Analysis of Spatial Distribution and Location of GSM Mast in Jimeta-Yola

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(4) Modern telecommunications are essential to modern society. The emergence of new technology introduces new elements into the built environment of our cities and creates demand for additional facilities. Efficient and cost-effective communications are an important part of a functioning town and contribute to its growth and economic development. Telecommunication facilities require a network of towers, antennas and associated structures. Frequently, hill tops are good locations because they enable signals to be picked up from and transmitted to a large area. With increased demand for mobile telephone services and the deregulation of the number of carriers, there has been a significant increase in the demand for such facilities. Until early 2000, The Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) was the National ³Carrier and Possessor´ of the monopoly on the provision of telecommunication services.. However,. it. was. ineffective. and. ill-equipped. to. cope. with. the. telecommunication needs of Nigeria¶s developing economy. In 2001, the Federal Government through the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) issued Licenses to three (3) operators namely; MTN, Econet and NITEL to. c.

(5) establish and operate GSM services in Nigeria. This marked the beginning of the rapid growth of the telecommunication industry in the country. It is quite certain that by mid 2008, the active lines in Nigeria will be 60 million with a favourable capacity to tip at 63.4 million (IT & Telecom Digest, Feb. 2008). But with this comes a lot of responsibilities from telecommunication regulatory authorities because of the network of facilities that need to be put in place to cope with the increasing demands from phone users. Our urban centres have witness unprecedented erection of masts to accommodate phone users with little regards to standards, health, safety and general well of the teeming population. This has become an eye sore to urban planners and a threat to the general well being of inhabitants of where this masts are located. Has permit and clearance been given before the location of some of this masts? Are proper standards and procedures strictly adhered to? This are some of the question this research pose to answer with a view to bring out proposals for the location and distribution of GSM masts and protection of health, safety and general well being of inhabitants of Jimeta.. Preliminary studies in Jimeta indicates that GSM mast are located poorly and in effect health, safety and general well being of inhabitants is being compromised. The erection of this masts are erratic and has a problem to urban managers.. u.

(6) Jimeta has a population of 198,247 (Nigeria Population Commission, 2006) therefore the demand for base stations is high because of its population and increasing number of phone users. By implication more base stations need to be provided for effective network coverage and optimum service delivery without regards to laid down procedures and guidelines.. The aim of the study is to analyse the spatial distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta with the view to making proposals for improved health and safety and general well being of the inhabitants of Jimeta.. 1. To review the Standards and criteria for location and distribution of GSM masts in urban. areas.. 2. To study the location of existing GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola 3. To examine the criteria for the location of GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola 4. To examine the relationship between Land Uses and GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola 5. To make Proposals for location of GSM masts in Jimeta based on the outcome of the study.. The research will provide answers to the following questions: a) What is the nature and location of the existing GSM masts in Jimeta? b) What are the relationship between Land Uses and GSM mast? -.

(7) c) Why are standards, procedures and permissions not adhered to? d) Who are responsible for monitoring locations of GSM mast with regards to permissions, EIA reports etc. e) Are these standards, procedures and permissions strictly adhered to?.

(8) The study is limited to Jimeta the state capital which comprises of Yola North Local Government due to time and financial constraints of the researcher..

(9) . !"#$ %&'&%()$#*+, The establishment of Jimeta dates back to 1880 when it serves as a trading port for The Royal Company. Its significant growth was as a result of establishment of native town by the British in 1903, where their attendants where housed. It is called Clerk Quarters today. By 1963, it had a population of 36,300 (Federal Office of Statistics,1995). It presently forms part of what is now referred to as Greater Yola. Jimeta when compared to other ancient towns like Kano, Maiduguri, Benin and Oyo is relatively new in the hierarchy of town development in Nigeria. The growth of the town was a result of the forces and circumstances that control it (Mallum, 1992). For instance the natural birth rate increased couple with the inflow of people into the town for business and other socio-economic activities has over the years manifested in the expansion of Jimeta town towards Jambutu, Damilu etc. .

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(11) - The town of Jimeta is roughly located between 9o 15´ North and longitude 12o 30´ east of the equator. It has a latitude of about of 190m above sea level. It is bounded to the north and north- east by the River Benue, in the south by Yola South and the West by Jambutu satellite town Lake Gerio . Jimeta in recent years has grown beyond it, River Benue border in the north due to the flow of people in search of business and other means of livelihood. Jimeta is the seat of Government of Adamawa State and is located north of Yola at a distance of about 2km. It grew and develop as a river port with natural crossing port on the Benue river. The river serves a trading route between Adamawa and Cameroun Republic especially for Royal Niger Company. Although Yola is referred to as the State Capital of Adamawa, Jimeta is the Administrative, Commercial and industrial centre of the State..

(12) The are six (6) notable land uses in Jimeta they include but not limited to; Residential Land Use Commercial Land Use Recreational Land Use Administrative Land Use Industrial Land Use A.

(13) Institutional Land Uses. It covers about 41% of the urban land uses in the low, medium and high density areas. The highly populated residential zone are those for the low and medium income earners.. Administrative land uses consist of public water supply, treatment plant,. electricity lines, hospitals, airport and this covers about 2% of the total land mass of the land uses pattern. Institutional land use is about 10% and it includes educational and religious land use. Industrial land use is found along Numan road and Bajabure industrial layout. Recreational land uses consist of the amusement park, cinema, hotel high clubs, sports field, open spaces and this takes about 7% of the urban land mass in Jimeta. Agricultural land mass is found around the periphery and covers about 18% of the total land mass. Commercial land uses covers about 9% of the land mass and it includes markets, shops, petrol stations and banks.. They are two (2) vegetation zones within Adamawa State, the Sub-Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannah Zone. The Sub-Sudan is marked by short grasses and interspersed by short trees commonly found in the northern part of the state. The Guinea Savannah Zone is marked with thick tall grasses and trees. This covers greater part of the State within which Jimeta falls.. r.

(14) Vegetation of the environment of Jimeta is secondary vegetation. This is due to mans action through construction, grazing and felling wood and gathering among others, having destroyed the natural vegetation.. Adamawa State in general picturesque mountain land traversed by River valleys of Benue, Gongola and Yedzaram. The valleys of Cameroun, Mandara and Adamawa Mountains forms part of this undulating landscape. Like most areas of northern Nigeria, the soil of Adamawa State is dry from basement complex while few other places are on sandstone shale and alluvium. Jimeta consist of alluvium soil (Max Lock, 1976).. The population of Jimeta was given as 198,247 (NPC,2006). The population was of people from all ethnic groups in Nigeria. However, the indigenous population is made of Laka, Verre, Bata Fulani and Hausa. The town is civil service town, although commercial trading is prominent. Some percentage of the population is engage in fishing. Farming is also practice by section of the population. Cash crops produce includes groundnuts, rice while the food crops are millets, cassavas, maize etc. A lot of dry season vegetable gardening is being undertaken at the Lake Gerio and River Benue banks. The Fulanis engage in cattle rearing. ü.

(15) Jimeta is served with communication networks, water supply and is connected to the national grid. Three types of banks are operational in Jimeta; these are the commercial banks, specialised banks and the central bank of Nigeria (CBN). There are over fifteen (15) banks and four (4) specialised banks in Jimeta. It also has over ten(10) insurance companies. Educational facilities and health services are also available in Jimeta. There are 101 primary schools, 22 post primary schools and five (5) post secondary institutions. There is a government specialist hospital, sixty nine (69) Health clinics and dispensaries (Bashir,1999). Within Jimeta are some shopping complex, hotels, sport facilities, cinema halls etc. However, there are some rural communities which do not enjoy this infrastructures.. . [.

(16) . / The idea of Environmental Impact Assessment has its origin in the United State in the late 60¶s. This was as a result of public growing concern over the accelerating rate of environmental degradation resulting from major development, major accidents especially involving toxic chemicals. In Nigeria almost 32 years later the Federal Government saw the need for EIA when in 1988 it promulgated the Environmental Protection Decree. The concept of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process of assessing, evaluating or predicting the direct and indirect effect of a major policy action development on its immediate or distant environment. The purpose of the EIA study is to assess all action that may result in significant physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, cultural, social and health perturbations (i.e. changes) to the existing natural environment and the communities within the proposed project area. EIA is traditionally carried out to assess the potential environmental and social impacts of a propose developmental activity. It is an environmental management tool, which provide a project proponent with fore knowledge of likely impacts that may arise from a planned development (or any activity or whatsoever that may adversely affect the environment or alter/change the ecosystem balance) with a view to mitigating (i.e. ameliorating/minimising) the impact. Specific objectives of EIA are;. å.

(17) i.. To gather from existing data sources, field survey and sampling, relevant background data/information on the general environmental (physical, biological, chemical and socio economic) components of the proposed sites that are likely to be impacted by the proposed telecommunication infrastructural deployment activities.. ii.. To analyse the data obtained and describe the present environmental status of the study area prior to the proposed activities, with particular reference to all the environmental components significant to mobile telephone, infrastructure development and expansion activities.. iii.. To identify adverse and potential environmental impacts that may arise from the proposed activities in the study area, and recommend appropriate mitigation measures and environmental management and monitoring plan for their amelioration. . An EIA process consists of the following stages; 1. Screening; this involves examining the proposed project to find out if it falls under categories of project which requires EIA or not.. c.

(18) 2. Preliminary Assessment; this involves identification of the projects key impacts on the local environment and description/prediction of the likely extent of the impact. 3. Full EIA; a. Scoping; obtaining basic knowledge of the main characteristics of the projects e.g. site preparation, construction etc and the principal environmental elements contained within the area likely to be affected by the proposed project. b. Baseline studies; scope parameters to ascertain the conditions of in the environment existing before the implementation of the proposed project. c. Impact prediction/Evaluation; it involves determination of magnitude, extent and significance of the expected impacts. d. Mitigation measure; the measures to be taken to prevent, reduce, remedy or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated. 4. EIA review; competent authority project leader with technical assistance 5. Consultation and public participation; environmental agencies, environmental groups, community leaders and all stakeholders should be involved in the process 6. Synthesizing the findings; using the decision arrived at by various stakeholders and groups after consultation and public participation is pertinent here 7. Decision making; the best decision and alternative that carries all stakeholders is to be taken for the proposed project 8. Implementation;. cc.

(19) 9. Post-auditing Three (3) main classes of quantitative impact techniques are commonly used, namely; a. Checklist method b. Matrix method c. Network method.

(20) The purpose of undertaking an EIA is to provide system of information for planning and decision makers. Market forces can hardly provide valuable information for decision makers and public, especially on adverse environmental impact of a proposed development or measures of mitigating the adverse effects. The wide use of a relatively new technology raises the question of whether there are any implications for human health. Although, there are conflicting reports relating the probable health effect of GSM mast. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Thus it is essential that the probable impact of base stations on the health of residents within their immediate vicinity in particular be assessed. The assessment of any health impact resulting from exposure to radioactive frequency (RF) fields depends on the results of a well planned and executed scientific research.. cu.

(21) This is germane because any effect of exposure to RF at the levels encountered from telecommunications is likely to be subtle. Precautionary measures like clearly defined physical exclusion zones be provided around each base station antennas , which delineates area within which exposure guidelines may be exceeded. The purpose of such exclusion zone is to prevent members of the public from exposure to RF. 0 There are many ways which both environment and aesthetic is affected by location of mast. Some of the identified environmental impact associated with GSM mast include but not limited to:. J. Emission of pollutants gases from machineries and power generators.. J. Accidental spill from handling of diesel.. J. Spent paints during routine servicing and maintenance checks.. J. Falls and injuries arising from maintenance of mast.. J. Accidental collapse of mast.. J. Fire and explosion.. J. Obstruction to flight navigation etc.. Bulky and complex mast sited in high density residential areas have adverse visual effects. c-.

(22) .. / . Primarily this Act is to create and provide a regulatory framework for The Nigerian Communications Industry and all matters related thereto and for that purpose and without detracting from the generality of the foregoing. The objectives are but not limited to: I.. Promote the implementation of the national communication or telecommunication policy as may from time to time be modified and amended.. II.. Establish a regulatory framework for the Nigerian communication industry and for this purpose create an effective, impartial and independent regulatory authority. III.. Promoting the provision of modern, universal, efficient, reliable, affordable and easy accessible communication services and the widest range thereof throughout Nigeria. Section 135 of the Act specified the required approval for network installation which states that; Licensee under this Act may require approval of the State Government, Local Government or other relevant authority for installation, placing, laying or maintenance of any network facilities on, through, under or across any land and it shall be the responsibility of such licensee to obtain such approvals. Section 136 further states that; A licensee shall, in installing its network facilities, take all reasonable steps to ensure that he cause as little detriment and inconvenience, and does as little damage, as is practicable.. c.

(23) If a licensee engages in an activity under this part in relation to any land, the provider shall take all reasonable step to restore the land to a condition that is similar to its condition before the activity began. All licensees shall, in connection with the installation of their respective network facilities, take all reasonable steps to; a) Act in accordance with good engineering practice b) Protect the safety of persons and properties c) Ensure that the activity interfere as little as practicable withi.. The operation of public utility. ii.. Public roads and paths. iii.. The movement of traffic. iv.. The use of land. d) Protect the environment.

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(27) / Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority metamorphosed from The Gongola State Urban Planning and Development Authority established under Edict of 21st November 1986. The function of the Authority shall be; a. To administer, execute and enforce the provisions of the Town Country Planning law within the areas for which the Authority has been appointed The Planning Authority. cA.

(28) b. Foster the development of the State through the exercise of its powers and functions under the Edict c. To carry out the functions and duties provided for in this part in particular in other areas declared as Urban areas in the State d. To do such other things that appear to it to be necessary, requisite or advantageous for the purpose of carrying into effect its functions under this Edict The Authority shall establish a Town Planning Division the function of which shall bei.. To prepare or cause to be prepared and keep under continuous review land Development plans for the Urban centres of the State. ii.. Prepare, publish and implement planning schemes for each designated Urban centres. iii.. Subject to the provisions of any Law, control the use and development of land within Urban centres. iv.. To act as State agents activities related to physical and environmental planning within its areas of jurisdiction. v.. To prepare and provide layout plan for commercial, industrial, recreational and institutional uses. vi.. To plan or cause to be planned Urban renewal programmes to upgrade the environmental quality of blighted areas or part of Urban centres. vii.. To give effects to all planning by-laws. viii.. The collection of property tax. ix.. To preserve buildings, objects of architectural interest and the historic character of the urban centres within its areas of jurisdiction. cr.

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(32) 1. Evidence of Site Acquisition; This involve identifying a suitable site for the proposed mast. Then entering a negotiation for the site for either outright purchase or lease agreement then the lease agreement or sales agreement and all legal document pertaining to the site is attached and formed part of the document to be submitted to the authority for application for permit. 2. EIA Report; While telecommunication network can bring substantial benefits to business and social users, such development if insensitively cited can be enormously out of tune from their environment and natural landscape. The purpose any EIA is to allay the fear that some peoples well being may be adversely affected by the location of mobile phone stations. These ranges from mobile phone users, those who work and live around base stations. The impact reports will be examining mainly three areas namely: Health, Aesthetics ( Visual) and Public Sensibilities.. 3. Aviation Clearance; Mobile phones and their base stations transmit and receive signals using electromagnetic waves. All electromagnetic radiation or waves consist of cü.

(33) oscillating electric and magnetic field. Frequencies between 100 KHz and 300 KHz comprises radio frequency (RF) band widely used for telecommunication including radio and television. All these frequencies and waves directly interfere with aviation communication routes hence, permit and clearance has to be obtained first. 4. 2yrs Audit report; Two (2) years audited report of any GSM operator must be submitted with all relevant documents 5. Site Inspection; Development Control department staff must inspect the site of all mast to ensure that standard are strictly adhered to all relevant permits and clearance has been obtained. Some of the criterion to be critical looked into by Development Control Officers are but not limited to; A. Location of proposed development to ascertain; i.. Neighborhood of the proposed development. ii.. Zoning location. iii.. Density of location. iv.. Maximum height of mast allowable at the proposed location. v.. Whether the proposed site falls within any planning scheme. B. Physical characteristics of the site to check; a. Size of plot b. Maximum are developable c[.

(34) c. Land form d. Topography e. Soil condition C. Accessibility of proposed site to establish; i.. Type of roads serving the proposed site. ii.. Hierarchy of road. iii.. If access road is a Federal road. iv.. Width of access road. v.. Does it terminate at the plot. vi.. Can the proposed project development hinder access to future development. D. Proximity of proposed site to facilities and utilities in the neighbourhood such as; a. School b. Hospital/clinic c. Shopping centre d. Place of worship e. Sporting area f. Office g. Industry h. Distance to high tension electricity line i. Distance to water line j.. NNPC pipe lines. cå.

(35) k. Telephone lines E. Distance to special features/areas such as i.. lake. ii.. mountain. iii.. quarry site. iv.. river/stream. v.. gully. vi.. railway line. vii.. expressway. F. . Setbacks and airspace; distance of proposed project to existing Buildings and roads G. Characteristics of the proposed development with respect to; a. proposed use b. if any development readily accessible to household utility line c. conformity of proposed development with planning scheme for the area d. if fencing is to be encouraged 6. Payment of required fees u.

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(38) This chapter attempts to explain the various methods and procedures which will be employed in conducting this research. In order to obtain an objective results, variety of methods and tools will be used for the purpose of collecting data which will eventually be followed by analysis of the data using appropriate techniques.

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(40) The types of data used for this study involves data related to locations of GSM mast in Jimeta, the health and environmental impact and mitigating measures for reducing the erratic sitting of masts.

(41) In order to obtain relevant valid information for research, the data utilized for this study was primary and secondary data. $ 2&$3

(42) &"& Through personal observation, questionnaire administration, interviews with various stakeholders (Zain, MTN, GLO, Etisalat, Adamawa State Urban Planning and Development Authority, Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Environment, NCC etc.) 4%#+,&$3

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(44) Secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished papers to be equipped with theoretical background of the subject matter. Sampling is the selection of part to represent the whole. Sampling is necessary for research because it is not possible for a researcher to include all elements of the population for reasons of time, resources and accessibility. 300 questionnaires was distributed to service consumers, service providers and regulatory authorities to get their response. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique, in which every 9th household was sampled for interview.

(45) Instrument utilised for the data collected for this research includes questionnaires and personal observation to authenticate the existence of the variables that was considered in the questionnaires.

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(47) In collecting data for this research, the researcher visited the field for observation and assessment, oral interviews, questionnaire administration as well as the collection of EIA reports of GSM companies, NCC Act, Federal Ministry of Environment etc. Both random and systematic sampling techniques were used in the selection of respondents.. uu.

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(49) To analyse the data that was gathered, various statistical methods was be used especially the parametric instruments. This involves tabulating and percentages, mean, charting (Pie and Bar Chart) to present the data in an easy and understandable manner.. u-.

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(54) This chapter presents and analyse the data collected, it also present and discusses the findings according to the research questions raised. 300 questionnaires were administered to various stakeholders ( Service Consumers, Service Providers and Regulatory Agencies) and 296 were retrieved and analysed. The results of the findings are presented below; #% #7

(55) 42#)$&89 %%9&$&%"4$ !" %!#:$4!8#+,4+"! This section presents the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. They include Status of Respondents, Educational Qualification, Occupation, Designation etc. They are important for this study because they influence people¶s perception towards GSM masts and how they affect the environment. . u.

(56) Fig. 1. O . uAr. uc. .

(57) . . . Source: Field Survey 2009. From figure above, 21% of the respondents are Wives, 23% are Husbands while 56% are others which includes Sons, Daughters, Nieces, Nephews etc.. uA.

(58) Fig. 2. ?

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(61) . c[ c. . Source: Field Survey 2009 The Chart above revealed that 3% of the respondents did not indicate their level of education, 14% are Secondary School Certificate Holders, 18% of the respondents are Graduates, while 24% are Post Graduates and 41% are OND/NCE holders.. ur.

(62) Fig. 3. m

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(65) . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the figure above, 1% of the respondents did not indicate their occupation, 3% are Artisans/Technical Service providers, also 3% are into Trading/Merchandising, while 9% are Retired. 18% are Unemployed, 47% are Civil/Public Servants while 19% are other form of occupation which includes Consulting, Bankers etc.. uü.

(66) Fig. 4. ^

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(69) ü r A - u c . r-. -u . . A . . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the Chart above, 63% of respondents indicated that they were consulted before the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed, 32% indicated that they were not consulted before the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed while 5% did not indicate whether the community was consulted or not before construction of Mast in their Neighbourhood.. u[.

(70) Fig. 5. |

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(72) O -c. rå. . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the figure above, 69% of the respondents indicate that construction of GSM Mast has brought changes to their Neighbourhood while 31% of the respondents indicate that the construction of GSM Mast did not bring any changes to their Neighbourhood.. uå.

(73) Fig. 6.

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(77) c u . c[. cü cu - . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the Chart above, 7% of the respondents indicated that Cutting of Trees to avoid interference with Signal is the changes brought to their Neighbourhood, 8% indicated that it is Changes in Aesthetics and 17% indicated that the combination of Noise from Generating Sets and Changes in Aesthetics are the changes brought to their Neighbourhood as a result of construction of GSM Mast. While 18% of the respondents believe it is Noise from Generating Sets and Obstruction are the changes brought to their Neighbourhood and another 18% indicated that the combination of all the above mentioned are the changes brought to their Neighbourhood.. -.

(78) Fig. 7. |

(79) O c. [c. [ r . . . c. u. A. . . Source: Field Survey 2009 81% of the respondents from the Chart above indicated that their are not happy living close to a Base Station, 14% of the respondents are happy living close to the Base Station while 5% did not indicate or are adamant about it.. -c.

(80) Fig. 8.

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(82) . V . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the figure above, 4% of the respondents indicate that they are happy living close to a Base Station because of consistent light around the Base Station, 5% indicated that they are happy living close by because of better network service while another 5% are happy living close to the Base Station for no apparent reason or did not indicate.. -u.

(83) Fig. 9 -. - uA u. c[. cA. c. c A. -. ü. ü. u. . V . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the Chart above, 2% of the respondents indicate that they are not happy living close to a Base Station because of Risk/Fear of accidental collapse of mast, 3% indicated that they are not happy because of the danger of living close to the mast and 7% indicates Radiation as their reason for not happy living close to a Base Station. Another 7% of the respondents indicates Radiation and Pollution as their reason for not being happy living close to a Base Station while 14% are not happy living close to a Base Station for no apparent reason or not indicated. 18% believe Health concern/problems are their fear of not being happy living to a Base Station and 30% indicates Environmental Pollution is their reason.. --.

(84) Fig. 10. ÷

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(88) . . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the Chart above, 81% of the respondents think the construction of GSM Mast will have effect on the Environment, 17% of the respondent do not believe the construction of GSM Mast will have on the Environment while 2% did not indicate whether the construction of GSM Mast will have effects on the Environment or not.. -.

(89) Fig. 11. ? ! u. cA c . . . uu u. c. c u c u - . Source: Field Survey 2009 The figure above indicate that 1% of the respondents believe Spent Paints during Servicing and Maintenance Checks is the common Environmental problem associated with GSM Base Station, 4% indicate Accidental Spills from handling diesel the common Environmental problem while 10% indicated Noise from Generating Set is the problem. 15% of the respondents indicates Emission of Gas Pollutants from Generating Sets is the common Environmental problem,22% indicates the combination Gas Pollution from Generating Sets and Spill from handling diesel are the common Environmental problems. And 24% also indicates the combination of Gas Pollution from Generating Sets and Noise from same Generating Sets are the common Environmental problems while another 24% of the respondents believe that all the above mentioned are the problems.. -A.

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(91) Fig. 12. ?

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(94) . . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the chart above, about 81% of the respondents possess a HND/Graduate Certificate, 18% possesses a Post Graduate level of Education while 1% is NCE/OND level holders.. -r.

(95) Fig. 13. ÷ O " O

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(97). u[. cr. . Source: Field Survey 2009 From the Chart above, MTN has 31% of the total number of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola, GLO 28% while about 25% of the masts is being covered by ETISALAT. And 16% is Zain.. -ü.

(98) Fig. 14.

(99) O c [ r u . åA A.

(100) . . Source: Field Survey 2009 The figure above reveals that 95% of the Service Providers obtain land for the erection of GSM mast through lease agreement while 5% is outright purchase.. -[.

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(102) 4! )+&" #+#:$4!8#+,4+"#:!4$; %48$#; ,4$ Table 1 S/NO Designation of Respondent. Service Provider. 1.. Roll-Out Manager. Globacom. 2.. Base Station Transmission Engineer. Globacom. 3.. Capital Project. MTN. 4.. Radio Access Manager. Zain. 5.. Facility Manager. Zain. 6.. Maintenance Engineer. Etisalat. Source: Zain, Globacom, MTN and Etisalat 2010 From the Table 1 above, the respondents of Globacom are Roll-Out Manager and Base Station Transmission Engineer, Capital Project for MTN while the respondents for Zain are Radio Access and Facility Managers respectively and Maintenance Engineer for Etisalat is the respondent.. -å.

(103) *2<4$#:2&!"!&+,=94+=&! "%#+!"$*%"4, Table 2 S/NO Name of street/area where mast is. Year of construction. Service Provider. located 1.. Old Market/ Ajiya street. 2005. Globacom. 2.. Karewa. 2006. Globacom. 3. Opposite Government House. 2005. Globacom. 4.. Beside FCE. 2005. Globacom. 5.. Behind Abti Ventures. 2005. Globacom. 6.. Jambutu. 2009. Globacom. 7.. Old GRA. 2005. Globacom. 8.. New Market. 2005. Globacom. 9.. Bachure. 2009. Globacom. 10.. State Secretariat. 2006. Zain. 11.. Church Street. 2005. Zain. 12.. Sports Council. 2005. Zain. 13.. Massalachi Close. 2008. Zain. 14.. Bishop Street. 2006. Zain. .

(104) 15.. Bachure. 2006. Zain. 16.. Mallamre. 2009. Etisalat. 17.. Mohammed Mustapha Way. 2009. Etisalat. 18.. Behind Rajah Shopping Mall. 2009. Etisalat. 19.. Rock Haven Avenue. 2010. Etisalat. 20.. Doubeli. 2010. Etisalat. 21.. Jambutu. 2010. Etisalat. 22.. Yola Road. 2010. Etisalat. 23.. Wuro Jabbe. 2010. Etisalat. 24.. Kashim Bila Street Karewa Ext.. 2007. MTN. 25.. Behind Government House Yola. 2007. MTN. 26.. Mallamre. 2008. MTN. 27.. Police Around About. 2009. MTN. 28.. Behind GTB. 2006. MTN. 29.. Jambutu. 2009. MTN. 30.. Shinco. 2005. MTN. c.

(105) 31.. Gimba Road (Bornoma Residence). 2003. MTN. 32.. Behind Jimeta Temporary Stadium. 2004. MTN. 33.. Bachure. 2009. MTN. Source: MTN, Globacom, Zain & Etisalat 2010 From the above table, Globacom has nine (9) masts in Jimeta, Zain has six (6) GSM masts while Etisalat has eight (8) masts and MTN has ten (10) GSM masts in Jimeta making the number of GSM masts in Jimeta to be thirty three (33). 194$4,#3#*#<"& +84$2 ":$#2> Table 3 S/NO Regulatory Authority where permit. Type of permit. Service Provider. Development Permit. MTN, Zain, GLO. is obtained 1.. ASUPDA. & Etisalat 2.. National Civil Aviation Authority. Aviation Clearance. MTN, Zain, GLO & Etisalat. 3.. Ministry of Environment. EIA Certificate. MTN, Zain, GLO & Etisalat. Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010. u.

(106) From Table 3 above, the service providers obtain permit from ASUPDA, NCAA and Ministry of Environment and the type of permits are development permit, aviation clearance and EIA certificate respectively. $ "4$ #+&+,!"&+,&$,! Table 4 S/NO Plot sizes. Height of mast. Service Provider. 1.. 12m X 12m, 15m x 15m and 20m x 20m. 30m, 50m and 70m. Globacom. 2.. 15m X 15m and 20m x 20m. 35m, 50m, 70m & 100m. MTN. 3.. 12m X 12m and 15m x 15m. 35m, 50m and 75m. Zain. 4.. 15m X 15m and 20m x 20m. 50m, 75m and 100m. Etisalat. Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010 From Table 4 above, the standards with respect to plot sizes are 12m x 12m, 15m x15m & 20m x 20m and height of mast are 30m, 50m and 70m for Globacom, 15m x 15m and 20m x 20m for plot sizes for MTN while the height of masts are 35, 50m, 70m & 100m respectively, 12m x 12m & 15m x 15m for plot sizes for Zain and 35m, 50m and 75m for height of mast. And 15m x 15m & 20m x 20m in terms of plot sizes for Etisalat while the height of mast standards are 50m, 75, and 100m respectively.. -.

(107) *2<4$#:84#8'4428'#34,&""94<&!4!"&" #+ Table 5 S/NO. NO. Role. Training of personnel. Service Provider. 1.. 3. Security guards. Monaco Guards. MTN. 2.. 3. Security Guards. Monaco Guards. Globacom. 3.. 2. Security Guards. Maza Guards. Zain. 4.. 2. Security Guards. Royal Security Guards. Etisalat. Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010 Table 5 indicates that three (3) people each are employed at the base station by MTN and Globacom as security guards and are trained by Monaco Guards, while Zain and Etisalat each have two (2) guards trained by Maza Guards and Royal Security respectively. #*$%4!#:8#=4$ Table 6 S/NO. Source. Service Provider. 1.. Generating set. All Service providers(MTN, GLO, Zain & Etisalt). .

(108) 2.. Power Holding Company of Nigeria. All Service providers. (PHCN) Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010. The table above indicates that the source of power by the service providers are generating sets and PHCN. 194$4,#3#*#<"& +, 4!4' Table 7 S/NO. Where diesel is obtained. Service Provider. 1.. From contractors. All Service Providers. Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010. From table 7 above, all the service provider obtain diesel through contractors. #+"$#'#:42 !! #+#:)&! Table 8 S/NO Control measure. Service Provider. 1.. Exhaust pipe. All Service Providers. 2.. Muffler. All Service Providers. Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010. Table 8 above shows that exhaust pipe and muffler are the measures used by the service providers to control emission of gas.. A.

(109) #+"$#'#:+# !4:$#2)4+4$&" +)!4"! Table 9 S/NO. Control measure. Service Providers. 1.. Soundproof Generating sets. All Service Providers. Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010. The table above indicates that the measure used to control noise from generating sets by the Service Providers is the use of soundproof generator. 19&"&$4"94%#22#+4+; $#+24+"&'8$#<'42! +"94<&!4!"&" #+!> Table 10. S/NO Problems. Service Providers. 1.. Emission of gas pollutants. All Service Providers. 2.. Noise from generator. All Service Providers. 3.. Accidental spill from handling diesel. All Service Providers. 4.. Spent paint during servicing and. All Service Providers. maintenance checks. Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010. From Table 10 above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel and spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks. r.

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(114) 4! )+&" #+#:4!8#+,4+" Table 11. S/NO. Designation. Qualification. 1.. Director Town Planning. Post Graduate Certificate. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 From Table 11 above the designation of the respondent from ASUPDA is The Director Town Planning and his education qualification is a Post Graduate Certificate. #'4#:

(115) +'#%&" #+#:2&!" Table 12 S/NO. Role. 1.. Granting Planning Permission. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 Table 12 above indicates that the role of ASUPDA in location of GSM mast is that of granting planning permission.. . ü.

(116) $ "4$ #+:#$&88$#;&' Table 13 S/NO Criteria 1.. Location away from schools and flight path. 2.. EIA Certificate from Ministry Of Environment. 3.. EIA Produced report. 4.. Evidence of Site Acquisition and Lease Agreement. 5.. Payment of relevant fees. 6.. Site visitation by Development Control Department. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 The table above indicates that the criterion for approval of mast are, location away from schools and flight path, EIA Certificate from Ministry of Environment, EIA produced Report, Evidence of Site Acquisition, Payment of relevant fees and site visitation. #=,#3#*2#+ "#$"944$4%" #+#:2&!""#4+!*$4%#28' &+%4> Table 13. S/NO Monitoring Mechanism 1.. Through Development Control Department Site Visitations. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010. [.

(117) From Table 13 above, the regulatory authority monitor the erection of GSM mast to ensure compliance through site visitations by Development Control department. 4;4'#:%#28' &+%4 Table 14 S/NO Level 1.. Existence of Approved and Unapproved Masts by all service providers.. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 Table 14 above indicates that Unapproved mast by all service providers exist showing poor level of compliance by the service providers. &+,*!4-#+ +) +&88$#;&'#:2&!" Table 15 S/NO. Zoning Type. 1.. Mixed Land uses. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 From the table above mixed land use is indicated as zoning criteria for the erection of masts.. å.

(118) ;& '&< ' "3#:2&!"!= "9#*"&88$#;&'084$2 " Table 16 S/NO Yes/NO. List. Reason. 1.. All service providers. Service providers devise means. Yes. of using contractors to cut corners to erect mast failure to do that result to non payment to the contractors Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010 From Table 16 above, ASUPDA indicated that their exist GSM mast that do not have permit/approval by all service providers through contractors who cut corners to get their payment. #22#++; $#+24+"&'8$#<'42!#:&!4"&" #+! Table 17 S/NO. Problems. 1.. Emission of gas pollutants. 2.. Noise from generator. 3.. Accidental spill from handling diesel. 4.. Spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks.. Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010. A.

(119) From the table above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel and spent paint during servicing and maintenance check.

(120) . . From the data collated by different respondents which includes GSM Service consumers across the study area, the GSM Service providers and Regulatory Authority, they are about 33 GSM mast spread across Jimeta-Yola.. . MTN has more mast than all the other service providers with about 10 GSM masts while Globacom has 9, Etisalat the recent addition to GSM industry has 8 and Zain has 6 mast.. . Most of the communities where these masts are located have been consulted before construction of the GSM mast while a fraction were not consulted.. ; . Most of the inhabitants of where GSM masts are erect indicates that the mast brought changes in their neighbourhood. Changes such as Aesthetics quality, noise and obstruction and altering of the environment.. ; . The study revealed that most inhabitants of where GSM mast are located are not living close the base stations because of fear/ risk of accidental collapse, effect of radiation, pollution, health concerns and environmental problems.. ; . The research also reveals that the location of masts will have effects on the environment.. ; . The common environmental problems discovered associated with the location of GSM mast in neighbourhood include emission of pollutants from generators,. Ac.

(121) noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel and spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks. ; ? . Majority of the masts located in the study area are on lease agreement And the research reveals also that the Service Providers obtain permit and approval from Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority, Ministry of Environment and National Civil Aviation Authority.. ? . It has been discovered by the study that the criteria for the approval of permit are EIA reports, EIA Certificate, Evidence of Site Acquisition or Lease Agreement, Site Designs and Drawings, payment of relevant fees and Aviation Clearance.. ? . Standard plot sizes used for the location of the masts are 12m X12m, 15m X 15m and 20m X 20m. ? . Also the Height of the mast varies from 30m, 50m, 70m and 100m respectively.. ? . The study also reveals that between 2 & 3 people are employed at the base stations as security guards usually trained by private security guards (Monaco guards for MTN & Glo, Maza Guards for Zain and Royal Security for Etisalat). ? ; . It has also been discovered that all the service providers uses Generators and PHCN as their source of power but with much usage of generators.. ?; . And it has been revealed that service providers uses contractors to supply diesel for their generators. ?; . The service providers also uses exhaust pipe ad mufflers to control emission of gas from generators.. ?; . While they use soundproof generators to control noise pollution.. Au.

(122) ?; . The study reveals that ASUPDA¶s role as a regulatory authority is that of granting planning permission.. ? ? . And the research also reveals the existence of both approved and unapproved GSM masts in the study area.. @

(123) 7 0. . . c. 0. Very negative impact. 2.. 6.. Negative impact. 3.. 7.. No impact/ neutral. 4.. 8.. Average positive impact. 5.. 9.. Moderate positive impact. 6.. 10.. Outstanding positive impact. Below 40%, not acceptable 41- 60% Critical condition 61% and above, acceptable.. A-.

(124) 0 &24#:!"$44"0&$4& 4$; %4 =94$42&!" !. 28&%"!. %#$4. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. $#; ,4$. '#%&"4, 1.. Old Market/ Ajiya. Globacom. street. Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to Utilities & Facilities. A. 7.

(125) Height of. 7. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 2.. Karewa. Globacom. Total Score. 48. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. AA. 7.

(126) Utilities & Facilities Height of. 6. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 3.. Beside FCE. Globacom. Total Score. 47. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 6. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 6. site to existing Buildings &. Ar.

(127) Roads Proximity to. 7. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 6. Zoning Land Use. 6. Compatibility. 4.. State Secretariat. Zain. Total Score. 44. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 6. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 6. site to. Aü.

(128) existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 6. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 6. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 5.. Church Street. Zain. Total Score. 44. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. A[. 7.

(129) Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 7. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 7. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 6.. Sports Council. Zain. Total Score. 48. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. Aå. 8.

(130) Location Plot Size. 8. Distance of. 8. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 8. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 8. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 7.. Mallamre. Etisalat. r. Total Score. 53. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0.

(131) Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 7. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 8. Zoning Land Use. 8. Compatibility. 8.. Mohammed. Etisalat. Mustapha Way. rc. Total Score. 50. Aesthetics. 6. Noise. 0.

(132) Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 8. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 8. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 7. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 7. Zoning Land Use. 8. Compatibility Total Score. ru. 51.

(133) 9.. Wuro Jabbe. Etisalat. Aesthetics. 8. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 9. Location Plot Size. 9. Distance of. 9. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 9. Utilities & Facilities Height of. 9. Zoning Land Use. r-. 9.

(134) Compatibility. 10.. Kashim Bila Street. MTN. Karewa Ext.. Total Score. 62. Aesthetics. 7. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to. 7. Utilities & Facilities Height of. r. 6.

(135) Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 11.. Behind GTB. MTN. Total Score. 48. Aesthetics. 7. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 7. Location Plot Size. 7. Distance of. 7. site to existing Buildings & Roads Proximity to Utilities &. rA. 7.

(136) Facilities Height of. 0. Zoning Land Use. 7. Compatibility. 12.. Bachure. MTN. Total Score. 41. Aesthetics. 7. Noise. 0. Smoke. 0. Liquid. 0. Waste Zoning. 9. Location Plot Size. 9. Distance of. 9. site to existing Buildings & Roads. rr.

(137) Proximity to. 9. . Utilities & Facilities Height of. 9. Zoning Land Use. 9. Compatibility Total Score. 61. Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads, Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to the magnitude of the effect. Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances. Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards. rü.

(138) The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in critical condition.

(139) If left unchecked the indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication site within the study area will turn to eye sore and a major problem to urban managers. The study revealed according to Contreau, (2003: 36) that the visual character of a natural and cultural landscape may alter in way that greatly changes the local population appreciation of it, making it less attractive for recreation. From the summary above inhabitants of where such mast are located indicated reservation to location of such mast in their neighbourhood due to some reason which include fear, health concern, radiation etc. The major concern according to Salvato (1992:3) should be maintenance of the environment to suit man¶s efficient performance, comfort, preservation and the engagement of life. With increase in telecommunication development, human impact on the environment needs to be controlled to benefit man¶s wellbeing, economy and natural resources. It implies as Jimoh (2000:41) stated, that government is not performing her duties as expected, that her fiscal policies are skewed against environmental management.. r[.

(140) From the scores of the Analysis of the Spatial and Environmental Effect of the Distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola, it has clearly been revealed that most of the GSM masts in the study area fall below acceptable level of compliance and standards. Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads, Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to the magnitude of the effect. Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances. Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards. The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in critical condition.. . rå.

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(144) This chapter summarizes the entire research; suggest some recommendations towards indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication sites within the study area draw conclusion. It also gives some recommendation for further research. The purpose of this study is to Analyse the Spatial Distribution and Location of GSM Masts in Jimeta- Yola. An understanding of this will enhance the future of the environment with respect to erection of GSM mast ensuring sound environmental and global trends in location of such mast. This study seeks to establish the location & distribution of the masts in the study area, permits obtained before erection, criterion for the permit/approval, adherence to standards with a view to enhance environmental planning and management. The secondary data used for this research came from published and unpublished paper related to GSM. The primary data was collected through personal observation, interviews and questionnaires designed to provide relevant answers to the research questions raised in Chapter one. The sample size of 300 populations for GSM consumers, 12 for GSM service providers and 3 for regulatory authority were selected for the research out of which 296 proper responses were received from service consumers, 6 from service providers and 1 from regulatory authority were received.. ü.

(145) This study has revealed that their are 33 GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola with wide consultation with community where the mast are located by the service providers. Their exist both mast that has approval and unapproved mast by all the service providers. The research also reveals that most inhabitants of where this mast are believe the mast has brought changes to the environment such as noise from generators, aesthetics etc. With majority of them not comfortable living close to the mast because of fear/risk of accidental collapse, radiation, health concern and environmental pollutions as the major factor. The common environmental problems as discovered by the research are noise from generators, emission of gas from generator, accidental spill from handling diesel, and spent paint during servicing and maintenance. The major statistical instrument used in the data analysis involves tabulating, charting etc. From the summary above, if left unchecked the erection of multiple single user telecommunication site within the study area will turn to eye sore and major problem to urban managers. Because the study has revealed the environmental problems associated with these masts, the ineffectiveness of the regulatory authorities, the cutting of corners by service providers to maximise profit, the fears and concern of inhabitants of where such masts are which are genuine and need to be addressed. The best way to go about addressing these is to adopt new global trend in telecommunication management which is suitable to both service providers and service consumers. The use of ³Collocation of Telecommunication Infrastructures. Collocation is üc.

(146) the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication operators. This will reduce the erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance cost by service providers curtail multiple environmental problems spread across by each operator. Collocation is at the moment in practice in USA, Europe, Asia some part of Africa such as Kenya ,Mauritius etc.

(147) From the data collected from various respondents and in line with current global trend in telecommunication management, the following measures could be adopted to manage the future location and distribution of GSM mast. 1. Government should make it mandatory for Service Providers through proper legislative backing to erect environmental friendly GSM mast, with landscaped perimeter fencing and encourage the use of Solar Power system to reduce the pollution that comes directly as a result of using generators. The legislative backing to be passed by the State House of Assembly should include current acceptable environmental practice a standard for each mast to be erected failure to comply would attract stiff penalty and subsequent violations to attract heavier fines. 2. Government should take inventory of existing GSM mast with a view to exploring the use of Collocation infrastructures by the service providers themselves. The use of Collocation of which will reduce the use of multiple single user telecommunication infrastructures. Collocation is the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication operators. This will reduce the erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance cost by service providers curtail multiple environmental problems spread across by each. üu.

(148) operator. Such Collocation infrastructures should also be environmental friendly and powered by solar energy. 3. Government should in conjunction with a Technical Telecommunication Infrastructure Provider together with legislative backing set up a Collocation Telecommunication Infrastructure for all Service Providers to subscribe to. This involves passing into law by the State House of Assembly the use of An Independent Collocation Infrastructure Provider as a permanent solution to erratic mast erections , appropriate parcels of land of average 20m X 20m to accommodate a maximum of six (6) operators per location and liaising with technical partners to provide Collocation Infrastructure that will be subscribe by the service providers. This will act as income generating opportunity for the state, employment opportunity and in general sound environmental practice. . ü-.

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