fatalities per day is less variable at junctions than away from junctions. By comparison with non-junction accidents, relatively few people died at junctions at weekends and relatively many on weekdays (Monday -Thursday).

Figure 7: Distribution of fatalities by day of week, EU-21, 2010

2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data

Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%

Midnight 6am Noon 6pm Midnight

Junction Non-junction 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon

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Proportionately more fatalities occur between March and July at junctions than

away from junctions, and proportionately

fewer between September and

January.

Seasonality

Figure 8 shows the distribution of fatalities in junction accidents in 2010 through the year in the EU-19 countries, and compares this with the distribution of fatalities in accidents that occurred elsewhere (non-junction). The two distributions are similar, but there were relatively many fatalities in junction accidents between March and July, and relatively few between September and January.

Figure 8: Distribution of fatalities by month in junction and non-junction accidents, EU-21, 2010

2009 data for EE, NI, NL and SE used to estimate 2010 data Source: CARE Database / EC Date of query: September 2012

Accident Causation

During the EC SafetyNet project, in-depth data were collected using a common methodology for samples of accidents that occurred in Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Finland, Sweden and the UK3 4. The SafetyNet Accident Causation Database was formed between 2005 and 2008, and contains details of 1.006 accidents covering all injury severities. A detailed process for recording causation (SafetyNet Accident Causation System – SNACS) attributes one specific critical event to each driver, rider or pedestrian. Links then form chains between the critical event and the causes that led to it. For example, the critical event of late action could be linked to the cause observation missed, which was a consequence of fatigue, itself a consequence of an extensive driving spell.

48% (483) of accidents in the database occur at junctions. Figure 9 compares the distribution of specific critical events for drivers and riders in junction accidents to those in non-junction accidents.

0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Junction Non-junction

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Specific critical events relating to ‘timing’ are recorded

for 60% of drivers and riders in junction

accidents in the sample.

Figure 9: Distribution of specific critical events - drivers or riders by junction presence

Source: SafetyNet Accident Causation Database 2005 to 2008 / EC

N=1704 Date of query: 2010

The distributions are quite different for the most often recorded specific critical events. The specific critical events under the general category of ‘timing’, no action, premature action and late action, are recorded more frequently in junction accidents, especially acting prematurely. A premature action is one undertaken before a signal has been given or the required conditions are established, for example entering a junction before it is clear of other traffic.

On the other hand, incorrect direction, surplus speed and surplus force are recorded more frequently in non-junction accidents. Surplus speed describes speed that is too high for the conditions or manoeuvre being carried out, travelling above the speed limit and also if the driver is travelling at a speed unexpected by other road users. Similarly, surplus force describes excess acceleration or braking for conditions or actions. Incorrect direction refers to a manoeuvre being carried out in the wrong direction (for example, turning left instead of right) or leaving the road (not following the intended direction of the road). Here it is likely that the wrong direction element will appear in junction accidents and the leaving road element in non-junction accidents.

Table 9 shows the most frequent links recorded between causes for drivers and riders in junction accidents. There are 1.001 such links in total for this group

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% No action Premature action Late action Surplus speed Prolonged distance Incorrect direction Shortened distance Prolonged action/movement Skipped action Surplus force Other Proportion of drivers/riders Sp e ci fi c C ri ti ca l Ev e n t junction n=892 non-junction n=812

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16% of the links between causes are

observed to be between ‘faulty diagnosis’ and ‘information failure’.

Table 9: Ten most frequent links between causes - drivers/riders, junction accidents

Links between causes Frequency

Faulty diagnosis - Information failure (between

driver and traffic environment or driver and vehicle) 158 Observation missed - Temporary obstruction to view 92 Observation missed - Permanent obstruction to view 76 Observation missed - Faulty diagnosis 73

Observation missed - Distraction 62

Observation missed - Inadequate plan 55 Faulty diagnosis - Communication failure 55 Inadequate plan - Insufficient knowledge 53

Observation missed - Inattention 44

Observation missed - Permanent sight obstruction

24

Others 309

Total 1.001

Source: SafetyNet Accident Causation Database 2005 to 2008 / EC Date of query: 2010

Observation missed is recorded most frequently and the causes leading to can be seen to fall into two groups, physical ‘obstruction to view’ type causes (for example, parked cars at a junction) and human factors (for example, not observing a red light due to distraction or inattention). Following observation missed, faulty diagnosis is an incorrect or incomplete understanding of road conditions or another road user’s actions. It is linked to both information failure (for example, a driver/rider thinking another vehicle was moving when it was in fact stopped and colliding with it) and communication failure (for example, pulling out in the continuing path of a driver who has indicated for a turn too early).

Inadequate plan (a lack of all the required details or that the road user’s ideas do not correspond to reality) is seen to lead to observation missed and be a result of insufficient knowledge.

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Disclaimer

The information in this document is provided as it is and no guarantee or warranty is given that the information is fit for any particular purpose. Therefore, the reader uses the information at their own risk and liability.

For more information

Further statistical information about fatalities is available from the CARE database at the Directorate General for Mobility and Transport of the European Commission, 28 Rue de Mot, B -1040 Brussels. Traffic Safety Basic Fact Sheets available from the European Commission concern:

 Main Figures

 Children (Aged <15)

 Youngsters (Aged 15-17)

 Young People (Aged 18-24)

 The Elderly (Aged >64)

 Pedestrians

 Cyclists

 Motorcycles and Mopeds

 Car occupants

 Heavy Goods Vehicles and Buses

 Motorways

 Junctions

 Urban areas

 Roads outside urban areas

 Seasonality

 Single vehicle accidents

 Gender

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Country abbreviations used and definition of EU-level

EU - 14 EU-21= EU-14 +

BE Belgium EE Estonia

CZ Czech Republic LV Latvia

DK Denmark HU Hungary EL Greece AT Austria ES Spain SE Sweden FR France SI Slovenia IT Italy SK Slovakia LU Luxembourg NL Netherlands PL Poland PT Portugal RO Romania FI Finland

UK United Kingdom (GB+NI)

Detailed data on traffic accidents are published annually by the European Commission in the Annual Statistical Report. This includes a glossary of definitions on all variables used.

More information on the DaCoTA Project, co-financed by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport is available at the DaCoTA website: http://www.dacota-project.eu/index.html.

Please refer to this report as follows:

Broughton, J., et al. (2012) Basic Fact Sheet "Junctions", Deliverable D3.9 of the EC FP7 project DaCoTA.

Authors

Jeremy Broughton TRL, UK

Pete Thomas, Alan Kirk, Laurie Brown Loughborough University, UK

George Yannis, Petros Evgenikos, Panagiotis Papantoniou NTUA, Greece

Nimmi Candappa, Michiel Christoph, Kirsten van

Duijvenvoorde, Martijn Vis SWOV, The Netherlands

Jean-François Pace, María Teresa Tormo, Jaime Sanmartín

INTRAS-UVEG, Spain Mouloud Haddak, Léa Pascal, Marie Lefèvre,

Emmanuelle Amoros

IFSTTAR, France