API - Instrumentation for Operators - Unit 1 Measuring Instruments [Section 1,2,3,4,5].pdf

INSTRUMENTATION

FOR OPERATORS

Unit 1

Measuring Instruments

Section 1

Pressure Instruments

Instrumentati"" tor Operators has been designed to give you, tho UperatOI·, r, f(lt!]ing (of l,ow ill~tru",c"t"tiun pIny; it$ ro1c ill tne cfficient eperation of a r~fln~ry. 'l'nc !,rogram i. dc'·cloped ill thrr'C ""its. Unit One will familiarize you with many of U,e mor~ ~ommon ",en~uril\lI' in.tn!1lleJ1I"_how Ihey wurl<. when they nre 11-,<:,,1 and how they~,.., protected from ,!amal/e. Unit Two will show you how the inotrumeut. are used in the eulttrul of n pr<><:e"". F"lnnlly, Unit Three inl"l/r"I~~ the mn· terial tallght in Units OM mId Twu and fnmiliarioeR you with controllers and mode. of oontro1.

UNIT ONE

In Section 1 you will le,ml "be,,! pre-.ure as an operating ,"IIrinhlc ",,,I huw in"ll·umellta ""e uoWd L.o mcasure prCMsure. Instrument.. covered includ. the barometer. manomctur. bour -don tnbe, Jiapnc"gm and bellows gage.

Tn Sectio~ 2 YOll willle .. r" "bout temrernturc n. nn operatin" variable

""o.!

temperature.moasnrin)!:" instn,ment~. You will lea,·n the l'dncijlleij of the ""p"ndllble·elen'C1lt thcrmometer. bimetallic thel"llwmel~r "nd electrical thermometer.

AN INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTATION FOR OPERATORS

I

L I'etroleum produebl like gaJI(lline and lubricanbl 8re made from crude oil.

'1'0 loe tUr'K'II intu fuell!, iubricant.l, petrochcmlc"llI and other pro.lucl>!, the c."de oil iJI

2. Crude .,il i. "~ in ~~rio"" piecE!ll <If ~'Julpmen~; the equipment u~d der"""d! un the proouct/l heing

"'''dc.

CRUDE CASOLINE PRODUCT REDUCED CRUDE PRODUCT

I'or example. thi. fTRctiondinll" unil tal< ... crude oil "nd cha"g"e9 it Int.<> __ _ _ _ _ _

:I. Cruoo uil i8 8 mixture uf many h)·dr<>carhon •. ranging irrm, a8J1hnlt. which hoibl at n high temper.tu,"". to /tAAOlinc, which boilll ~t a tempeT"flture,

4. Ma"y hydrocnrbon product:!, for eXAmple Icer""in .. , hnve bol1ing ranKe!! between thote of asphalt Ind galK>-line.

Kel"Oll;ne hal a (0 higherlO lower) boiling nnge \.han ga ... line.

producbl

".

Mixtu,e A b"iI~ nt n (liITrrent tempernture thnn mix_ ture B. 80% gasoline _"0% ker""ine 2070 kcro,j"" 20% guwlillc A

"

Mixture (0 AlO E) boil" lit the lower tempeml",e.

U. Tv ",p"rate ""$OI;OlC out of " IIMulinc-"crv:;j"c m;x_ ture hy \.JoiH,,!:. the mixtur<) must be hculed to the right tcmpcruturc.

Ir the temPl'ratur~ i~ too (0 high/O low) the gaMline will not boil and vnporj"c.

7. If the lemp<:cn\urc i~ too the lcerOllioe will \>I,i! ,<)](1 ""l .. )ri"~ with thc g"solillC.

S. If the 1'F()<;e.'~ is to be contin"ous, mure gasoline-kero -~inc n,ixture must ~nter the procc~" a~ _ __ _ _ _ _ is

""1,,,

,,,\

,,,1

out.

9. 'l'o rna"" ~\'r<) that there ia ""vu"h Lv ~<)Jltill"c th~ jJ/"OCcss, the now nile of feed into the unit

""'"t

I..., "",dully CQnt,.oll~.,j.

10. If the rnixture i. locinl( vuporiwd in a closed unit, the

_____

~",,'t """"PC as the mixture i. boiled. 11. Pre!."" re th"" <0 ineren"clliO (]c-crenIlCII) ill the c1oac(1

unit.

12. Whell pre'"Ur" incIT!\Sc". the boiling temperature in_ crc,,~c~.

To boi I gasoline at this increased pre",;ure, the tempera-ture must <0 ;ncreallu/O dc-cruaoo).

1~. Which of the follow;,,!!" Mfect the A<!!laration of petro_ leum products: temperature pressure fc'/!d rnte <0 ye .•

/

O

llO) <0 yes/D no) (0 yelllD no)

H.

1',,,,,.,,,",,,

temperature. nnd feed rnte nre three key "a,iable. in any fractionating proce"~.

A condition which. is changeable is called a ~ _ _ _ _

A In", high mixlure,

or

feed vn!)/Jr inere,,""s

".

".

".

,'a,iable

15. Liquid level ,,!oo affects a pr""""s.

FLOOD!NG

LE~L

TOO LOW

'l'h" ti'l1!id !evel in th..so two ~it"ation~ (0 nffed,,/

o

dOll" not affect) the oreratiun.

lG. Liquid !eve! (0 is/o is not) a variahle In refinery IH'OC""",,".

17, Refined proouct. are sto .... cl I" tanh lo "wait ""Ie .

.

--

.

\=

.

-Running over a tank i~ hazanlo",. w,,~tes Ir",wtine, atld ,",",tes _ _ _ _ _ _ _

18. The liquid in " tfink or other pr"""'~ ,'""",,1 mn"L be controlled.

money

19. Proe .... " l'ariabks arc relaterl to each other.

PRESSURE

HealinK water in " boiler eau"e, it, temperature to .-ise. The pr""Hure i".ide the boile,. al,o _ _ _ _ _ _

20. Tempernt<lre and ch" .. ges in n "y"tcm are rlircdlr rclnicd to cach Qiher.

21. Whe" lin" 0)" liquid i" hcntcd ill n ci'J"ed "pace, its pr"~_ su,.e _ __ _ _ ~

22. If temperature increase" in a ci()$"d space, pre..s",·e

25 PSIG 10 PSIG

,

"

Liquid flows from (0 A to BID B to A).

The larger the pre..sure ,lifl"eren,'¥.. \he (0 hiKherl

o

lower) the now rate.

incrcw",s

I'reasure

increases

A to B

26. Li(juld

exert.\!

pre""ure IlII (be bottom of it.. <o"\.IIirler.

15 PSIG 5 PSIG

l'r<!aUrf! near the bottom uf lin 01"'" ""nlainer (iepcnd. un the height of the in the oollt.~iner.

2G. A mCUllrcnlent of pl'e ... ur" fit tI,e bottom of the con_ t"tll~r e"" t..e u$ed to determine li'lul<l _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2'1. Li'lul,i Ie"ol .,,,n be delermltlc<i 1.0)' m~"'lUrinK the "I the bottom of the tank.

28. The IImount of preMure cxcrt<>d bl' II Iiqni,1 and 1;"8 in " tI~ tank depend~ on which of these three "arfable.!

temlN'rnlnre liquid Ie"ei

flow of liquid into the dOlled tank

(0 )'''''/0 no) (0

)''''10

nul

(

0

)'''''10

nul 29. When gll~ or 1i(IUid lIow9 In /I pl1"'. It.. pressuN! d.,..

creHAC~ nK II IlQws.

A ll""""ure ch"n!!,c c/ln be uM,1 to indicnlc the of lJ'Is or liquid nowing.

liquid. or Ieyel

~O. The high.,· th~ lev~1 ot liquid il, " uu,k, the greal.Cr th~ pre""ure lit the bottom of lhe L,,"k.

A ch""!lu ill r,re~.~"rc

"t the l.>otto

m of tho b nk may also be used to ill,lic"tc " ch"ngc in liquid _ __ _ __ _

31. Liquid level and flow rate mea"u,.,.mellt.~ Ca" be in-dicat~'() by me,,-,urinlt changes ill " ~y.'tcm.

~2. One pr~c"" vMiable (0 i~/O i. not) rcb\.td to tl,e other proceAA ,"ariables.

33. Refinery equipment is complex and expensive. Without help. a man ca,,'t hep track of an the tern· peratures, preSMI'e3, level", "nd flow rate8, and at the "ume time kccp thc"~ v"ri.~lilc" from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t<>o much.

34. Instrument. "uch as flow meters. pressure KalteS, and

thermometers "re more tha" maIl'S

S"n"C" "IOl1e.

;15. Svmc i"~trumcnb show the of"lrntor U," 3tul.<) of the pr.-..:e.,s "t the moment he look. at it.

1200" '~",,,,,,,

He can iO<,k

"t

the di;d and

"t the

clock and

.ee

that at 1 p.m. the lemperalor(' of u,~ proct.""" i. • F.

;lfj. But, at 2 1'."'. the ~"me instrument can't tell him whal the tempcrntnre Wn3 nt 1 p.m.

The i"st." nM,t mc"",,rC$ "nd indic"te~; it (0 recorcl~1

o

doeg not record).

:17. A pcn nnd grnph pnper cOn hi! odd~'Il to the slime in_ strument.

Now, the in~trument measure. and _ __ __ _ ~

•

level

pressure

changing

accurate. or dependable

docs not record

~8. Lct·~ 8J\}' tl,,,t pro""ure i. 00 crllci~! thnt R unit can 1(0 otT apedficntiun" it proMore increase" eVen" amnii amount.

The pre"!,,,re in this unil "cod. to 00 (0 automatically!

o

operator) controlled.

39. After all. you c",,'t watch the pre"""r" I(R>!" ~\'cry

second of every hour.

Vit,,1 proce ... are normally eontrollC\1 (0 automatic-ally/O manually).

40. The dingmm oolow represenl./j a fmetion"li",," unit.

End, box In(lIcaw" " pr""~u,c, tmn])"",tur", Or now rnte which m"at be maintai"e,1

"t

the c~"ct vnlno shown in the bo~. It is 2 a.m .• rainy. and cold. YOll hnve u hcuduchc und your ,epb.cem."t is 20 mil",t". late.

510' F

640' F

This i. a job fo", (pick one)

o

a. in,trurnenl. ulon"

o

h. operator alone

o

c. both in"trumcnts and operator

"

automatically

automatically

SECTION ONE

PRESSURE

INSTRUMENTS

What b

Prenurc~

The moleculcll In _ gas or a liquid ""we rapidly In (0 'me dlrecU""'D alt dlrection~).

2. >l'hl~ ta"k la 1IIIed with mole<;ulClI of hulllnc IOU.

ThCfie m"lecule~ Htrixc cneh uUw, nnd the_ "f the tnnk.

3. When molecule. hit lIUMCthing. they exert /I for<:o!. The f""ter the molecuklll move, the m<.>re_

they u ert.

'"

all direction.

4. A~ more molecule" .trike fin ohject, they exert a (0 grcakr/D ~maller) IImount of force.

5. The heavier the mokcnk., the (0 IfNlnter/O 8mnller)

the amount of f'Jrtt they exert.

6. The ;nnount of force which molooule" exert depends on, '", _ __ _ _ _ _ of the molecul ....

.,, _ _ _ _ _ __ of molecules striking the ohject,

""d

lhe _ _ __ _ ~ of the molecules.

'I'hi. block Mt..~ on an arell or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Bq""l'e inch.

S. Pressure can be rle&cribed as the amount of exerted on one sqUHre inch.

9. Measuring the force of molooul". striking a squnre i1lch i5 uno wny "f mo".urinll _ _ _ _ _ _ _

10. The Ilmo""t uf pre ... "rc which '"olooulcs oxeIi dc]>'md~ on:

'",,-_ _ _ _ _ _ of the molecules hitting II square inch,

tl'c _ _ _ ____ of molecule. hilting a ""uare inch, and

the, -_ _ _ _ _ _ of the molooul"" hitting n "'lunNl inch. grC"kr II'r."kr "pced number weight, or .Izo force number woight. or 8i.e

II. I'rc","u,·e IA ,,"ually mc .... urcll In iJ<)",ul" nn one "'Iu"rc inch.

['I)U"'," IlCr "'Illare inch (abl)revlplcd pili) i:s the ;::;: _ _ _ _ _ o( the molecules exetted on one square inch.

12. Till .. loh.",k i~ lying on " table.

The molecule" " .... exerling r"rec Oil "" _ _ _ __ _ _ uf une "I"are inch of th~ tnble.

13. Now 8t""k ,,"uther block on top of the origi,~~1 block.

1~. The laller Ihe bk>ck. the (0 /ll'CIIterlO am"llcr) Ihe amOl.nt of pU!5ure it exerts.

15. Thus,. taller lolock exerts (0 more/[] 1e!;I,) p...,...ure u,"" a IherteT hl<>ck of the anme material.

16. If the block Is malic eut ef llrht.er mate';"l. it exert, ;::::::;:;:;:::;:-_ force vn VII" aq"nre inch LI"," tho he:wicr block.

"

tone greater mo~

...

17, Widell of the." wnt.nincl'll C~~,·l.8 nlOr" tJrc~surc?

GASOLINE!

GASOLINEi

,

,

Cnntuinc" (0

A

ID

Il).

l

a

.

Which of thefle contain~,·~ exert~ nlore prcl<t!ure?

GASOLINE

,

Conlainer {O A/O B).

19. The p...,.,;ure a su!Mlance e~ert" rlel>end. 011' ,", __ _ _ _ _ _ of the substance, '"Id the of the substance.

20. Since the nlol"""le. of gases an,1 liquids move in all direction •. they eXNt fMCe In "n directiOIl".

Pre"""J'" i~ exertc,l in {O oI\C di"cction/O all direc

-tions). A B weight height all directions

21. 'I'h~ utm'-'llphc,";! is a "hlanket" of

11""''''''

which sur· rOI",d~ Ihc carth. 'I'hi. height of ntlnOllphcrc ucrl.l 14.7 l)Ounds of pN!Mure on each .'!<luare inch of enrth.

"ATMOSPHERE

Atmoopherlc preSiO"rc is _ __ _ _ pounds J)er 1iQ"''''C

i,,~h (I",i) al ... n )()vtl.

22. If the "tm"'l>h~ ... we ... ,io!o'llI)r. ~tm""l,hcri<

1>''"''''''''''

",'Ould

be

(0 MOrIl than/O leta! than) 14.7 I",i.

23. Look at tho drawinA".

A TMOSPH ER Ie

PRESSURE

A~ the top of the muuntain, the height uf Ih" :,tmQl!' phel'e i. (U mo,"/O Ie",,) thUll its height at "CIL le"ol.

24. 'I'hu~, Iho l>r~.ure Ihat the air excrts depends on the

or

tho air.

21:>. At the top of tile mountain. IIl.mospherie pmau .... ]a (0 more/8 lelia) than 14.7 psi.

"

14.7

mOrll than

legs

26. I're&lure can be ~i!I..'lI to move thlng8.

PRESSURE

Preuure can make 111'$ block

?:I. !'r<\!l"un: can 11100 move liqt,;,1$ from One plnee to nn-other.

'I'he pisUIlt l),,~f"nll <.Iown on the liquid exertl! _ . _ un Ihe liquid.

Si'lee li'IUiM CKnnot be "'1"ecu.'lI, this p~u.~ muk""

""mn of the tnnk liquid _ _ _ _ into thu 1"1,,,

~o"nected to the l""k.

29. 'rhe higlter the p~urn, the (0 hl¢lerlO lower) lite Io,·cl of liqui,1 In Ihe tube.

3U. If tho ploton Is pulll'll back UI>, tl,~ 11'IUld (0 "Iay~ In tile tubelO ruM "ack into Ihe laak).

31. It 1. _ _ _ _ _ _ that $olmol"tJl the liquid In the tube.

~

..

presaure, or force

move

1I~. Atm""ph~rie pre""ure en" "Iso eupporl Ji'luid ill II tulle.

A TMOSPH ERie

PRESSURE NO PRESSURE

I f th~r~ ii!

,I<,

!lr~""ur~ nt t lot! top of the tulle (va~u"",). the pres.''''e of the l)\,shc.~ 1i'1\';~ up into the tulle.

33. If the tute were open

"t the top, a

tmospheric pressure woul,1 I)u~h tlOWtl th~rc 100.

The Iiquif1 (0 wouldiD woul,] not) move "I' in the \uoo.

31. The liquid mo,·." only if there is a difference in

S5. Tiou liquid movc~ from n (0 hlgh/O low)-llre$l!urc area to a (0 high/O lowl_pressure arCIl.

atmosphere

would not

pres.are

high

HOW

PRE

S

SURE

IS MEASURED

The Baramerer

36. Tlli~ Ionll gl;UIS tube is nlled with roor<"tlry (a lI~av)"

liquid mc ... l); the tuboe i~ tllrllOO \,..or into th~ dL,h.

Some of ~h~ mc,"""ry ru .... out M the tube Bnd into the <li.h.

When Ih;" haplleM. tll~", is all empty apaCO! (vacuum)

at Ihe_ _ _of the tube.

37. There (0 i5!0 i. no) " ... ,ure in thi. lpace.

~~. SllLce there i~ >w pro"",,ure in 1111 • • p"c~. 110 dowllward pr_"r~ i. cx~rtcd 1111 tho m<lrcury in Ilw (0 tube!

o

dilh).

39. L .. ok ~t this barometer.

If -_ VACUUM

1'h. pr ... '''.., or U,e _ _ _ i. p".hinp; dnwn on

the m'm:"ry in Ihe di.h.

w,

i.

no

"0. Si1lcO ll,u m~r<:lIry ea.n Ii""- IIqueezed, ; 7 -p!"('">IlIure foree>l Mme ("If the mereury to Will "1' Into the tube.

41. K"p('atro \.ei!Ung ha.s fthown lhat 14.7 ptl of preaurc ~UIlI>orI ... oolumn or me...:"ry 30 inchlltl IoIlI:h. Jt tho "tm<lllphcric 1'r(>SSU'" decn!lUlO!s. the colun,n of mC'""ltf)' i. ([1 n",relo I .... ) thm' 30 inc ...

42. Thi. i, tho bI.t"<)"'dric I'reMure that II weathcrrrur.n lalk.o

at..out.

Wh .. n he ~ay~ that the bat"<)mcu,r ;" riBI,,!; hu ",,,an$

tllut nlm<>Hphcdc pre""".., iB (0 ;n,"ren~I"Il"/O ,I~~" 'c""­ ;1110.

43. ~Ie,..,ury la nn utremc~' h"",·y 11'1,,;'1 mctnl.

14.7 PSI

MeRCURY WATER

It ,"k .. (0 . lot orlO reboll"el), little) I",,,,,,ure to hol.1 the mereury up in the tube.

44. 14.7 l"J.'i e~n 8ul'I"'" more (0 wster/D me..,ury).

45. To mCR.urc 1Itm!>l!pheric pr"""ure, you n<led more (8

w,,

(

e.

/O

mercury).

4(,. lJy "'hili mercury Inslud of water, a bHromotc' tn"" enn

00

mHde

"'"

"

h (

0

ahortt./O mller).

47. A barometer I"dknles pressure u the __ of a colllmn

o

r

mereuf)'.

"

increasing • lot of waler water "horter height

The Manometer

48. Let'. take a barometer, cut 011 the eDd, aDd bend it

int" a U .... h.ped tube (mtiMmet..r).

U"like the barometer. both end. are eXpIlHIl to

___

P'

""

U,..,.

49. p~u,.., on both .;,1e3 of the tube ;" (0 I,", IlAme/

o

dillerent).

so. The liqui<i (0 mQ~eII/O will not mQve).

51. The Ih,ui.1 level i~ (0 the "ame/D different) on each Bide.

52. O"e ~n.1 or IIO!~ mn"o",ctc, is hooked into 8 ,,"S" line.

20 PSI

--4~~'

:::::,

_{14.7 PSI}

l

,

_•

T,", amount

ot

p~ure pushi"« down lit A I, (0 morel

o

...

)

than Ihe amoonl of pN!Mure pushin .. ,Iown at B.

IItm<ll'phe,ic

the ""me

will not move

the same

58. The higher pre""ure force. 80me o[ Ihe Ilqul'l to rioc

I" ~Ide _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1i4. When the liquid level l"creaac8 Qr dec,en.e •. It in<fi. cates that pressure i~ changing.

The manometer

mollS"."

.

the _ __ _ _ _ _ between two pre,""ure.'.

M. When the level i~ higher in side B, you kuow that pre.·

"ur" i8 Ifrcater in (0 side

AID

.ide B).

5(;. When the level i~ the

,am

.

On both aid"8. there i8 no pressu""

:;7. This manometer is measuring Ihe ,HlTerenec between the pro,"ure in a process line and the pc""",,,,c of the atmoopher<).

"

PS'

,

Tho pre .. "re at R ia about _ __ _ _ _ _ PI'i.

5S. Pre",,"'C i~ grentel· At (0 A/o R).

59. Suppoogo Iho pre""uro it] Ute proce"~ line decreases to 18 [,.i.

The luvel in B (0 increase./O decre".,",>!).

B

differenC<!, or change

side A

difference

60. 'l'hi~ manometer i. meagurlng the pressure difrerellco between two t"nks.

•

' ' ' ' ' ' ' . ,

0 · . . ·M M 0

,

61. You ,Ion·t know the I',e".<urc in uithcr t .. "k.

Cnn the m,,,,,.,,,,"tcr tell what tho prossur. is in either

tank? (0 yes!O no)

G2. It

can

o"ly tell you in p,""ssure. 63. As pressure on one gide of the manome\.(" incre"'"".

the mercury ri"es on the oth".r ,i~e.

14.7 PSI 20 PSI 40 PSI

fl." the "mount of pr.""",.., <litTercn<e inCfCR""". the

difference in kvcl betwccn the two side.. _____ _

b nk B

differences

64. 'l'h~ mu"omctcr must l>¢ e"ough to

pre-vent me,"""ry from epillinl/ out of the top.

65. To mCQUre lal"J("e pl"Nllure dflTcrenCiS, you need

_ _ _ _ _ __ manomete ....

66. Since manom~ter tubes are ma,le from gla .. , the addi_

tion"ll~nl/th "ceded mnkCJI Ule,n mo", _ _ _ __ _ _

67. M"nom.l.r~ nrC Imp.nclic81 when they mu~t be moved

~.ound, trente<! ,wl/hly, 0' "lied in hil/h.p ... u.e ... r_

vice.

A manOlll<!ter l~ more practical for use in a (0 labo ....

-torriD

refinery).

E

X

P

ANDABLE

_

E

L

EMEN

T

GAGES

The Bourdon Tube

Ga. ,\ balloon (0 upands/O co"L=") whe" it i. tllIod

wilh lIir.

G9. I\~ "ir iH forced into the balloon,

1".'"""0

ill~idc the 001100"

10. Who" mu...., Mlr i~ pW!hed in than the walb of the 001-loon can ."1'1",.1, the balloon _ _ _ _ _ _

71. Tho "'''''I cu",mon kI"d. or I>re."u,~ InHtrumenu work

01\ \hI~ eX!,,,,,"iun I"indplc.

EX])Rl\d"ble·~leme"t If''IfCS h",·o a part which move~

when p'lIS'Iure _ _ __ _ _ _ breokablc, Or frnl/lle laborntory inereasel! b,"""kII, 0. bul"llUl I",,",a$ClO, Or chang.

72. Thu ooutdo" tlloo I. probably the moot common or the expandabLe-eLemcnt gages.

TM II:"!(C wn.i&ts of " hollow. cU"'ed ____ __ _

marle lrom Ilctible melaL

,it OlLe enll of tho Lu!.>e i. connCt:I~'(i tbrougb " vnlve 10 tho "OUfe<! of

74. C~n ~ bourdon tube WIJre me&II" .... P"'""'u .... in n lrac_

tionAting towed 10 yes/O no)

15. When the v~h'~ loctw""n the p r _ and the oourdon

tube i. cto..cd, p..-ure in the lube Is low "nd the tube ,...,ma''''' curvoo.

CLOSED

OPEN

t

But when Ihe vRln ,~ opent~. IU·..,."r(! ;nc ...

_1ItII

and

76, Ily cunneo;tinK Ille tub<) to n IlOinter, throullh n IrGnr

train. preMurn ill In,lie"ted on "dial.

POIMTER

DIAL

LEVER

GEAR

MECHAMISM

Inereasing pnlUure in the C<luipment tau""" the

(lr the lube 10 "'o'·C.

77. Til .. "'ove"",n! r~i.e~ the _ _ _ __ _ _ <o"n~",tl'll to

tha Ift-",r "'l."h""i~m.

78. The I't'~ar lurn3 to the riKht.

Til,) I)<)inle" mO\'o. tow",.d thu _ _ _ _ _ __ h"ml

eide of the d;'L1.

79. TI>e .lial shoWli Mn in~rease In prflS'lure u tile pointer

n1(1""" from ([.1 left to rillll1/0 right to left).

"'.

/.Ieea ... "" tid. killu of ho .... JOI' Lube i. shaped like the

letter C it i~ ""meli""", called a _ _ _ _ _ _lube.

Spi.a

l

and Heh BOIl.don

Tubn

81. ~]ctRI~ an,] mel,,1 "noy. are u~u"ny hard and nDt "cry

lIexible.

Thi~ mea,," thai the amount of end mm'oment which

" l."ul'do," tuliO! elm ])rooo.e IK ,...,1a(ively (0 Inrge/

O ""'all).

82. If a pTCMure change i. vcr)'_

IDA)' not movc at all.

_ _ _ _ • the tube

,

..

,

icver riyht I.rt to right G amnII ... lJ

&:.I. The wordon tut.e can w made more ~eIl.'liti"" to "m.n chanll'e11 In preMo ... by chang;n. It~ ~hnpe.

SPIRAL

HELIX

Fur incre"Hd """",tivlly. the shupe nnd Ih" _ __ _ _ or the tube a ... chaHJred.

&I. CompAre th ... piml and C-IYll'e bournon luOOs.

With a IOllrer tube. the "mount or end mo~emcnt poll.

8iLIo I. _ _ _ _ _ _ _

85. The ~])lral ~nd the hell .. Rre l'rdcrrcd to the C·\UOO

ror (0 hlllh/O J"w).prWlUre aerviee.

su. Like the mercury nu",ometer, the boa.,lo!) tul.>c ie ar~ foxtcd by "lmOOI,hcric pressure.

Atmo,pheric pre""ure

"ds

on the

(EI

outside/O in_ side) of the tul.>c.

87. If nlnH,spheric llre~"ur~ is grrater Ill"n proce811 pres_

.arc, thc tul.>c (O move.fO doe.. not mvve) beC!\u"," the pointer meehani8m is re"ting ngainst the zero limit

Btop.

88. IItmo:<pherie preasure offers re"istancc to movement ~'" thu luhe lri,,"" to (0 corllO ~traiwhten out).

ij~. IIdLlully, the 1><.>urOon tube mca.ure. the rlifference be_

twee" proc""ss pre'>'!u", a"d pressure.

Using the Bourdon Tube

90. The chart shows a few of the metal!; from wbich bour_

don tube. are made. J/flte)·;,,1

8Ul~J bra""

Charoe/c);stio corro<l()/I

wcakC""ll ~y cQrN»li,·~ maUlrial melt" ~"d ruptul"\.",! in fire

rcsist"nt to d"magil from corrosion

iI!,d ~tc"m

PrCij~"rc rcad,"!:"" 0" a hot 011 line are b."ng made w,th

n 1><.>",,10" lube. Thc vii .o"t"in& .ulfur.

The bo:.[ tube for [hi. procw. i. prohAhly miHlc from

""bide

dOOll not move

~trnighten out

atmORpherie

91. Sta!n!CI!II ~W~I i. expeMivc.

A bourdon tu .... Is oot U8UII1Iy mild<) out of stainl,....

perlorm all

.Ieel

i' ..

1""' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ mcn..l will

well.

92. The bourdon tube m"""UrelI the ditference betW~h

proceM I'rlllllure lind IItmoopherlc pr(ll<llure.

Clln thlA oourd.,>n tube be u_1 to rneaAUI'tl the pr","ura

dill'uente t.etwten two pn':lCeSllO!ll! (0 ytol!D no)

The Diophrogm Goge

93. 1'ho dinl'hrnglh "lilt(: i~ ,,1.110 nn exp,,,,,lnhlc·olcmo1lt If'~gtl. PRESSURE

-t

PRES$URE FLEXIBLE DIAPHRACM

94. Th~", i$ (me' _ _ _ _ __ _ "onnection on ~1I"h ~!de

of th~ di"phrPllm.

95. Si""" the dinl1hragm i~ mnd~ or nlbber or ",me other flexible mllteri .. l, chal\l(!!$ In pressure CRU$<) it to

96. The diAphragm doe. no~ mo,'O when tM two \l ... U ... "re (0 the l1li"",/0 different).

97. The d;"l'hrngm IIlIlIe re,,,l~ in (0 nbsolu~ I)N>I!I!urel

o

differential preMure).

9~. I.ook at thi. operating disl)hrRsrm gagc .

•

-o

A. PTeIlIUI"iI i, l""""t"'l in pl"OC<'M A.

o

b.

1'."""",..,

Is greatest In pl"OCClll! B.

o

c. p,.., .. ,,,rQ i~ the ""mo in both I't"O<:l'fl.'!(',. 99. Diaphragm movement is Irn ... mitted to" pointer hy

ll"IeIl'" of • linkAII'! ronneded to the oenler of the

100. The ~iw snd thlckne ... of the diaphragm determine

it~ differential.l)nMure ."nge.

For exnmplc, " very thin di.phrR"""" would not 00 used for (0 highlD Iow)_l'reMure dilTeren<.:eS.

pre!lllure

move. or bend, or flex

dilTerential pr_ure

diAphrAgm

101. Dial)hrnllm~ clm 00 mnde from very nexible material.,

ulld OR" be made to produce ,,",v~m~nt even for a very

"mall pr""".,"" change.

Greater move~nt for a 8maller _ _ _ ___ d .... nlr'=

can be lIchlcved with" diaphrnll"m pJ" tha" with a

bo"rdon tube.

102. The (0 dinphrn!lm/O bourdon tube) K"lIe;~ preferred

for .l<!rvlcCII where p"",,"urc dlllcrollCN are 'n\~11.

Th

e Be

ll

ows

Gage

103. The bellow. K"!,(e worka on similar principles to the

dlaphrugm lIall".

11~.7 PSI

1

25

PSI

I'rocese pre&'lure ente", the bellow.. and tcnda to

(0

comp

'

e6OI

!

O

expand) the qment. of the bello"',,

104. A~ the pre .. ure ;ncrea"e!I, the ~Cl!mcnt. expand more.

Thla cKpanolon, tr""Rf"rr~~1 th",u,h the linknge "nd

the pointer. 13 indicated on the _ _ _ _ _ _

diaphraKJII

expand

IOI.i. The lKtllow. h"" !l lurllcr arell for lhe I,re$.'lure to act on than the diaphragm doea.

I

I

I

I S PSI~ ....-J

I

I

I

I

I

5 PSI

•

The bellow$ can move -;;:-;-:-:-__ tM small pres.

A'lrO dull'JtI. ... thUD the di"phulOm enD.

lOG. The bellows Is generflily !D mo~/D '""") ""Mitive

:tDd (0 more/D le!\oI) n«u .... te thlln the di"llhral{m.

101. Thi~ I/Cllow. I'!"Rl[e me:t.urcs:

I

PROCESS

.,.PRESSURE

4UIOSPHERIC

PRESSURE

[) , •. th~ .lilTe",,,cc [""twOM n I'r .. cc~" pro"""re n",1

ntn,,-,,,pheric p'·<!'<~"rc.

o

h. the dillerenee between two proc""" pre!\.~ur"".

(arther, or more

10K Uellow. """ be used to ",~ ... ure " d!lTere.o<:c in pre<!·

~Ure betwt.-.;,n two procCA9t!'l.

PROCESS A PROCESS B

..

-LEFT 'L"'~'-',.~.Lu.~' R I(;H T

When there is nO prcNwre between

proteM A and proceu B. the pointer !ndi~at"" "0.'·

109. If I'\rell$ure is "realer .1 A. the pointer mo~,," to the (0 ril(hVD Idt).

! 10. When both pre.~urP.lO "r~ lh~ ~"m", 1100 llOln\o' poinll!

,,

- -

-

-111. !leN) i8 ~nother triM! or dilferenUal·I'",,"UN) bellow~ ,al«!.

,PROCESS A

j'roceu pres.~urc A ]lush"" on the ,,~=:-_~o~'~'~"~"

"'~1I0W" '''1(1 prl!lll!lIro H I',,~hc" on tho_

of the hllll(Ow~. difference right .ero, or "0" inside outoide

112. Whcn pr""",urc II ia ,renter thnn prellSure A, the lIe! -lu"'" (0 cn\\npllell/O cxpnnd.).

113. Willet,

or

th""" 113K" n'''''BUN) the ditrcr@n~ helwti!n Proeel8 1'~llre and almllllphcric proM" .... ?

..

A. (0 ),CII/o no) R. (D ycs/D nu)

C.

(0

)''''

10

",,)

I), (0

yca/o

no)

•

,

32

,

t

\

,

114. Which of thelle gages can men.ure the difl'oro"cc be_

tween two proctM pf'CllllureaT

A.

1

0

jies

lO

no)

II. 1

0

y ...

/O

110)

C. (O

ycslO IOn)

•

(

11&. Which one of th""" oo" .... lull t"b<o~ .huwn below i. 1110 ... llen.iii,-., to omall p ... ure ~h""lfC'I1

•

o

•.

C-tube.

Operating Problems with Pressure Gagu

116. Bourdon tll'-, diapb.aRme, und beUQw~ C3n be dam· nge" by cxtcll3i,.., _ _ _ _ _ _

117. A ... um~ Chal ,~rm"ncnt damage may lie cnUllcd b)' pre<!' sure greater than 150% of the rAMlre of the 8'~g<:. 1)011bllnl( the prc~sur~ the Jrllgi! Wn8 mn(le for

(0

couldl

o could 1(01) J}Crm"ncntly dnmnsre the galle.

118. ~'or ""ample, the olM'.aling .nngc of Ihis Kage is from 1 to 10 11Si. 150% of Ihe rangll I, 15 pal.

'I'he gage mlly be (hmage<C if it i~ lI~eol at preMure~

"oov~

__

__

_

__

p!!l.

119. If" ooll"loil tu\>e is u~1 .. t II pressure above that for whi.h it wn. ll<!'$igncd. it may ,ul)tun:: and be<!omc a lIafety h ... ard.

It is Important to know the _ _ __ _ __ limit of the tube,

120. You must also know the prOMure ranKe of the _ _ _ _ __ _ you are mUlurlllg.

121. llouroLon tul>cd • ..., usually hou$Cd in • metal <a.'l:,

The tMe _ _ _ _ _ __ the tube from dirt and the weather.

122, H a lubo! i~ o\fflr'Preflturcd nnd rUl)lur<.~ the Pro«All Hul,1 I~ .cloMe<! into the CA$C.

Pn::~Aurc in the csac (0 ;ncrCMe~/O d~'<:r<!a",,").

123. ThiA ,>rcaaure build.up may C~U)jjJ ~he <aile 10 _ __ _

could

pressure

protects

121. The oaoe nlay l><l tltted with a blow-out di"" to pro~t

ailniMlovOT.preMur!nl!'. This disc i8 mounted In the

back of the illig(! to l'N!v~nt g]""" from blowlnll" Into tile operator'. f60~.

BLOW.OUT DISC

W

hen 1""''''

''

'

''

i""'eAHII in the ~""ing. tile Hexible II fo,"""",, out of the hoWling.

125. By releuing the eXee18 pres.,.,", to th" Atm"".ph","".

t~e dill(; pTt:"enu a _ _ _ _ _ _ _

126. A l~,urdo" tuloe mllY !>e <,,"Reeted in a procc." whl~h

cn"tnln~ muterlnl which could '],,","110 Ihe gngQ. If " h(,,, .. lol1 tuba is dire<:tly conll""tcd to " steRm line

without prnl~t!on. hot P"">e!I directly

Into Ihe tu!>e.

127. The temperature of the gage i""...,a ...

EXCOIII,·"ly hl/lh temperatu ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ metal parle.

128. Iligh lem!l('rnture8 n1.0 cnu ... mctaljlllrt.o of the ga"" to (O expand/O contract) and to change the tull\'

dl"r..eterl.tlcs.

129. If this hRppen., the lIalle l~ 110 longer _ _ _ _ _ _ _

130. Gllret! IOmftlmes brenk oo.,IIU"" tlley expand or mol'~

too far.

The Itl'/f(l m~y be C<luipped with .... fety d~.i""" to I' ... teet the JrflJf" from too much.

"

dise rupture weaken. or dama", expand n""urate movinl

131. Ovcr-I'IUII/C j)r~tedi()n u~u"lly con$I~UI of a mech,,"lo,,1

"top which the moviull' part from n"'v_

inll' 10() tar.

132. All (.hCIIC pressure ~ have o~er-,.,.nlffl protection.

OVER-RANCE $TOP

OVER_RANCE STOP

Thc ,,"cr_rm'lIe 8WP prcvcllUl the mont from moving 100 fDr,

OVER_R.t.NGE STOP

---_

.,.

13.'. Un,\(or oxtl'1!mes of p.--ure (200<;;' or more), ____ "

_ _ _ _ __ _ "Iop de"jC\'a can't prot~l the gage.

134. G"I/C$ mu~1 lII' properly connecle,l to the proc""s.

If the ~onne"tioll i. 100 loor.e, n may d~volol' flt the IlOint where the 11"1«: i~ e<)upl~d 10 tho equipment.

prcvcntA, or ato,,"

uPlIndablo

over-ra~

135, When liquid or 11''''' lean f.om the 8Y8um, p'M~uru .... Hdlng" liT\) inaccurate; thll8 ~11 conne<:tions to Ihc

gage must I>e _ _ _ __ _ _

136. Tenon tape on the pipe th~ can IfI!nerally be used

w _ _ _ _ _ leaka.

137. 1)0 not lOOllen Or tighten" glll,(O uy ,."splug the 11'''11""

uy h"",1 becau.e the tube may be \wM.cd ""\ "f .hnl)1). Alw"y. 11M an "dju"tuule wrunch on the ftat3.

T1,~ ",~ding taken from ~ twisted RRge;"

1 138. To men.oUr<) p ... ure. thc ~.Ivcs Ioc:.Ied between the gage and the equipment muSl be open.

,

.

-

-If th~ valve ill clOl!ed. 110.-,-_ _ _ _ _ _ from the line

I. Ir"n~mltted to the gage.

139. It nl8Y be """","",,ry to c~ ••• Ive when cleaning Or

,..,palrlng n lin". If you mUlt t~ke II gull'" "ut. close tile bl""k valve under It, sud .Iowly UIlllCTeW the gage.

lie ftu", t .... I'...,.ure bleedJI to

uro

bef,,", I.klng the

gage coml,leUly out.

tight

inaceurnle

To put the gall'" In service IIraln, be "Un': 10 open

the VIII ••• Iowly.

140. Linea to the glre mu~t not be bloc:ked. l'lalr.d II" . . C1Iu~ _ _ _ _ _ __ re.din~.

141. l'uluUun in p',""",Un': (rapid swings back and forth)

caullel el<<:CIIlI mo"clllent of Rare p.rta.

Too nluch lIIo"cmont c"uM!~ lIIovlnll' ll\Irb to _ _ _ _

142. A d~IIII"'ninll device .lIlooth. out I)ul."tion~ nr ranl,1

_ _ _ _ _ __ change •.

inaccurate. Or f.1ee

wear, Or wenken

1411. i>xceOlllve vibration hn~ the IlAme dfe<:l ~ pu4!lltion.

Vibration can al.o cnulle you to make an ;nac<:urate

re,,,lInl> becn\l~c R vlbrnting needl" iH ,Ilmeult w

144. Vibration. like I'ubntion.

""n

be correct"". with a

_ _ __ _ __ dcvice.

145. A lfll~C may be CGul'l~d to the proces>! pre..sure .... "'otdy.

,

The vibration of tho l~luipment has the lea"t effect on

gal«( (0

AID

B).

146. To l'revent the efree'" of vibTlltion. ft (fap may 1 ....

mountf':<l _ _ ~ _ _ _ _ rrom tilt! equipment.

How ore Goges Seoled?

'~7. Some pro< .... material, damage tilt! mcbo" used in

p~ure gnJrCS.

In ""ch ~"""". the pro<"", lIuid muat

.",t

be allowed

to conine! the _ __ _ _ _ _

"

dampenilli". Or protective

remotely. or a",a~

lIan. or bourdon tube. or

Pre>lJlu", clement

H ... h. P09"

t

148. To ac~lIt .. te the gagc from the procesw mcdium, iJut

still tr ... mit jlrellSurc. 1I'''lItl1!n aleRm ACrvice al'(! ntle']

with pigtail .ipho",,_

~:::::::,

$TEAM 1M ,

The .iphoa _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the ete3m hefon:: il .cache>! the gare.

149. But th~ procc>;o! fluid mu.t apply pre~~"rc to the gage. PtClillure from the pr~ mUAI he trnMmitle<i Ihrough Ihc "",,110 Ihc _ _ _ _ _ _ .

150. Thi. m~rcur)' m:lIlon"'tcr is ..,,,Ied with .. non-cor ... h"1l

8,';(1. P ROC E SS _ r.o.]·",~ FLUIP L SEALIHC FLUID

-MERCURY

l'rOCl'flll prc"",urc i. trnnderred to thc mercury in Inc

If"

'"'

throngh tni$ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _

"

Ira"". or C()n.lcn_

,."

151. 'l'h~ lu'oce"" fluid (0 "ontn~t"/O dOC!! not COlltuct) the R"I'C@ nui,l.

A

nui".

IIJ.3. Th~n, the p ... .."." p."",ure i. Irn".fe'red IhrouRh thfl _ _ __ _ Inlo the g"![C.

Intf'p,eling P,enure Reedings

1M. Henner)" <>pe,..,.tio,!S are u&ua1ij' c:on<'erncd with how

much 'Nn .... or /"". pressure i$ than almospherio.

Th ... nlO/lt I)r(,""ure gages are ~alilo.ntod 00 that 0 00 thcl gnK~ ,. "tnl<l<5t.hc.k p,,,,,"re, ' .. (u~ n st .. ndn ... l) _ _ _ _ _ Jl.'ju (po"nd~ per Aoqllnre Inch "bMlJute).

155, r"~~,"",, indicated on a gnRf. I~ ~"II"d gage pr"","ure

(ahhre,·lIIt<><.l Il"ig).

hill $1."dII tor POIInds l>cr "tune inch _ _ ~_

lfi.6. The JAil" pre8llure (])I!i£') J. not the total amount of 1'"_Ure ito the (}roc.,..,

"l"h~ tu(al 1" CUUr<' ("hIo, ,III"" pr""""re) i~ tllC g"gc II"""

"lire J)lu~ the pressnre of Iho _ _ _ _ _ _ _

157. f'l<in ~t,,"d8 for POIInd. J>II' "'luure inch _ _ _

,,""-' not """lad diaphrngm l<Cating fluid 14.7 alrn(ll!phcrc ~b801ute

158. Ab.()lute vrc.tlllure it I:age pressure pl"a the pres,u,..,

of the ntm<l6vhQre.

Psi ..

=

","ill"

+ ______

_

159. If a I'reelllI,.., lI"al:8

...,.d.

10. the absolute I'"""ore In

the ProceIIII I. P'lia.

150. This ralle read, 12 J)IIill".

Abfloluw l'r"ClIlIUnl In Ihe proress i', _ _ _ _ __ P'lia.

161. At..oluw I'~uro e<juala g"Ke preuUnI Vlua 14.7. Gage p,""*,,ure C!qu.la sbllolute pre:<:lure (0

+/0

_

)

14.7.

IG2. Or. p.ill"" _ _ _ _ _ _ _

163. The abflolulo p ... ure i"'lde R Pr<>ee!lll I. 64.7 ","In.

Th.c PII8 ahould ahow a p""",ure "f _____ , .. ill".

164. The abaol"le presaure ilUlide a tank .. 14.7 11lIia Cnt_ m<lllphcric preasure). hill" 14.7

".7

26.7 ""iu - 14.7

"

,

I

REV

I

EW AND

S

UMMARY

165. Name the!<! gnlftll .

,

- - - - -

.

_ -

-

-,

- - - -

-

_{, -}

-W6. The oour<lou tulJc shown alJo,'~ is ..

(0

.plr.o.I/D h~lixl D C-) tube,

167. Are ~n llou II'lIl1el1 .hown ~bove ""INlnd~b"""'lcrncnt lI'a"",,? (0 yet./O nul

A. diaphrnll'm B. m""omc\cr C. !>ourdon tub<! D. bellow ...

168. Look lit

thi.

drawl nil:.

1'hi3

manom~ter meaS"rC3

<

0

IIb.olute prCMUNl/

o

pre'' '''''e '1!ITerence).

169. Prellllure j(~ge h,aecura.i ... or failures may be cau.ed I.>y:

"~"~":;':'",,~

'.::=:;;~~

'~ro~m~

.

the

.).Wil,ment;

lins

to the gllge beinlr ; or uc",,";ve ,·II.>..,.tion or

In p.--ure.

170. Gagea are protl!Cted from movinr too rllr I.>y _ _ __ _

olul""

171. &"liolO tlui,1 ",,,I plg\"il.ipho". k(!oCp tho _ _ _ _ _ _

fluid uut of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _

172. Look ut \hi. OOl'OnHlter.

It

n>OWt"""

(0 .. 1"",lute pNll"Iurt/D dilTcmntinJ "res· "UNl) .

"

pressure

di!f

c

r<mce

le<>kinll: I.>locke<l puls:o.tion

o,·e.·range

178. The circled part of this gage 1$ ~~Iled a:

pigt:<iI siphon

INSTRUMENTATION

FOR OPERATORS

Unit 1

Measuring Instruments

Section 2

Temperature Instruments

SECT

I

ON TWO

T

EMPER

A

T

URE

I

NSTRUMENTS

Whot Is Temperature?

,

L Tho moleculeo of all kiml~ of matter aNl consl.antly

i .. "IUti"",

The$<) ",~H"",e ",olet'ul"" (0 Are mo,·lnll'/O have 110

m"tioll).

2. They

are

m"vinl'!' <on"tnntly "nd in

(

D one direction

/

o

~II dirl'ttio!L8).

~. We kno\\' that "''''Ihane molec.ulco "' ... ·e «mslanliy in

~II ,Hr1!Ctlon •.

no Ihe mol«ul"" in a tank of liquid gl'$Oline mo".?

(0 )'9/ 0 nul

5. All moloxu~. no matter whAl kind they aNl. mo"c

_ ~"d in all _ _ __ _ _ _

6.

w

.

".""II,v Ihink of A Au""'",,ca lUI beinll' either a

g".,

a liquid or ,, _ _ __ _ _ _

1. All .u~stanc"", wl,ether they nrc in the form ,,{ a ~ulid,

" li'l"i", or " gno, ar~ mll,lo "I' or m"vi,,1I' mol""«l,'~.

1·'0. e~l(ml>lc, air is primMi!y n mixture or "ev .. ",1

ditrerent (0

1l'",'""

/D

liquids/O IIOII,b).

nre

movl""

all dirediolll

""

(onsbntly, directlollA

8. A ""u"tan"~, wnt~r

n Hqui,], or n wild.

I.~ is a _ _ _ _

Water i, a

_=.::

.::

.:::

Steam is a

9. ~:"e" th(>"lIh Ihey nrc in dilreNmt fO'!TIlI,

ice,

wnler "nd .team n~

.n

HI. We think of ka u being >,ery <old. Steam is "cr),

II. Li'Ju],1 \\""to,.. I. ",,],]e, thall oteum ""~ w"r",~r Lhan Ic~. W~ ,'ml chnnlle .... ]id icc to Ii'l,dd \\"nter loy ,,,1<11"11

12. We Un elUIOj(f! the liquid watcr t(> gteam loy a~~i,,"

e,'ell mOre _ __ _ __ _

13. How cnn .t~nm 00 chnnJrod to ... ·ater?

By 1m removing hCMtf[] .,]ding more "team), H. Propane OCO:Url naturally n. n _ _ _ __ _ _ 15. Tho lIa~'..,"~ propnne li'JuifiCll if:

[] n. ""oulI'lI hellt I. "dd~'Il.

[] h. ""OUllh hent i. removed.

16. Liquid RallOlinc '·"l)OriT.Cl\ if: (J a. enough heat i, added.

[] h. enough h~nt i. removed. ""lid liquid ,~ water heat .... moving heat

,

..

•

17. A ~uu..t

..

n

ce 'a

n

be a liquid, II 11"118. or II ",,1i,1, dClocnd·

illll" ,>II con!!ition._

I! r.ak ... n 1,,1 (0 ",ore/D leN) h<!tIt 10 lurn wood

inl<> gu ' .... n it tloel' to turn .-aaoline Into """.

18. TloI~ di"a-r"m shows the primal)' ditre ... "."" betw~e"

the Ihr"" .tat"" or m"tter. SOLID LIQUID

0

₀

0

0

0

0

0

'"

0

Thi. ,lifTc,..""", i. Ibc _ _ _ _ _ _ ltetw..-.;,n molcc"ICII.

19. The IIIr/l"<!IIl ~Jl;l,ceg are found oo\ween _ _

mo~ub.

2Q. The ~ol;d mol..,ule. fil'PC"r Lu (0 move fr"'lly/O vi·

~r"tc) .

21. ~lolt."'"It.'11 hn\'C IIltra"li\"~ fotee whld. hold; Ihem 10·

~Ihcr (""melhin!! like the WR)' n ma/lnel hold.. I~Llocr

clipS).

The), "leo have rep"llent fo,""eo which (D hold them tngcihcr/D pu~h them apl.tt).

22. Tho attrncth'e forC<ll! arc strW'Ii'-'II1 l>clwccn _ _ _ molcculc~.

2:1. itcpcllcnt torct.!O art .tr""/lClII hetwccn _ _ _ _ __ _

mo]ecuJc..

vibrate

pu.h them .pl.rt

24. Which kind

or

m~k"(:uleo mo"" .. r~u"d the futeM lind the nM)IIt?

(0 IJU/O liquid/O ""lid)

25. ImAgine a tank full of propane g"JlII.

The iMide of the tank i. """Lly (0 moleculea/O empty 8Imce).

26. H~At ~AU_ the motion of moleo:ule\l.

If more heal i~ added. moll!C"I~. move

(0

f,,"terl

o

~Jower).

ZI. ileAl i. th<)rmal eMil[)'.

Put.-....,ving molecul", have (0 ...., ....

/0

I .... ) lhumal

en"flCY than molecule. whieh .. ro moving more .Iowly. 28. Cooling I~ U", removal of energy from moleo:u\ell.

They

(

0

.pet.-d uP/O sl<>w down).

29. If yon remove enough enerllY (."m K high.ella'lI)" gM, it

(

0

c<>n(len"e~/O moves fAsler).

30. If you ,..,move e"on moro enerJr)'. II (0 frcetell'

o

muvCII r .... ter).

Sl. WI"lt wuuld happell \0 molcculCll it ever)" bit "f "ncrgl' "ouhl b" ro"""'o,1 from them!

They would:

o

R. move extn:mely b at.

o

b. stOll movinll.

32. Ev~n thuugh lICienti.u have not .ucceeded in doing thl •. the)" call the point AhBoMo O.

Absolute 0 i. the point at whldl all molecular motion

aa. At km.OJute 0, mol<!Culc~ have no therm,d _ _ __ _

~I. Tenlp"rRlu ... " be nlCWlu..oo by mtollJlurlr'lI Ihe .mount of energy moving mol~",,,I,,,, have.

The h~rde, mQ11!C1.le' hit I!<Imcthing the _ _ _ _ _ _

!lle;r temperature.

36. I'reMUT(! ~ alll(l a form or cnUIY.

i>I"CIJ!IUT(! (0 .an/O cannot) Rffec:t the movement or molecul"". empty

.pace

faster dow down b .tops. "r ceaacl. energy higher

'".

36. Thi. tank eO"WlI". ethane KaL ".. PRESSURE GAGE ~o

""

II

_q

=

'"

The high-('n<)rgy gas molecules move rnpidly in (0 one

<llre<:ti"n 0 all diT<.'Ctionll).

37. A, n,py roo,·e. the molecules hit each "O,,,r ",,,1 the

\\"alls of the_

3~. ~:'''·h colli.i,," pr<><luce. a tillY I"'~h ,,, forte.

('u"" .1,,¥1e on~ of these pII.he. he fclt! (0 ye~![] no)

39. r ... ",...,;8 tho sum of nil thClll! tiny pu ... "clinll on

"",, ~'IU","" inch.

I'rc."!lIu,"" is 10 fol"<'e·O (0 .... .., IlI,lr unit ... a).

.10. !l.oth 1""'"~LJrc "ud temp!'ralure mea~,,,·., the foroe of ",o,·i"l(_

41. Which "r these ",ea8uremelllJ tan tell you how ha.d ,noJ...,<:ulCll ~I"\) _tr-iking 1M m .... urlag instrument!

"

,

10 yes··O no)

H.i """nd" ller "'Juan: Inch uf

1

""""1"<\

(e) Y .... /O "0)

1'· .... 'C.I,,'1 ~uint of wfiler (0 ye./O nu)

42. P,·N" "'" i. c~"rtcd in (D one Ilir<!CtioniQ nll diri!C. liona).

43. PnllW"'"

It".

i. ""Bleil in a hlllk a"d then the rallt i.

"caIW.

Thi. _ _ _ _ _ _

the thermal ~nerl!"Y of tile g~ •.

44. 'j'ne moleo:uleo mo,'e (0 r"steriD ~low.r),

45. The "umb"r "f <olli.iono the muk'C\llc~ hllve with th~

wan. "f the "ontain". _ _ _ _ _ _ _

tank

force per unit n .... a

molc""ules

~ll diroctioM

fsoter

47. Yoo cRn Me thul th~..., (0

isla

i. not) a deFlnLte 11)1". ti" ... hip belween thcrnuol enern- and pre8llure energy.

~8. Lel'a look ~t nnuther way ill which thermal CllerllY "lid pn!8l!ure enerlrY Rn! n!lntoo.

,l®l\

~

\

,

When yon .,1<1 tll<H.gh hent w th.s water it

49. When liojuid boils, molecuiell ""CtIpo! rrom lhe lurF""e

and ~omc ____________ __

50. Since lhe 8pact!S bool\"l",n the molecules are \alile. the

ga5 muleculel take "I' (0 morc/D Ie"",) Hlmcl' thnn

the 1i'II,id mol()Oulcl did.

5l. If th~rc I~ no ,<.>Om for them to expand into, Ilrelllmrc

increnoc. ;,

boilll.

"r

YRpOriU'tl

mOre

in the tank increnses

52. AB the liquid V"I>orl7.elI. the II"" mole<uleo exert ron::e

01> the ,emaiulllif li'lUid.

N",,' the liquid mnle<uleo hal'e (0 a harder/D an euier) time _apinr from the Burfa"" of the liquid.

"

5~. To conUnue the lJoiling. you have to _ __ _ __ _

the ternpemture.

54. A~ preSS\'Nl incre~""". hoiling ternpcrature __ _ _ _

55. 'rcmpcrnturc is mc,,"ured when molecules hit a meagu,··

1m,

in.tnllnent.

TIle "",..icr Lhe m"lc"<:\lic$ .~trikc. the ____ _

the temperature recorded.

56. Increasing the (cmpe,·ntorc cauSeS the molecule" to

.trike n corbin nrOO more often.

Wh.-n tcml""·,,t,,"C ill " d".Cfl cQIl\ain61· illo.roaM~. the

m()I~(·"les (0 c,"n/O cannot) exp"ncl ~s the moi"""le"

take on mOre energy.

G1. ~ the molC<'!uleA mOve """'lid nwre a"~ hit the c""_

binc,· more often.

I'cc'ilsure

(n

incrc"sc8/0 rlecre~" .. ).

58. If a temperature meSS\lrer is immersed in the molceulcs, it rC<'!ort!,,, (0 hi!;her/O lo"w) temp<:raturc.

59. ExpRn<l~ble_clement prffiSlIre 11""):"" mo,·" when pre.·

Sure cllung",.

EX]Ju"d,,~lc·clement temperature gages move when ____ ch""gc~. increase increases cannot inoreasos higMr

EXPANDABLE

-

ELEMENT THERMOMETER

S

The

Cop,jllo,~

Tu

be

60. hi this thermometer, tem»eraturc is indicated by the

heig!!t of the column or mercury ill the "avillnry lube.

MERCURY

61. With increRsed movement they expand. The.,· take up (0 mOI'~!O lc:\i!) spRee.

62. In,,rc,,.ill,, the lcmlJCrat\"" of R sub.tnnce """ally cau"".' it to (0 CX!~lnd/O contract).

'I'ho mcrC\lry »eratu,c lure

;n tho thcl"TTlOmeter e~pan<l" when lem_

and contracts when tempera_

64. So when temperature increnses, the mercury take" UJ' (0 morc/D Ie •• ) "pace in the tuhe.

65. Since the liquid mercury can't be squeezed toget!!er, the 1.".1 Hr meJ''''"'y ill the tuhe n'w;I _ __ _ _ _ 66. The higher the Le.m»eraturc, the (0 tnller/O shorter)

the column of mercury.

67. In a horometer, Lhe heil(ht of a o"<)l"mn of mercury in_

dicate. prelll!ure.

JIl " Lhermomcler, the height of a column of mercury

indicaLe!! _ _ _ _ _ _ ~

68. Like the barHmeler, cnpil13ry_IIlhe lhermornetcr~ ha,'e

. .orne prnctical d;"ndv~ntng"".

To rnca$""" n wi~e ranlle of tr.mll<l"'tur~", the tuhe

must he "cry _ _ ~ _ _ _ fnster more expand increases detrc"~,",, m.~ increase, or ri.e taller long, or tall

69. So thllt tht IICUIe can be relld, the tube ~ made nf

70. Long glass tubes a~ eMily _ _ __ _ _

71. It i~ "I~Q dimelll! tn make long t"I)C$ with ~ni(orm

bore!< (hoIc.\).

It the bore b not uniform, the ,ji3tanee II"r de!l:r~"<)

(0 io/O j~ not) the ."mt for th~ c"tire length of Lhc t"be.

F

iUd

-

Sy

s

tem

Thermome

ters

73. Temperature

can

be meuured iNdjredl~ by mu~uring the e~erted b,. thu Huid in _ ther_ mometer.

1.'.1. ,./././

.

'./

It C'1n l>e adapt"'! \0 meMul"<l _ _ _ _ __ _

....

broken

l~ not

i"cre",.eo

75. The tube may 1111 nnod with a liquid or a II"".

When temperature inerelllK!S, the rnoletulca move luter

and preflSure i~;d~ the tube _ _ _ _ _ _ _

76. 'I'hi. incl"<)am."<l pres.urc makeo the tube <0 coil morel

a

uncoil).

71. A, the tube uncoils, the pointer at the end ..,f the tube

mo"(lII towaro the .ighL

'rhiB movement Ihowo up on the dial a" _ _ _ _ _ _ temperature.

When lempcrnlU"" der.rea!K'll, the pr<l$llu ...

Ind the tube _ _ _ _ _ _ apin.

19. Some kin,i. of nllod thermom~luu pro<iuetl vn])Or.

..

'L

".

VAPOR

1'1", .hnnlle in coil and uncoil.

_ _ _ _ _ prCllllur. mKk"" the tube

U~u;d. v~porl.e when they are heR ted .

A$ the tcmpcrnture inercnlle •. the amount ot VRp.n.

produced

The additionAl VApor incr....-

...

_ in

the Apl.III tube.

["c.o" .. <1 pre ... " .... i. ~..,rded ,III

t

e

rn

-perature.

How Arc Thermometer' Protected?

63. Capillary lube and bourtlon luboo lhermomete .. are very

delieat...

'!'hey mu.! boo Protected from _ __ _ _ _

inere .... uncoil increa.ed coils Y&por i"crell"" PrellllUI1l Inorell.-.cd dRmage, or breakag"

84. Look at thi~ thurmometer.

The uxn,,"dnble ""L"!ancc is ~!ored in the_

()f the thermometer.

86. To mHIUrt! 1.I!m""rntur~, the bulb (0 mu5V[) """d not) touch or be in c"- eontnct. with the p~

86. If the proceAA medium is corr<lli,·e, Ihe mal· be ,lnmaJ:<l<1.

87. 1.ouk

"t

lhl. thermometer.

THERMOWELL PROCESS FLUIO

A io u",,<\ whell [I,C pr"" ... medium wouM .hunILKe Ihe Lulb.

Lulb

bulb, Or thermomcter

liS. The thermowell _ _ _ ____ the t!>ermornelcr.

89. Abio, without u Ihermo .... cll, R thermometer """10t he remo,·ed from n I>rocellll ""der I>r""",,ro without II _ __ _ _ __ of prellsun!.

00. The Ihcrmowcl1 (0 iII/O is not) u-t in IllkJ", the

tempe .... luro of Il corl'Ollive liquid.

91. 'l"hermowells protect thermometers like _ __ _ _ _

nulda prote>:\ pre_.lI", lIage~.

8imetallic Thermometers

92. ()n"~" "nd li'IU!!lo e:<pand "",I COIII"'tt wh,'" tC"lJ)(!"'· ("ro ,·fln"Ke">!.

Solid. (0 c~1)R"dlO do ,,0.>1. elI!>"nd) ""!>en lempe.a· ture ;,'c~.

~3. All met"l. eXI",,,,1 when heated, but cliffero"t metals

C~I~""I at ,]i/l"" .. 'nt r"lc~.

Fo. '''' "'IuRI lempe ... tu." <hnnge, .teel (0 cxt)lIn'I~1

o

does

,,<>t

ex""nd) III the ... me rille as COI'I"" . 94. ~'xJ>J,ndnble.eletnc"t thermomclcl"1I can be mode of

melnt.

METAL A

METAL 8

A himet~llic otril> ~on"i"tR or

c: _

__

__

dlffercnt kind. of mc(,,1 fu~le,,",1 tl>irethcr.

95. '['he lW<I metRIA eXl'nnd when hut ... l.

nul ther eXIlRlI<1 nt _ _ _ _ _ rn\.e!l.

protects Joos, ur ",Iea.e ;. sealing ex!>"nd two dilfe~"1

%. Let". ""y that metal A eXl'l'nds ra~tfr than metal H.

METAL A

\I~==

~

\

METAL B

Strip A is now ([] longer/D shorter) than Btd,> R.

97. The ... 'hole strip curb!.

If temperature ~onti""~"!1 to inc~n.'IC, the strip eon· tl""e. tu _ __ _ _ _

98. Cn" you IDI!lUIure temperature with the )'imctallie etrip

/Iloll~! (0 yell 0 no)

9U. Yuu n..oo ... me way 10 _ _ _ _ the temperalure

l",i"lIsensed.

100. A bimetallic thermometer 1l1I<. .. the princil)\e vr un·

_,'en

up"",,;..,n

or melals t<.> mca.sure and in<.lieale

temperature.

The tcmpe'nlurlt->!ensing porlioll ie a bimetallic strip

wound into the r<.>rrn of a ~

101. Aa the temperature of the eoi! incrc"""". one rnel~1

~"pa'I<I'

mo,..,

thnn the vther

m6

t

a

l.

Jr one ~nd i~ welMcI. the I ....... end (of the _ _ _

will mo"e.

102. Thift mulioll 1.1 .. ed to mo,". a _ __ __ _ alung

the ternper"h',.., ""ale.

longer curl 0" indicate. or record coil pointer

103. "I'hi. i8 a typiolll bimetallic thermometer I" " oaN.

The 08.1(1) _ _ _ _

104. Thp. himctallic tl'ermometer 10 uoeso/D d""" not use)

pre""re to meaoure temperature.

105. The 8plral boordon tube th.crmometer

(

a

u_1O duel!

""l U!le) prOSllure to measure temperature.

106. J f tlo~ ~piral OOU ,doli tulJe leak8, pr~lI8ure (0 Incr~a..,"/

IJ d""rea_ ).

107. Then the rec<lrded temperature (0 islO i. not) ac-curate.

108. Leakage is not" problem with" bimetallic Mll b.,caU&/!

it does not depend nn to mea!lurt! tem_

perature.

109. Dcnt.a in tlw hull> of a Jj"B! or )i<llIid_filled thormon)"te.

oause _ _ _ _ ___ readingll.

ItO. A Illloffi t"".momtter (0 ialO 1~ not) all rul{j(e<1 as a

bimelallic thermometer.

Ill. Hut, all par!.>! of the coil or thn bimetallic thermometer

mu~t be wlallv heated to the eame temperRture.

'1'0 II'd aa """,urate reading from the thermometer. the atem m ... t be

(

a

parliallylO totally) immcrlled in Ihe pr«eM medium.

proteelo

d""" not Ufle

is not

inaccurate, or false is not

Let's Rev;ew

112. COm1larO the~e Icmpcrntllre menAlIrin!!, ins\rllm"lIu.

,

<

==

_•

-

0

,

Whlth ')IIe worko Oil the prilldplc th.t mel,,11 cxpftnd at difl"erent ,."tes!

(0 AI

D

RI

O

G

/O

D)

Which olle is /I capill:lr), tube thermometer!

(

El

AI

D

B

I

D C

I

O

D)

Whkh olle ,,,wid be filled with vapo:>r7

(0

A

ID

B

ID

c

/o

0)

'"

o

,

c

ELECTR

I

CA

L

THERMOMETER

S

113. F.lcctrici!)·, like heAt nnd I>rClMure, is a fonn of ~nerll'~. lIe~t eneTl:~ onll nffed the pl'1~luction ~nd now of _ __ _ _ __ eucrgy.

1 H, A thermometer cnn he m"dc whi~h in,licu!ClI tempera_ ture hy indi~atirnr aolMe eh,.~ in _ _ _

115. Sume eledrkal Ihcrmumetenl cr.n'·~rt hea~ encrlt)' into electrical ener,:ry.

In aueh thermumeter.. a eh"nlle in th~ amoullt of el",,-Iric~1 e'~rgy I",Jlcnit.'l a chanlre In _ _ _ _ _ _ IIG. All 8Ubl!U.IlC'" hn,·. a reml."", to resist the now of

electrkil)'.

HeMe"er, heating nn,J eMI;,,!!" n ~"b"t~nce ",," i\.ll ,.""j.lnn"" to Ihe !low of eledricil)"

1 11. t:It<'lri.·,,1 thermonwl.rII may:

o

a. mea3uro Ihe "m"u,,~ of el""lridl}'.

U I,. m"""ur~ Ihe "",n",,1 of real"tnn!:" to the lIow of

clc"tricily.

o

c. both" a.,,1

to.

118. gie<'trk,<I th~r"lOm'!l.r~ can loe 1Ie ... ]t;'·e to lempera. h,,,, ChR''' ... " •• n",11 aR O.()/)(Ir,° ~'. A I."ood bimetallic

th~"mometet i~ w".itive to mol)' nbout 1· F.

An (0 ck·<;tric .. VO ~xpan,!~iJlc) thermometer i~ more

..e.",il;'· •.

What

I

s

Elect.i

c

ity

?

119. All molecu~ hn,·e .. ""I numlll!r of particle.!! (electroM)

"'hkh ""'ke litem clcctriCIIlly neutral.

'"

"'ANY

'"

_'"

ELECTRONS ELECTRONS

"

-{)-"

,

,-0-_

,

_'

,.0-_

_,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

\

,

,

_I

0

6

I

0

,

eJ

,

,

,

_,

_,

,

,

,

_,

_,

,

,

_,

_,

,

\

,

,

,

"

/

,

,

'-'

0

/

'

--0

--

,

, - , " ,

,

'

NEUTRAL ELECTRICALLY CHARGED

When electron. aN: added or removed. the moloculs

nn: (0 e10ctriully ntutral/O electric .. n)· ch~rJ/C<.I).

electrical electricity. or current temperature chnnge d""tricai el""trically chnrg<:<!

120. F;ledridty i< the Ilow of the$(! electron".

The baRic unit or electricity is lhe _ __ _ _ _ _

121. I':lectrOl\~ flow from an area where th~re are 100 many

cledrollg to lin Urea where there lire \00 few declroM.

NEGATIVE CHARGE (nco . . . I.e",n.)

-POSITIVE CHARGE (lew electron.) ,\n "r~" has " neg"ative d,~rgc (- ) whc" Iher~ lIre

['>0 (0 mnny/D few) .Iectrons in thnl nren.

122. A po,iU,·e chnrlre (+) exi.!. where them are too __ cI~""trons.

1~;1. Eleclron. flow fronl " charge to a

_ _ _ _ _ _ chon:c.

How Does 0 Thermocouple Work?

12·1. So"'di",,,,, a chnnlrc ill ten\l\(lrat\lN! en""",, clcctr<>na to ilow.

S\lch a Ienlf>Cralnrc d,an>:" can pr<><luce _ _ _ _ _ _

,,,

,

,I

_____

ch"r)le'.

125. The greater Ihe temperature c\Ianf(e. the _ _ _ _ _ _

l),,' 110,," "f ~leotr"n".

126. By meMuring the change in the eledrical charge.

pro-duced. the can be measured.

127. l.o<>k at thi. lherm<><ouple.

METAL B

A thermOCQuple c .. ","i.'I~ of ~iffcront );ind" of mc(..~l joineil together at one end.

G2 electron

,.w

"egative lI""ili,·e positive negative greater temperature