History of municipal solid waste management in Japan is started since hundreds year ago, the history mainly is divided into 2 mains era, before world war II and after world war II (Yamamoto, 2002). Modernization and industrialization in Japan was started since this country opened to foreign relation as impacts of the Meiji Restoration beginning in 1868. However, the restoration had negative impacts, opened foreign relation increase spread plague of disease such as cholera, dysentery into Japan. To tackle this situation the Government of Japan initiated to established public work and made guided for citizen on how to dispose garbage properly. As the result, the Filth Cleansing Law was promulgated in 1990, the law given responsibility for each cities in Japan to manage municipal solid waste which is generated in its jurisdiction.
However, some cities such as Tokyo and Osaka failed to manage their solid waste autonomously due to the limitation of lands were used as landfill sites. The cities had to research other waste treatment methods such as composting, recycle and gasification. In 1930, the Government of Japan stipulated under the Waste Cleansing Law that incineration was mandatory as a method to manage solid waste. Although incineration systems can reduce significant amount of garbage. However, the incineration plants induced several negative impacts such as insufficient performance and pollution and they were not solved until middle of 1960’s (Yamamoto, 2002).
Many infrastructures including incinerator plants were had destroyed as impacted of World War II, so wastes should be landfilled. Shortly thereafter, the damaged plants were restored and some new incineration plants were constructed, both all of them induced environmental issues same as before the war (Yamamoto,
2002). Therefore, to tackle environmental issues Government of Japan was repealed the Filth Cleansing Law and stipulated the Public Cleansing Law in 1954.
The evolution of Japan waste management as depicted on table… is divided into 3 (three) approaches. 1.) Hygiene approach, 2). Environmental Pollution approach anionic d 3). Sound Material-Cycle Society approach.
The law of Waste management based on Hygienic approach was introduced in the beginning of 1954 by stipulated Public Cleansing Law. At the end of 1954s government of Japan. Rapid Japan economic growth started in 1960, this cause the expansion of industrial zones in cities of Japan. Although they can brought prosperity to Japanese. Nevertheless, the growth induced an increase amount of municipal solid waste. Due to the lack of suitable lands for landfilling, some cities in Japan constructed an incineration system. However, the incinerator technology was used at the time caused severe air pollution problems. Facing the air pollution problems, in early of 1960, the Government of Japan promulgated the Law which concerned on environmental pollution issues particularly that is emitted from Industrial activities.
Japan is undertaking the transition of waste management to a Sound Material-Cycle Society approach. This approach is established by promoting reduction, reuse, recycling and appropriated disposal, Sound Material-Cycle Society has aims to minimized the consumption of natural resource and reducing the environmental oad as much as possible (Ministry of Environmental of Japan, 2010) .
The milestones of Sound Material-Cycle Society was started when the Oil Crisis attacked Japan in 1973 and 1979, Japanese be aware that the resources in the Earth had limitation and resource conservation was important (Yamamoto, 2002). Many Japanese concerned on recycle the waste. In early of 1990s, Japanese Government started to promote the importance of waste reduction and waste
recycling, substantial Waste Disposal Laws were revised to establish a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
History of Japan’s Legislative Framework Development for a sound Material-Cycle Society
Era Situations Establishment of Law
Post WWII -1950s
-Waste Management for good environmental hygienic -Keep the environment hygienic
and comfortable
-Public Cleansing Law (1954)
1960s ~1970 s
- Clear increase of industrial
waste etc. and
”Environmental Pollution” with the high Economic Growth
- Waste management for environmental protection
-Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control (1967)
-Waste Management Law (1970)
-Amended Waste Management Law (1976)
1980 ~ - Promotion of the development of facilities for waste
management
- Environmental Protection on Waste Management
-Law for Bay Area Marine and Environment Consolidation Centers (1981)
-Septic Tank Law (1983) 1990s - Reduce/Recycle of Waste
- Establishment of Recycling Laws
- Measures against hazardous materials (Inc. Dioxins)
- Appropriate waste
management depends on the diversity of the types/properties of wastes
- Amended Waste Management Law(1991)
- Law to Promote the Development of Specified Facilities for the Disposal of Industrial Waste (1992)
- Fundamental Environmental Law (1993)
- Container and Packaging Recycling Law(1995)
- Amended Waste Management Law(1997)
- Home Appliances Recycling Law(1998) - Law Concerning Special Measures
against Dioxins(1999) 2000 ~ - Promotion of 3R towards the
establishment of a Sound Material Cycle Society
- strengthen the measures for
industrial waste
management
- Strengthen measures against illegal dumping
- Fundamental Law for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society(2000) - Construction/Food Waste Recycling
Laws(2000)
- Amended Waste Management Law(2000)
- Law Concerning Special Measures Against PCB Waste (2001)
- End-of-life Vehicles Recycling Law(2000)
Removal of Environmental Problems Caused by Specified Industrial Wastes(2003)
- Amended Waste Management Law(2003-2006)
Source : (Yatsu , 2010)
Kyoto is a city is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan, the city is It is surrounded by the Higashiyama, Kitayama, and Nishiyama mountain ranges and has two main rivers, the Kamo in the east, and the Katsura in the west. The total area is 827.90 square kilometre. In 2011, 1,473,746 of people were recorded living in Kyoto.
Kyoto was established in 794 as the imperial capital of Japan for more than one thousand years
The historical city of Kyoto offers a vast pool of shrines, temples, and cultural facilities, and a long tradition of numerous grand festivals and traditional events which attracted tourist to visit. The city of Kyoto is also home to numerous traditional and modern industrial. Popular public and private universities such as Kyoto University and Ritsumeikan University are also located in the city
Garbage management in Kyoto
In Kyoto city, garbage is mainly divided into four type: burnable garbage, cans/bottles/PET bottles, plastic containers and packages and small metal items, garbage must be separated accordingly and be disposed into designated places and day.
Garbage collection can be done by the Kyoto city government or contracted to private sectors. When the garbage is managed by the Kyoto city government, garbage have to place in a special designated garbage bags, placed garbage in an incorrect bag will not be collected. These bags can be found at retail stores, supermarkets, convenience stores, and other such venues with variety prices depend on their volume capacities. For garbage is collected by private businesses, it is not necessary to use special garbage bags
They main aim of this study was to identify the underlying factors that affect waste management
in Saboba and also suggest ways to ensure proper waste management in the town. The study gathered data from both primary and secondary sources. Field investigation, questionnaire survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in collecting the data. The study identified the
main factors affecting waste management as;
Inadequate resources, including inadequate funding, inadequate collection containers, lack of a final disposal site and inadequate human capital.
Poor public education.
These factors led to indiscriminate dumping and irregular collection of waste in the town. To solve these problems, the study recommended that the waste management department be well
resourced to carry out its functions. The study also suggested that residents be made to bear some
of the cost of waste disposal. Another suggestion was that public education be conducted to school the people on proper waste management.
In 2012, total amount of garbage was generated by inhabitants of Kyoto City was 1318 tons of garbage per day, each inhabitants contributes an average of 0.83 kg of garbage per day. Most of these garbage, 64.6%, was imposed incineration
treatment. The incineration is a burning treatment of garbage for reducing its quantity. While, total amount of waste recovery has contributed 23.5% for Kyoto’s solid waste management. Only 0.6% of waste turn into fertilizer or feed and the remaining 11.3% went to a landfilling process.
The total cost was spent in 2013 by the Kyoto city for garbage treatment activities worth ¥27,330,700,000 or approximately equal with $270,573,930. The largest expenditures are used 43.69% for Environmental services costs. While, disposal costs such as collection and transportation shared about 33.61% of cost. To finance the expenditures, Kyoto only earned ¥13,438,000,000/$133,036,200. This means Kyoto City had financial burden because had to give subsidy around 50.8% for managing solid waste.
Expenses for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013
No Expenditures
Expenses
(Yen) Descriptions
1 Environmental services costs 11,942,863,000 Salaries, cost for industrial waste processing guidance, waste reduction promotion, environmental conservation 2 Environmental protection Costs 644,098,000 Global Warming and Pollution Control Costs
3 Disposal costs 9,188,121,000
Operational costs for garbage collection and transportation, recycle, incineration and landfilling
4 Manure Treatment Costs 580,145,000 Fertilizer, feed and public toilet maintenance 5 Equipment and Materials Cost 238,930,000 Maintenance for vehicles
6
Environmental facility maintenance costs
4,736,543,000
City beautification, Ash melting facility
maintenance,Landfilling development, vehicles purchase
Total Expenses 27,330,700,000
Revenue for solid waste management of Kyoto City fiscal Year 2013
No Types of Revenue Revenues Descriptions
1 subrogation 10,000,000 Waste processing payment
2 Commissions and fees 4,317,669,000
Garbage fees, charge for use of government facilities, waste services license
3 Central Government Funds 7,759,000 Environment conservation aid, waste subsidy, environmental research 4 Property Income Land and building loan revenue, naming rights revenue, recycling
revenue
5 Money Transferred 2,708,048,000 Business Cooperation
6 Various Revenue 4,087,290,000
Loan principal and interest revenue, Public Work Project, indemnity, toilet revenue, canned sales
7 Municipal Bonds 2,225,000,000
-Activities Expenses (JPY) (USD) Capacity (tons)
Cost per ton of garbage (JPY) (USD) Collection and Transportation 9,324,887,150 242,120 38,513 381 Incineration 10,942,552,426 460,831 23,745 235 Fracture 1,629,950,141 16,136,506 25,163 64,776 641 Recycling 2,664,075,807 28,105 94,790 938 Landfill 4,377,182,788 43,334,109 65,812 66,510 658 Total Expenses 28,938,648,312 -
